Bakgrund: Idag utförs åtskilliga pediatriska operationer – i Sverige opererades omkring 90 000 barn mellan noll till fjorton år 2017. Att sövas och opereras är förmodligen bland det mest oroväckande ett barn kan vara med om inom sjukvården. Oro påträffas hos 50-75% av de barn som ska genomgå operation. Oro kan bland annat försvåra anestesin, ge ökat medicinskt behov och orsaka postoperativa komplikationer. Syfte: Syftet var att genom en systematisk litteraturstudie belysa strategier som förebygger och reducerar barns perioperativa oro. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie med kvantitativ ansats. Barn två till tolv år som skagenomgå eller har genomgått anestesi och operation. Artikelsökningar genomfördes i tre, för ämnesområdet, relevanta databaser. Resultat: Studien omfattar 25 resultatartiklar som visar på varierande strategier för att hantera barns perioperativa oro. Fem av dessa visade inte på någon överlägsen ororeducerande effekt i jämförelse med sedvanliga eller jämförande strategier. Information och distraktion utkristalliserades som huvudkategorier med tillhörande underkategorier. Multimedia var en framträdande underkategori som innefattade flera olika strategier. Några utstickande strategier var bland annat doftande inhalationsmasker och teaterframträdanden. Slutsats: Studien påvisar att det finns en variation i hur oro kan hanteras för att förebyggas och reduceras inom den pediatriska perioperativa vården. Strategierna inom underkategorin multimedia ter sig i denna studie mer framträdande vilket kan tyda på att de förekommer i större utsträckning inom denna vårdform. Det tydliggjordes dock att det inte finns en enda enskild strategi som anses vara vedertagen eller överlägsen andra. En icke-farmakologisk strategi skulle kunna föredras då den kan anses vara ett säkert, icke-invasivt och således behagligt alternativ till sedvanliga farmakologiska strategier såsom premedicinering. / Background: Today numerous paediatric surgeries are performed – In Sweden, 2017, approximately 90 000 children from zero to fourteen years of age underwent surgery/were operated on. To receive anaesthesia and have an operation is probably among the most disturbing and stressful a child can experience. Anxiety is found in 50-75% of children undergoing surgery. Anxiety can, among other things, complicate anesthesia, increase medical need and cause postoperative complications. Purpose: The aim was to elucidate strategies to prevent and reduce children’s perioperative anxiety through a systematic literature review. Method: A systematic literature review with quantitative approach. Children two to twelwe years of age who are to undergo or have undergone anesthesia and surgery. Article searches were carried out in three, for the subject area, relevant databases. Result: The study comprises 25 result articles that show varying strategies for dealing with children's perioperative anxiety. Five of these did not show any superior or reducing effect compared to conventional or comparative strategies. Information and distraction were distinguished as main categories. Multimedia was a prominent subcategory that included several different strategies. Some protruding strategies included scented inhalation masks and theater performances. Conclusion: There is a variation in how anxiety can be managed to be prevented and reduced in pediatric perioperative care. The strategies in the sub-category multimedia appear prominent in this study, which may indicate that these strategies occur to a greater extent within this form of care. It was made clear that there is no single individual strategy considered to be accepted or superior to others. A nonpharmacological strategy might be preferred as it can be considered a safe, non-invasive and thus pleasant alternative to conventional pharmacological strategies such as premedication.

Reducing heart failure risk standardized readmissions rates (RSRRs) continues to be a challenge in the United States. Among Medicare beneficiaries, the U.S. national rate for heart failure RSRRs is 23, and Georgia only has 3 hospitals with heart failure RSRRs that are better than the national rate. The hospital component of the chronic care model (CCM) was the theoretical framework used in this study because the model was designed to assist heath care organizations in improving chronic care outcomes. Researchers have indicated that the Hospital to Home Initiative (H2H), a national quality improvement campaign launched in 2009, is effective in reducing RSSRs. However, very little research has been conducted to determine which specific H2H strategies and categories of strategies are associated with reducing heart failure RSRRs in Georgia. The purpose of this nonexperimental, cross-sectional quantitative research study was to address this gap. The H2H Survey used in this study is a valid instrument that was previously used in a national study. Surveys were sent to 35 hospitals in Georgia participating in the H2H. A series of one-way ANOVAs were used to test the hypotheses. Key findings were as follows: (a) heart failure RSRRs were reduced when hospitals implemented the H2H, (b) the number of implemented H2H strategies was associated with a reduction in heart failure RSRRs, and (c) categories of strategies were associated with a reduction in heart failure RSRRs. These findings can be used for promoting positive social change because hospital administrators can implement changes using effective strategies to reduce both heart failure RSRRs and government penalties associated with these readmissions.

