L’épaule est l’articulation la plus mobile et la plus instable du corps humain dû à la faible quantité de contraintes osseuses et au rôle des tissus mous qui lui confèrent au moins une dizaine de degrés de liberté. La mobilité de l’épaule est un facteur de performance dans plusieurs sports. Mais son instabilité engendre des troubles musculo-squelettiques, dont les déchirures de la coiffe des rotateurs sont fréquentes et les plus handicapantes. L’évaluation de l’amplitude articulaire est un indice commun de la fonction de l’épaule, toutefois elle est souvent limitée à quelques mesures planaires pour lesquelles les degrés de liberté varient indépendamment les uns des autres. Ces valeurs utilisées dans les modèles de simulation musculo-squelettiques peuvent amener à des solutions non physiologiques. L’objectif de cette thèse était de développer des outils pour la caractérisation de la mobilité articulaire tri-dimensionnelle de l’épaule, en passant par i) fournir une méthode et son approche expérimentale pour évaluer l’amplitude articulaire tridimensionnelle de l’épaule incluant des interactions entre les degrés de liberté ; ii) proposer une représentation permettant d’interpréter les données tri-dimensionnelles obtenues; iii) présenter des amplitudes articulaires normalisées, iv) implémenter une amplitude articulaire tridimensionnelle au sein d’un modèle de simulation numérique afin de générer des mouvements sportifs optimaux plus réalistes; v) prédire des amplitudes articulaires sécuritaires et vi) des exercices de rééducation sécuritaires pour des patients ayant subi une réparation de la coiffe des rotateurs. i) Seize sujets ont été réalisé séries de mouvements d’amplitudes maximales actifs avec des combinaisons entre les différents degrés de liberté de l’épaule. Un système d’analyse du mouvement couplé à un modèle cinématique du membre supérieur a été utilisé pour estimer les cinématiques articulaires tridimensionnelles. ii) L’ensemble des orientations définies par une séquence de trois angles a été inclus dans un polyèdre non convexe représentant l’espace de mobilité articulaire prenant en compte les interactions entre les degrés de liberté. La combinaison des séries d’élévation et de rotation est recommandée pour évaluer l’amplitude articulaire complète de l’épaule. iii) Un espace de mobilité normalisé a également été défini en englobant les positions atteintes par au moins 50% des sujets et de volume moyen. iv) Cet espace moyen, définissant la mobilité physiologiques, a été utilisé au sein d’un modèle de simulation cinématique utilisé pour optimiser la technique d’un élément acrobatique de lâcher de barres réalisée par des gymnastes. Avec l’utilisation régulière de limites articulaires planaires pour contraindre la mobilité de l’épaule, seulement 17% des solutions optimales sont physiologiques. En plus, d’assurer le réalisme des solutions, notre contrainte articulaire tridimensionnelle n’a pas affecté le coût de calculs de l’optimisation. v) et vi) Les seize participants ont également réalisé des séries d’amplitudes articulaires passives et des exercices de rééducation passifs. La contrainte dans l’ensemble des muscles de la coiffe des rotateurs au cours de ces mouvements a été estimée à l’aide d’un modèle musculo-squelettique reproduisant différents types et tailles de déchirures. Des seuils de contrainte sécuritaires ont été utilisés pour distinguer les amplitudes de mouvements risquées ou non pour l’intégrité de la réparation chirurgicale. Une taille de déchirure plus grande ainsi que les déchirures affectant plusieurs muscles ont contribué à réduire l’espace de mobilité articulaire sécuritaire. Principalement les élévations gléno-humérales inférieures à 38° et supérieures à 65°, ou réalisées avec le bras maintenu en rotation interne engendrent des contraintes excessives pour la plupart des types et des tailles de blessure lors de mouvements d’abduction, de scaption ou de