Face au vide juridique encadrant leurs rapports patrimoniaux, les ex-conjoints de fait ont fait appel au droit commun dans une tentative de remédier aux iniquités économiques découlant de leur rupture. Les tribunaux québécois ont reconnu le besoin de combler ce vide, et c’est ainsi que le recours en enrichissement injustifié est devenu le choix de prédilection des conjoints appauvris. Ce recours a été façonné par la jurisprudence en remède sur mesure pour les conjoints non mariés. Une panoplie de mesures ont été mises en place par les tribunaux pour alléger le fardeau de preuve de l’appauvri et pour adapter la quantification de l’indemnité aux réalités conjugales. Cela demeure, toutefois, insuffisant et peu adapté aux besoins des ex-conjoints. Variabilité et imprévisibilité des décisions se sont avérées être le corolaire de cette confection jurisprudentielle : résultat de la large discrétion dont jouissent les magistrats dans l’appréciation des conditions et facteurs applicables et fruit d’un législateur muet. Le présent mémoire soulève les lacunes de l’enrichissement injustifié comme palliatif du problème de la rupture conjugale et démontre que la prestation compensatoire n’est pas, en fait, une protection analogue à l’enrichissement injustifié, ni une mesure adéquate pour les conjointes de fait. À notre avis, une approche fonctionnaliste et plus complète doit primer pour favoriser l’atteinte de l’objectif de protection recherché. Dans une société où le mariage n’est souvent pas le résultat d’un choix réfléchi et, surtout, d’une volonté de s’assujettir à ses effets juridiques, une élévation des droits des conjoints de fait au même niveau que ceux des époux prend tout son sens. / Faced with the legal vacuum surrounding their patrimonial relationships, de facto spouses sought remedies within the general rules of obligations to solve the inequities resulting from their separation. Quebec courts have recognized the need to fill this void, thereby rendering actions for unjust enrichment the preferred choice of impoverished spouses. This remedy has been fashioned by case law into a tailor-made remedy for unmarried spouses. A panoply of measures has been put in place by the courts to lighten the burden of proof of the impoverished and to adapt the quantification of the indemnity to conjugal realities. However, this remains insufficient and poorly adapted to the needs of ex-spouses. Variability and unpredictability of decisions have proven to be the corollary of this jurisprudential confection: the result of the broad discretion of the courts in assessing the applicable conditions and factors and the product of a silent legislator. This memoire raises the shortcomings of unjust enrichment as a palliative to the problem of the separation of de facto spouses and demonstrates that the compensatory allowance is not, in fact, analogous to unjust enrichment, nor is it appropriate for de facto spouses. In our opinion, a functionalist and more comprehensive approach must be privileged to help achieve the desired objective of protection. In a society where marriage is often not the result of a considered choice, or of a desire to submit to its legal effects. Granting de facto spouses to the same level of protection as legal spouses would be preferred.

Die Schwammskelette der Ordnung Verongida zeichnen sich durch das Fehlen mineralischer Komponenten aus. Stattdessen bestehen sie aus Spongin, einem kollagenartigen Protein, und Chitin. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die aus solch einem Chitin-Protein-Komplex bestehenden Skelette der Schwammspezies Aplysina cavernicola und Ianthella basta aus der Ordnung Verongida untersucht. Aufgrund ihrer morphologischen Unterschiede wurde für jede Schwammart eine eigene Methode zur Isolierung der Schwammskelette entwickelt. Die isolierten Skelette konnten anschließend mit verschiedenen Methoden wie REM, ATR-FTIR-Spektroskopie und NMR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert werden. Weiterhin wurde eine Methode zur Extraktion und Analyse der in den Skeletten befindlichen Aminosäuren mittels GC-MS entwickelt. Die Untersuchungen zeigten deutlich, dass es sich bei Spongin um ein kollagenartiges und halogeniertes Protein handelt, welches je nach Schwammart Unterschiede in der Aminosäurezusammensetzung aufweist. Darüber hinaus gelang es zum ersten Mal das Chitin aus dem Chitin-Protein-Komplex mittels Phosphorsäure zu entfernen. Aus den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen konnte abschließend ein Modell zum Aufbau des Chitin-Protein-Komplexes in der Schwammspezies Aplysina cavernicola entwickelt werden.