Small business operations contribute to economic growth and account for 110 million new jobs in the United States. Despite the increase in the number of businesses created in the United States, some business leaders fail to manage change effectively. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies that some leaders of small businesses used to reduce employees' resistance to change. Lewin's 3-phase change theory served as the conceptual framework. The target population consisted of 3 successful leaders of small businesses in the central and southern region of Texas. Each participant had more than 5 years of experience and successfully used strategies to reduce employees' resistance to change in the workplace. Data were collected from semistructured interviews, review of company documents, and observations. Thematic coding, text/word queries, and a cross-case analysis revealed three central themes: communication, support, and evaluation. The implications of this study for positive social change include engaging employees in the change process, which might enhance the work environment and reduce employee stress and resistance to change. An improvement in a business leader's change management initiatives may generate beneficial outcomes for the businesses that may improve community growth through increased local employment rates.

On se propose d'intégrer un type particulier de contrainte logique dans les problèmes de contrôle optimal à coût quadratique. Une approche numérique directe par collocation conduit à des problèmes de programmation mathématique en variables mixtes. S'intéressant d'abord au cas des systèmes à dynamique linéaire, on propose une variante de la Décomposition de Benders qui nous permet de résoudre des problèmes mixtes de taille importante (au delà de mille variables binaires). Ces résultats sont obtenus grâce aux propriétés induites par la contrainte logique. Dans le cas des problèmes mixtes issus d'une dynamique non-linéaire, la démarche proposée (Branch and Reduce) traite de façon analogue les problèmes d'optimisation globale et ceux en variables mixtes. On s'est limité à l'optimisation globale sur le problème de transfert orbital, étudiant notamment les questions de la convexification et de la réduction du domaine. Les résultats obtenus sont partiels, seuls des problèmes de petite taille ayant été traités.

Statistical shift-reduce parsing involves the interplay of representation learning, structured learning, and inexact search. This dissertation considers approaches that tightly integrate these three elements and explores three novel models for shift-reduce CCG parsing. First, I develop a dependency model, in which the selection of shift-reduce action sequences producing a dependency structure is treated as a hidden variable; the key components of the model are a dependency oracle and a learning algorithm that integrates the dependency oracle, the structured perceptron, and beam search. Second, I present expected F-measure training and show how to derive a globally normalized RNN model, in which beam search is naturally incorporated and used in conjunction with the objective to learn shift-reduce action sequences optimized for the final evaluation metric. Finally, I describe an LSTM model that is able to construct parser state representations incrementally by following the shift-reduce syntactic derivation process; I show expected F-measure training, which is agnostic to the underlying neural network, can be applied in this setting to obtain globally normalized greedy and beam-search LSTM shift-reduce parsers.

This study investigates the relationship between the individual and their monthly donation to the INGO Amnesty International Sweden as a process of identity stimulation. Problematizing how consuming a brand whichdoes not give anything concrete back to the individual communicates through core values in order to strengthen identity. The study uses theories from Zygmunt Bauman, Sidney Levy, Lilie Chouliaraki and Ronald E. Anderson. According to research for the relationship between the individual and brand there has been a shift where the individual choses brands from other parameters than function, rather this is made from its representation. Therefore consuming brands is an expression for identity. Furthermore research about charity organizations states that there has been a shift in how they communicate and affect individuals’ need to reduce suffering - identity stimulation - as a consequence of neoliberalism. The study is constructed through a qualitative methodology that collects empirical data from responsive- and flexible deep interviews, with respondents who donates monthly to Amnesty International Sweden and are in the age gap between 18-30 years old. The study does not aim for a generalization of the result, rather it investigates how identity can be stimulated through Amnesty International Sweden using concepts as self-oriented, others-oriented and reduce suffering. The result proves what have been stated by former theories, were the relationship between the individual and brand functions as an identity stimulation through different aspects such as identification and distance, the individual as a product and ways to materialize this. However, there has been a clear shift in the individuals awareness of online and offline behaviour which affects how they present themselves as a product. As pointed out earlier by theories from Bauman and Levy, the resultemphasizesthat the individual consumes a brand that represents themselves and strengthens their identity individually and to their social environment. Lastly,the study discuss its result of new individual behavior online and offline as a consequence of neoliberalism and how research within media- and communication studies can further help us understand how communication technology and political forces can affect each other in regards of individual behaviour. The study and its result is situated in the junction between the digital communicative sphere and constant political changes.