flexion. Cette thèse a développé une représentation innovante de la mobilité de l’épaule, qui tient compte des interactions entre les degrés de liberté. Grâce à cette représentation, l’évaluation clinique pourra être plus exhaustive et donc élargir les possibilités de diagnostiquer les troubles de l’épaule. La simulation de mouvement peut maintenant être plus réaliste. Finalement, nous avons montré l’importance de personnaliser la rééducation des patients en termes d’amplitude articulaire, puisque des exercices passifs de rééducation précoces peuvent contribuer à une re-déchirure à cause d’une contrainte trop importante qu’ils imposent aux tendons. / The shoulder is the most mobile but instable joint of the human body due to bony constraint scarcity and soft tissue function unlocking several degrees of freedom (DoF). Shoulder mobility is a factor of performance in some sports. But its instability leads to musculoskeletal impairments, the rotator cuff tear being the most debilitating disorder. Evaluation of the shoulder range of motion (RoM) is a common indicator of shoulder function but it is often limited to a few monoplanar measurements where each DoF varies independently. These values used in computer simulation models lead to non-physiological movements. The aim of this thesis was to develop tools for caracterizing tridimensional shoulder mobility. In this purpose it was mandatory to i) provide a method and its experimental approach to assess shoulder 3D (three-dimensional) RoM with DoF interactions; ii) propose a representation allowing 3D kinematical data interprestation; iii) present normalized shoulder amplitudes; iv) implement 3D RoM into computer simulation models to generate more realistic optimal sports technique; and v) predict safe 3D RoM and vi) safe rehabilitation exercises for patients after rotator cuff repair. i) Sixteen participants performed series of active arm movements with maximal amplitude with interactions between all the shoulder degrees-of-freedom. A motion analysis system combined with an upper limb kinematic model was used to estimate the 3D joint kinematics. ii) All 3D angular poses were included into a nonconvex hull representing the RoM space accounting for DOF interactions. The combination of elevation and rotation series is recommended to fully evaluate shoulder RoM. iii) A normalized 3D RoM space was defined by including 3D poses common to 50% of the participants into a hull of average volume. iv) This average hull, defining physiologic mobility, was used in a computer simulation model to optimize the technique of a release move in gymnastics. With commonly used monoplanar constraints of shoulder mobility, only 17% of the simulations led to a physiological shoulder kinematics, while our 3D RoM constraints systematically ensures realistic shoulder kinematics without extra computational cost. v) and vi) The 16 participants performed 3D shoulder range-of-motion and passive rehabilitation exercises. Stress in all rotator cuff tendons was predicted during each movement by means of a musculoskeletal model using simulations with different type and size of tears. Safety stress thresholds were used to discriminate safe from unsafe ranges-of-motion. Increased tear size and multiple tendons tear decreased safe range-of-motion. Mostly, glenohumeral elevations below 38°, above 65°, or performed with the arm held in internal rotation cause excessive stresses in most types and sizes of injury during abduction, scaption or flexion. This thesis established an innovative representation of the shoulder mobility, which accounts for DoF interactions. Clinical evaluation will be more accurate with a large potential to better diagnose shoulder disorders. Computer simulations are now more realistic. Finally, we showed the importance of personalized rehabilitation in terms of 3D RoM, since passive early rehabilitation exercises could contribute to re-tear due to excessive stress.