Usufructuary right of building and other ways of erecting house on the land of another The purpose of this thesis is to analyse comprehensively the institute of usufructuary right of building and other ways of erecting house on the land of another. Other legal institutes that can be used to set up home on a foreign land are easements, lease, usufructuary lease, precarious loan and loan for use. The Civil Code, after more than sixty years, is returning to the superficial principle, with which is the usufructuary right of building inherently connected and which represents an exception from that principle. Thesis is divided into four parts. The largest is the first part, which deals with the usufructuary right of building. The second part is devoted to other institutes, which enable the establishment of a house on a foreign land. The third part is the comparison of the usufructuary right of building with other institutes. The fourth part focuses on the usufructuary right of building legislation abroad. The focus of this thesis is in the first part, which consists of nine chapters. The first chapter defines the basic concepts and institutes related to the usufructuary right of building. The second chapter describes the history of the usufructuary right of building. The third to the seventh chapter...

The submerged entry nozzle (SEN) is used to transport the molten steel from a tundish to a mould. The main purpose of its usage is to prevent oxygen and nitrogen pick-up by molten steel from the gas. Furthermore, to achieve the desired flow conditions in the mould. Therefore, the SEN can be considered as a vital factor for a stable casting process and the steel quality. In addition, the steelmaking processes occur at high temperatures around 1873 K, so the interaction between the refractory materials of the SEN and molten steel is unavoidable. Therefore, the knowledge of the SEN behaviors during preheating and casting processes is necessary for the design of the steelmaking processes  The internal surfaces of modern SENs are coated with a glass/silicon powder layer to prevent the SEN graphite oxidation during preheating. The effects of the interaction between the coating layer and the SEN base refractory materials on clogging were studied. A large number of accretion samples formed inside alumina-graphite clogged SENs were examined using FEG-SEM-EDS and Feature analysis. The internal coated SENs were used for continuous casting of stainless steel grades alloyed with Rare Earth Metals (REM). The post-mortem study results clearly revealed the formation of a multi-layer accretion. A harmful effect of the SENs decarburization on the accretion thickness was also indicated. In addition, the results indicated a penetration of the formed alkaline-rich glaze into the alumina-graphite base refractory. More specifically, the alkaline-rich glaze reacts with graphite to form a carbon monoxide gas. Thereafter, dissociation of CO at the interface between SEN and molten metal takes place. This leads to reoxidation of dissolved alloying elements such as REM (Rare Earth Metal). This reoxidation forms the “In Situ” REM oxides at the interface between the SEN and the REM alloyed molten steel. Also, the interaction of the penetrated glaze with alumina in the SEN base refractory materials leads to the formation of a high-viscous alumina-rich glaze during the SEN preheating process. This, in turn, creates a very uneven surface at the SEN internal surface. Furthermore, these uneven areas react with dissolved REM in molten steel to form REM aluminates, REM silicates and REM alumina-silicates. The formation of the large “in-situ” REM oxides and the reaction of the REM alloying elements with the previously mentioned SEN´s uneven areas may provide a large REM-rich surface in contact with the primary inclusions in molten steel. This may facilitate the attraction and agglomeration of the primary REM oxide inclusions on the SEN internal surface and thereafter the clogging. The study revealed the disadvantages of the glass/silicon powder coating applications and the SEN decarburization. The decarburization behaviors of Al2O3-C, ZrO2-C and MgO-C refractory materials from a commercial Submerged Entry Nozzle (SEN), were also investigated for different gas atmospheres consisting of CO2, O2 and Ar. The gas ratio values were kept the same as it is in a propane combustion flue gas at different Air-Fuel-Ratio (AFR) values for both Air-Fuel and Oxygen-Fuel combustion systems. Laboratory experiments were carried out under nonisothermal conditions followed by isothermal heating. The decarburization ratio (α) values of all three refractory types were determined by measuring the real time weight losses of the samples. The results showed the higher decarburization ratio (α) values increasing for MgO-C refractory when changing the Air-Fuel combustion to Oxygen-Fuel combustion at the same AFR value. It substantiates the SEN preheating advantage at higher temperatures for shorter holding times compared to heating at lower temperatures during longer holding times for Al2O3-C samples. Diffusion models were proposed for estimation of the decarburization rate of an Al2O3-C refractory in the SEN. Two different methods were studied to prevent the SEN decarburization during preheating: The effect of an ZrSi2 antioxidant and the coexistence of an antioxidant additive and a (4B2O3 ·BaO) glass powder on carbon oxidation for non-isothermal and isothermal heating conditions in a controlled atmosphere. The coexistence of 8 wt% ZrSi2 and 15 wt% (4B2O3 ·BaO) glass powder of the total alumina-graphite refractory base materials, presented the most effective resistance to carbon oxidation. The 121% volume expansion due to the Zircon formation during heating and filling up the open pores by a (4B2O3 ·BaO) glaze during the green body sintering led to an excellent carbon oxidation resistance. The effects of the plasma spray-PVD coating of the Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) powder on the carbon oxidation of the Al2O3-C coated samples were investigated. Trials were performed at non-isothermal heating conditions in a controlled atmosphere. Also, the applied temperature profile for the laboratory trials were defined based on the industrial preheating trials. The controlled atmospheres consisted of CO2, O2 and Ar. The thicknesses of the decarburized layers were measured and examined using light optic microscopy, FEG-SEM and EDS. A 250-290 μm YSZ coating is suggested to be an appropriate coating, as it provides both an even surface as well as prevention of the decarburization even during heating in air. In addition, the interactions between the YSZ coated alumina-graphite refractory base materials in contact with a cerium alloyed molten stainless steel were surveyed. The YSZ coating provided a total prevention of the alumina reduction by cerium. Therefore, the prevention of the first clogging product formed on the surface of the SEN refractory base materials. Therefore, the YSZ plasma-PVD coating can be recommended for coating of the hot surface of the commercial SENs. / <p>QC 20111014</p>

PRÁVO STAVBY V ČESKÉM A FRANCOUZSKÉM PRÁVU, 2015 Abstract (English) Superficial Right of Construction in Czech and French Law The Superficial Right of Construction is one of the new institutions of civil law after the entry into force of the new Czech Civil Code on January 1st , 2014. But the institute is not quite unknown to Czech law, because it was a part of it until 1964. This fact enables to compare the current legislation with the previous provisions and to follow up the development of the explored institute's concept, both in terms of the shift of its nature from public to private, as well as of its content. It is also possible to identify the characteristics of "new" Czech Superficial Right of Construction which reflect not only the development of law in the last fifty years in general, but also of a similar institute in other (European) countries. One of such an institute is undoubtedly French bail à construction, existing since 1964 which seems appropriate for comparison with Czech Superficial Right of Construction mainly due to its continual development and a fairly frequent practice use in its home country. Apart from the relation of Superficial Right of Construction to the Roman principle superficies solo cedit, identification of the expression and legal nature of the institute, excursion into...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vladimir R Lourenco.pdf: 578608 bytes, checksum: d18341cf72ffc06f0f5df7fd9f64b0f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-24 / The constitutional concept of real estate for the purpose of Municipal Real Estate Tax (IPTU) fiscal incidence has always been controversial. Many professors defend an extensive interpretation, to cover not only the real estate itself, but also possession, dominium utile, the fee-farm, the right of surface, to give only three examples of types of rights in rem. Others do not accept this interpretation. After a simple review of Hans Kelsen and Niklas Luhmann s theories, there have been two new approaches of possible and different interpretations of the proposed theme. In Kelsen, a systematic