179 p. / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2012-12-19T20:11:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 11a.pdf: 2500615 bytes, checksum: b6e1b8b3c11f149e14b2db6b9a1b4957 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-12-19T20:11:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 11a.pdf: 2500615 bytes, checksum: b6e1b8b3c11f149e14b2db6b9a1b4957 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Essa pesquisa teve por objetivo geral investigar as principais diferenças entre o mercado de carbono regulado e voluntário no Brasil, no período de 2004 a 2011. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória, de caráter bibliográfica e documental. Além disso, realizou-se o mapeamento de projetos no mercado de carbono voluntário no Brasil por meio de busca em bancos de dados e sites institucionais dos Padrões Internacionais (PIs) e dos proponentes, enquanto que os projetos do mercado de carbono regulado foram extraídos do banco de dados já existente no site do Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT). Os dados secundários foram coletados por meio de analise de conteúdo dos Documentos de Concepção dos Projetos (DCP) mapeados e extraídos dos sites e banco de dados visitados. Verificam-se diferenças e semelhanças entre os mercados de carbono regulado e voluntário no Brasil, estando o primeiro mercado com 499 projetos, enquanto o segundo possui 111 projetos até o momento. Constatou-se que o mercado de comercialização de créditos de carbono brasileiro, seja ele na categoria regulada, seja na voluntária pode constituir-se em um instrumento econômico de extrema importância na viabilização da redução das emissões de GEE, contribuindo, assim, para a mitigação das mudanças climáticas e para o alcance das metas nacionais de redução de emissão de GEE fixadas na Política Nacional de Mudanças Climáticas (PNMC). Constatou-se também que o uso desses projetos como instrumentos de políticas públicas poderá contribuir significativamente para o cumprimento das metas fixadas pela PNMC e requer a criação de fundos de financiamentos voltados para esses mercados, viabilizando o aumento do número de projetos e suas contribuições para mitigar as mudanças climáticas, bem como a consolidação desses mercados no Brasil. Além disso, faz-se necessário que o governo estimule a iniciativa privada a investir em tecnologias ambientalmente seguras, viabilizando o aumento de energias renováveis para o país, que contribuam para a transição para uma economia de baixo carbono, além da criação de incentivos fiscais que motivem as empresas a desenvolverem os projetos de redução de emissão de GEE. Enfim, recomenda-se como novas investigações futuras a realização de pesquisa com o objetivo de verificar de que forma os créditos de carbono são comercializado no Brasil, identificando as características dos contratos fechados no mercado financeiro nacional, como também a realização de estudos de caso em projetos representativos do mercado de carbono voluntário no Brasil, visando confrontar os dados secundários obtidos via análise de dados com os dados primários obtidos através de pesquisa de campo. / Salvador

This diploma thesis deals with value added tax on development of consumer prices on partial market. Term of tax incidence and factors are explained in the theoretical part of thesis. These factors are affected on partial market. The aim of diploma thesis is an analysis of added value tax reduce rate variance (from 1. 1. 2008) in consumer prices and evaluate effect of value added tax on chosen products. This analysis was made in the terms of factors, which are acting on partial market. In diploma thesis were monitoring milk products prices in chosen food shops Company in interval of one year. Then assessment was made in the influence of VAT increase rate on consumer The assessment of influencing factors in milk market was made in the terms of VAT.

O gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos domiciliares, entre as muitas opções técnicas desenvolvidas, apresenta a coleta seletiva onde, através da conscientização prévia dos indivíduos envolvidos, permite a seleção e encaminhamento de diferentes materiais ao processo de reciclagem. Esta opção gerencial requer, no entanto, participação efetiva e consciente que, no presente estudo foi planejada e implantada junto ao ensino público fundamental, baseada na coleta de informação local (caracterização sócio, econômica e cultural relativa a resíduos sólidos domiciliares e caracterização física destes resíduos) e nos princípios da educação ambiental e dos 3R´s (redução, reutilização e reciclagem). Os resultados alcançados permitem avaliar positivamente a iniciativa de envolver, no programa de coleta seletiva, uma unidade escolar em sua totalidade de alunos, professores, direção e funcionários. O estudo permite concluir que a iniciativa, se monitorada, cria condições a médio longo prazo de auto gerenciamento do programa via proposta pedagógica e motivação pessoal dos indivíduos envolvidos. / Among many different techniques developed to manage and process domestic solid waste is the segregated waste collection, a process of sorting apart different materials to be sent to different recycling industries. However, this technique requires the active participation and awareness of all individuals involved in the process. In the present work, the collection program was developed based on information about the solid waste as well as cultural and socioeconomic characteristics of the local population generating it, and on Environmental Education and the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) principles. The program was implemented in Public Schools in such a way to get the public’s effective and conscious participation in the recycling efforts. The positive results obtained from the initiative, which involved an entire school, students and staff alike, allow us to conclude that education as a tool for awareness and personal involvement of individuals, when well monitored, create, in a medium/long range, the conditions for self-management of the program.

L’interaction des phénomènes de transfert de chaleur et de masse dans un tissu urbain avec les apports anthropiques participent à l’îlot de chaleur urbain et à la dégradation de la performance énergétique des bâtiments. L’objectif de cette étude est de définir l’impact de la modification des propriétés radiatives aux façades des bâtiments qui peut être réalisée par l’utilisation de revêtements sélectifs colorés récemment développés pour les toitures. Les flux sensibles et l’impact sur les bâtiments sont étudiés pour une morphologie caractéristique des milieux urbains denses, la rue canyon. Un suivi expérimental mené sur des surfaces élémentaires de propriétés radiatives différentes nous a permis de développer par une méthode d’optimisation un procédé de détermination simultané du coefficient de convection et des absorptivités solaires effectives sur la période de mesure. L’utilisation de peintures sélectives dans la configuration canyon retenue est ensuite analysée expérimentalement. Pour cela une maquette (1/10ème) de scène urbaine a été conçue sur la base de 5 rangées de cuves de béton creux qui ont fait l’objet de mesures de températures et de flux radiatifs. Dans un premier temps, le traitement de deux mois de mesures a permis de caractériser les évolutions de champs de températures liés à cette forme urbaine. Par la suite, trois configurations de propriétés radiatives aux façades ont été étudiées simultanément et ont permis d’analyser les modifications spécifiques sur les champs de température, de sur-faces et d’air. Afin d’estimer les économies d’énergie réalisables sur un bâtiment réel ainsi que l’impact sur son environnement proche, une étude paramétrique des revêtements de façade et de la chaussée a été effectuée par des simulations de l’interaction du bâti et du micro-climat. Les méthodes et expériences établies dans cette étude nous permettent d’envisager le développement du traitement des façades et de la caractérisation de leurs performances globales. / Modified heat and mass transfer in the urban built and anthropogenic loads contribute to the urban heat island phenomenon as to the deterioration of building energy efficiency. The scope of this study is to define the impact implied by the modification of façade radiative properties that can be achieved by using selective cool-coloured coatings initially developed for roofing. Sensible heat transfers and consequences on building comfort are studied through a characteristic morphology from dense urban environment, the street canyon. Monitoring of surface energy budget on elementary discs of different radiative properties allowed us to develop, through optimisation method, a process to determine simultaneously the effective solar absorptivities and a convective heat transfer coefficient on the measurement period. The following step consists in an experimental analysis of cool selective paints in the chosen canyon configuration. A reduced-scale model (1/10th) of an urban scene has been designed with 5 rows of hollow concrete tanks that had temperatures and radiative fluxes monitored. Measured data for uniform coatings allowed highlighting the temperature evolution linked to the particular urban form. Afterwards, three façades radiative properties configurations have been studied simultaneously and allowed the analysis of those specific modifications on air and surface temperature fields. Lastly, in order to estimate energy consumption savings on real scale buildings as well as the impact on the near urban environment, a parametric study on coating of façades and roads has been performed through simulation taking into account interactive heat transfers between the built environment and the microclimate. The experiments and methods designed along the study permit to consider façade coating development and global efficiency characterization.