A Distrofia Muscular Congênita (DMC) se caracteriza clinicamente por hipotonia e fraqueza muscular, retardo do desenvolvimento motor e retrações fibrotendíneas. Instrumentos de avaliação clínica, como as escalas funcionais, motoras e de qualidade de vida, têm como objetivo quantificar o impacto da doença sobre as atividades diárias da vida do paciente, além de auxiliarem na caracterização de grupos de estudo heterogêneos. Sendo a DMC altamente heterogênea, traçar o perfil funcional dos pacientes com diferentes subtipos seria útil para caracterizar padrões funcionais e auxiliar no tratamento em equipe multidisciplinar. Objetivos: Caracterizar o perfil de funcionalidade e qualidade de vida de pacientes com DMC de diferentes subtipos e correlacioná-lo com a força muscular e grau de amplitude de movimento. Metodologia: Em uma amostra de 18 pacientes com DMC com idade de 12 + 3,2 anos e 13 pacientes com outras miopatias congênitas com idade de 13 + 2,6 anos foram aplicados em três visitas (V1, V2 e V3) os questionários SF-36 e Índice de Barthel (IB), além de realizada avaliação físico-motora (goniometria, força muscular) seguido de correlação com a escala funcional MFM-32 (Medida de Função Motora). Resultados: Houve significativa queda na qualidade de vida em pacientes Merosina (-) e em outras formas de DMC. O índice de Barthel (IB) apontou \"grave dependência\" final em pacientes merosina (-) e \"moderada dependência\" em outras formas de DMC. A goniometria mostrou diminuição da movimentação global em todos os grupos articulares avaliados em pacientes com merosina (-). Em outras formas de DMC, houve exceção de diminuição apenas em articulação distal de membros superiores. A força de todos os grupos musculares é significativamente afetada em ambos os grupos. Pacientes merosina (-) mostram diminuição significativa de funcionalidade nas três dimensões da escala MFM-32 (D1, D2 e D3), e em outras formas de DMC, apenas diminuição em D2 e D3. Houve moderada correlação positiva entre força muscular e D1 da escala MFM-32, forte correlação positiva entre goniometria e D2 e D3 em pacientes com merosina (-), não havendo correlação entre nenhuma variável e MFM-32 em outras formas de DMC. Conclusão: Pacientes com DMC apresentaram perfil funcional \"gravemente dependente\", com diminuição da qualidade de vida, observada em cinco de oito quesitos do questionário SF-36. A força muscular e a amplitude de movimento articular foram afetadas de forma generalizada em ambos os grupos de pacientes. Pacientes com merosina (-) mostraram-se mais afetados funcionalmente em posturas eretas e transferências, sendo correlacionada positivamente com a força muscular dos grupos dessa tarefa / Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (CMD) is characterized by hypotonia and weakness, motor development delay and muscular contractures. Instruments of clinical assessment, such as functional motor and quality of life scales are essential to quantify the impact of the disease on daily activities of the patient\'s life in addition to helping in the characterization of heterogeneous study groups. As the DMC highly heterogeneous, trace the functional profile of patients with different subtypes would be useful to characterize functional patterns and aid in the treatment by a multidisciplinary team. Objectives: To characterize the functionality and quality of life of children with different subtypes of DMC and to correlate them with the degree of muscle strength and range of motion. Methods: In a sample of 18 patients with CMD (aged 12 + 3.2 years) and 13 patients with other congenital myopathies (aged 13 ± 2.6 years) were applied in three visits (V1, V2 and V3) the SF-36 and Barthel Index (BI), and performed physical-motor assessment (goniometry, muscle strength) followed by correlation with functional scale MFM-32 (motor Function Measure. ). Results: There was a significant decrease in the quality of life in patients Merosin (-) and other forms of CMD. IB indicated \"severe dependence\" final in Merosin patients (-) and \"moderate dependence\" in other forms of CMD. Goniometry showed a decrease of the overall joint movement in all groups evaluated in patients with merosin (-).In other forms of DMC was decreased joint movement in all joint groups, except for the distal joint of the upper limbs. The strength of each muscle group was significantly affected in both groups. Patients merosin (-) show a significant decrease in the functionality on the 3 dimensions of MFM-32 scale (D1, D2, D3) in patients with other forms of DMC only reduction in D2 and D3. There was a moderate positive correlation between muscle strength and D1 of the SF-32 scale, strong positive correlation between goniometry and D2 and D3 in patients with Merosin (-), there was no correlation between this variable and MFM-32 in other forms of CMD. Conclusion: Patients with CMD showed functional profile \"severely dependent\" to low quality of life observed in five of eight areas of the SF-36 questionnaire. Muscle strength and range of motion were affected in a generalized manner in both patient groups. Patients with Merosin (-) are even more affected functionally in standing and transfers being positively correlated with muscle strength of the groups of this task postures