interpretation led to a restrictive conception of the term, but even so, it permitted to come to the conclusion that the municipal legislator does have competence to enlarge the basis of tax incidence beyond the restricted definition of real estate. In the same way, based on the the systems theory, specially on the instruments extremely well handled by Luhmann, such as the structural coupling of various systems (communication) and even sub-systems, we have observed, a tendency to a admit a generalized conception, making it more comprehensive, in the same way, the term property, to cover, as well, other institutes defined as rights in rem by the Civil Code, as follows: possession, trust, fee-farm, dominium utile, and also, the right in rem of concession, for a determined term, by a public deed, the right of surface, regulated by the articles 1.369 to 1.377 of the Civil Code of 2002. The Municipal Real Estate Tax, (IPTU), that must be created by the Municipalities, and the Federal District, has as its own characteristics the tax progressiveness and selectiveness (increase of the percentage considering the higher and lower value, situation and use of the real estate in question, and also being progressive in time, (with increase and progressive percentage, as a sanction for the cases the owner does not follow the city master plan, forcing the real estate to fulfill its social function). Its taxation basis, whose criteria, must be established by law, can be altered by a lower law instrument / O conceito constitucional de propriedade imobiliária para fim de incidência do IPTU sempre foi controvertido. Muitos doutrinadores sustentam uma interpretação extensiva, para abranger não só a propriedade em si, mas também a posse, o domínio útil, a enfiteuse, o direito de superfície, para ficarmos exemplicativamente apenas nessas espécies de direitos reais. Outros não a aceitam. Após singela revista emprestada às teorias de Hans Kelsen e Niklas Luhmann, experimentaram-se duas abordagens de possíveis e diferentes interpretações do tema proposto. Em Kelsen, uma interpretação sistemática conduziu à concepção restritiva do termo, mas, ainda assim, permitiu concluir gozar o legislador municipal da competência para alargar a base de incidência do imposto para além da definição estrita de propriedade. De igual modo, ancorado na teoria dos sistemas, especialmente nos instrumentais extremamente bem manejados por Luhmann, como o acoplamento estrutural entre os diversos sistemas (comunicação) e mesmo subsistemas, verificou-se uma tendência a admitir uma acepção lata, largueando-se, de modo idêntico, a expressão propriedade, para atingir, também, outros institutos definidos como direitos reais pelo Código Civil, a saber: a posse, a fidúcia, a enfiteuse, o domínio útil e, também, o direito real de concessão, por prazo determinado, por escritura pública, da superfície, regulado pelos artigos 1.369 a 1.377 do Código Civil de 2002. O Imposto sobre a Propriedade Predial e Territorial Urbana, que deve ser instituído pelos Municípios e pelo Distrito Federal, tem por característica a progressividade fiscal e a seletividade (aumento das alíquotas em função do maior ou menor valor, localização e uso do imóvel), podendo ainda ser progressivo no tempo (ter alíquotas crescentes e progressivas, de caráter sancionatório, para a hipótese de o proprietário não atender às disposições do plano diretor, fazendo com que o imóvel cumpra a sua função social). Sua base de cálculo, cujos critérios devem ser fixados em lei, pode ser alterada por instrumento infralegal

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Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zum Verständnis der komplexen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Nanopartikeln und Polymeren in dünnen Schichtsystemen. Dazu wurden in einem geeignetem Modellsystem drei verschiedene Einflussparameter auf die Nanopartikelverteilung im Polymer und zwischen einer hydrophilen und einer hydrophoben Grenzfläche analysiert. Für eine erste Abschätzung der Verträglichkeit der einzelnen Komponenten wurden Wechselwirkungsparameter, binäre und ternäre Phasendiagramme ermittelt. Die experimentelle Charakterisierung der Nanopartikelverteilung erfolgte mittels Rasterkraftmikroskopie, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse wurden mit denen der theoretischen Vorbetrachtungen verglichen um herauszufinden, ob Vorhersagen zur Nanopartikelverteilung in einem Polymer möglich sind. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Nanopartikelverteilung im Polymer mit den untersuchten Parametern gezielt beeinflusst werden kann.