A síndrome fêmoro-patelar (SFP) acomete adultos jovens e caracteriza-se por dor no joelho durante a realização de atividades funcionais. Os fatores etiológicos incluem o aumento do ângulo Q e desequilíbrios musculares e para seu tratamento normalmente são realizados exercícios de fortalecimento do músculo quadríceps femoral, não sendo encontradas referências quanto ao uso de alongamento muscular no reequilíbrio da articulação fêmoro-patelar. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar a eficácia de exercícios de fortalecimento do músculo quadríceps femoral e alongamento dos músculos da cadeia posterior na recuperação funcional de pacientes com SFP. Para isso, foram selecionadas 40 mulheres sedentárias com idade entre 18 e 32 anos com SFP. Antes do tratamento foram avaliados: medida da flexibilidade, do encurtamento dos músculos isquiotibiais, do ângulo Q, aplicação de escalas da capacidade funcional (escala de contagem de Lysholm e escala de avaliação para a articulação fêmoro-patelar) e eletromiografia (EMG) dos músculos vasto medial (VM), vasto lateral (VL), bíceps femoral (BF) e gastrocnêmio porção lateral (GT) durante contrações isométricas de flexão e extensão da perna. Posteriormente, os pacientes foram divididos em quatro grupos de tratamento: o Grupo 1 (G1) realizou alongamento dos músculos da cadeia posterior pela técnica de reeducação postural global, o Grupo 2 (G2) realizou alongamento segmentar dos músculos isquiotibiais e gastrocnêmio, o Grupo 3 (G3) fortaleceu o músculo quadríceps femoral em cadeia cinética aberta e o Grupo 4 (G4) fortaleceu o mesmo músculo em cadeia cinética fechada, ambos com aumento progressivo da carga. Antes e após cada sessão de tratamento, as pacientes preenchiam a intensidade da dor no joelho numa escala visual analógica. O tratamento durou oito semanas com freqüência de duas vezes semanais. As variáveis obtidas antes e após o tratamento para cada grupo foram analisadas pelo teste de Wilcoxon e entre os grupos pela Anova e teste de Duncan ou Anova de Friedman ou Manova (&#945; < 0,05). Comparando as variáveis antes e após o tratamento, os resultados mostram que a intensidade da dor apresentou melhora significante no G1 e G3 e o ângulo Q diminuiu no G1 e G2. Para a atividade EMG, o músculo VM não sofreu alteração após o tratamento, o músculo VL aumentou no G2 e G3, o músculo BF aumentou apenas no G3 e o músculo GT aumentou no G3 e G4. Em todos os grupos, as escalas mostram melhora da capacidade funcional, diminuição do encurtamento dos músculos isquiotibiais e aumento da flexibilidade. Entre os grupos, o G1 tendeu a apresentar maior flexibilidade, o G4 maior atividade EMG do músculo BF, enquanto o G1 e G3 mostraram maior ativação do músculo GT. Os dados sugerem que os exercícios de alongamento muscular, em especial o global, também devem ser indicados no tratamento de pacientes com SFP, principalmente nas fases iniciais, onde se objetiva uma redução efetiva da intensidade da dor. Além disso, também possibilitou maior realinhamento do joelho (redução do ângulo Q) e aumento da flexibilidade, o que pode facilitar o fortalecimento muscular. / The patellofemoral syndrome (PFS) affects young adults and is characterized by knee pain during functional activities. PFS etiology includes bigger Q angle and muscular imbalances. For treatment, quadriceps femoris strengthening are normally performed, but we were unable to locate documentation about the application of stretching exercises in the patellofemoral joint rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of quadriceps femoris muscle strengthening and posterior chain stretching exercises in the functional recovery of PFS patients. Forty female nonathletes aged between 18 and 32 years old were recruited. Before treatment, it was measured: flexibility, hamstring tightness, Q angle, functional injury level of the knee by the application of questionnaires and electromyography (EMG) of the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF) and lateral gastrocnemius(LG) muscles during isometric contractions of leg flexion and extension. After this initial evaluation, patients were divided into four treatment groups: Group 1 (G1) performed posterior chain global stretching exercises, Group 2 (G2) segmentary stretching exercises of hamstring and gastrocnemius muscles, Group 3 (G3) quadriceps femoris strengthening exercises in open kinetic chain and Group 4 (G4) quadriceps femoris strengthening exercises in closed kinetic chain, with progressively resistance increases. This treatment lasted eight weeks, twice a week. Before and after each treatment session, the visual analogue scale accessed pain intensity. The data obtained before and after treatment for all groups were analyzed by Wilcoxon test, and the data between groups by Anova and Duncan test or Friedman Anova or Manova (&#945; < 0.05). Comparing the data before and after treatment, the results showed a significant improvement in pain intensity in G1 and G3 and a decreased Q angle in G1 and G2. For the EMG activity, VM muscle activity was not modified after treatment, VL activity increased in G2 and G3, BF activity increased only in G3 and LG activity increased in G3 and G4. Between groups, G1 showed greatest flexibility, G4 greatest EMG activity of BF muscle, while G1 and G3 showed greatest activity of LG muscle. Based on these results, we suggest that stretching exercises, specifically in global modality, can be prescribed in PFS treatment, especially in its initial phases, for an effective reduction of pain intensity. Moreover, this treatment caused a knee alignment (by reducing Q angle)and flexibility improvement, which may facilitate muscular strengthening.

Objetivo: Exercícios de mobilização são aplicados em pacientes com Espondilite Anquilosante (EA) para preservar e restaurar a mobilidade axial, no entanto, não há descrição na literatura, de um programa específico de reabilitação compreendendo apenas exercícios de mobilização com e sem a associação de exercícios com resistência elástica em pacientes com EA. Assim, foram avaliados os efeitos de dois programas de exercícios quanto a mobilidade, capacidade funcional, qualidade de vida e atividade de doença em pacientes com EA. Métodos: Cinquenta e cinco pacientes com EA, sedentários, com Índice Bath de atividade de doença da Espondilite Anquilosante (BASDAI) < 4 foram incluídos no estudo. Os pacientes com EA foram alocados ao acaso em três grupos, um grupo foi prescrito exercícios de mobilização (M), um com o programa de mobilização mais exercícios de resistência elástica (M+R) e um grupo controle sem exercícios (C). As sessões de exercícios foram realizadas em grupos, duas vezes por semana, por 16 semanas, e todas as sessões foram supervisionadas. Os grupos M e M+R realizavam 30 minutos de alongamentos e exercícios de mobilidade para coluna, membros superiores e inferiores. Depois do programa de mobilização, apenas o grupo M+R realizava mais 30 minutos de exercícios com resistência elástica. A mobilidade, qualidade de vida, atividade de doença e parâmetros de atividade funcional foram avaliados no início do programa e depois de 16 semanas por um avaliador cego. Resultados: No início do estudo, a média de idade dos pacientes (DP) era 48,2 anos ( ± 11,7); tempo de doença 18,4( ± 9,9) anos; BASDAI 2,2( ± 1,2); escore global Bath de espondilite anquilosante (BAS-g) de 4,2( ± 2,3) Índice funcional Bath (BASFI) de 3,6( ± 2,4) e Índice de mobilidade Bath (BASMI) de 4,6( ± 2,1). Comparando valores iniciais e após 16 semanas o grupo M mostrou uma melhora significante no Índice BASMI e o grupo M+R apresentou uma melhora significante no BASMI e na expansibilidade torácica. BAS-g, BASDAI e BASMI foram significantemente piores no grupo C. Não houve diferença significante entre os grupos M e M+R, mas foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos C e M+R nos índices BASDAI, ASDAS e BASFI a favor do grupo M+R. Conclusão: Os programas de exercícios terapêuticos foram seguros e efetivos. O programa de mobilização promoveu benefícios apenas nos parâmetros de mobilidade articular. Os pacientes que realizaram programa de exercícios com resistência elástica além de apresentarem melhora na mobilidade articular, apresentaram melhora da atividade de doença e função quando comparado aos controles no fim do tratamento / Objective: Mobility exercises are used in Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) patients to preserve and restore axial mobility, but there are no data regarding a specific rehabilitation program that includes mobility alone and its association with elastic resistance exercises in AS patients with stable disease activity. So, we assessed the effects of two exercise programs in terms of mobility, functional capacity, quality of life and disease activity in AS patients. Methods: Fifty-five sedentary AS patients with a Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Activity Index (BASDAI) <4 were included. The AS patients were randomly assigned into three groups, to receive a mobility exercise program (M), or mobility plus elastic resistance exercise program (M+R) or no exercise (C). The exercises group sessions were conducted twice per week for 16 weeks. This supervised program comprised 30 minutes of outdoor stretching and mobility exercises for the spine and limbs (M). After the mobility program, M+R group carry out more 30 minutes of elastic resistance exercises. The mobility, disease activity and functional parameters were evaluated at baseline and after 16 weeks, with the evaluator blinded to the treatment group. Results: At study entry, the patients had a mean (SD) age of 48,2 years ( ± 11,7), disease duration of 18,4( ± 9,9) years, BASDAI 2,2( ± 1,2), Bath AS Global score (BAS-g) 4,2( ± 2,3) Bath AS functional Index (BASFI) of 3,6( ± 2,4) and Bath AS Metrology Index (BASMI) of 4,6( ± 2,1). Comparing the baseline to 16 weeks, group M showed a significant improvement in BASMI and M+R group showed significant improvement in BASMI and chest expansion. BAS-g, BASDAI and BASMI was significantly worst in C group. No significant differences between M+R group and M group were perceived but there were significant differences in BASDAI, ASDAS and BASFI scores between C group and M+R group in favor of M+R group. Conclusion: Therapeutic exercises programs were effective and safe. The mobility exercises program promoted benefits only in joint mobility parameters. The exercise program with elastic resistance besides those benefits for joint mobility, also improved function and disease activity comparing to controls at the end of the program

No description available.

La récupération optimale des amplitudes articulaires (AAs) et de la force musculaire est un objectif crucial de la réadaptation fonctionnelle intensive (RFI) à la suite d’une lésion médullaire (LM). Le but de la présente étude était de documenter les changements d’AAs des membres supérieurs durant la RFI chez des individus (n = 197) ayant subi une LM et d’établir le lien avec l’autonomie fonctionnelle. Les données (AA, force musculaire, spasticité, déficiences secondaires, autonomie fonctionnelle) ont été collectées à l’admission et au congé de la RFI. Des analyses descriptives, des tests d’association entre les changements d’AAs et des variables indépendantes (douleur, spasticité, déficiences secondaires, force) et des analyses multivariées ont été utilisées. Les individus ayant une paraplégie présentent peu de déficit d’AAs à l’épaule comparés à ceux ayant une tétraplégie. Parmi ces derniers, une majorité présente des AAs sous les valeurs de normalité en fin de RFI. Le groupe D, établi selon l’évaluation de l’American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA D) présente des pertes d’AAs plus importante qu’attendue. La douleur au niveau articulaire est un facteur influençant les changements d’AAs, particulièrement dans ce groupe. La force musculaire chez les personnes ayant une tétraplégie sévère (ASIA ABC) est plus faible que celle du groupe ayant une lésion moins sévère (ASIA D). Généralement, le gain de force corrèle avec le gain d’AA. La force musculaire, les AAs et le nombre de déficiences secondaires sont les principaux éléments influençant l’autonomie fonctionnelle. En conclusion, la perte d’AA est plus importante à l’articulation de l’épaule et, pour plusieurs individus, malgré un gain significatif, les AAs n’atteignent pas les valeurs de référence au congé de la RFI. La force musculaire et certaines déficiences secondaires sont des éléments à considérer pour expliquer les pertes d’AAs et d’autonomie fonctionnelle. Les études futures devront clarifier certains aspects dont l’atteinte de la rotation médiale qui semble montrer un patron différent de récupération en comparaison des autres mouvements de l’épaule. De plus, les études devront montrer si ces changements et résultats sont maintenus après le congé de la RFI. / Optimal recovery of range of motion (ROM) and strength are critical objectives of intensive rehabilitation following spinal cord injury (SCI). The aim of this study was to characterize the evolution of ROM and strength at the upper limb and analyze their relationship with functional independence during intensive rehabilitation. Data ROM, strength, spasticity, secondary impairments, functional independence) from 197 participants with SCI were collected at admission and discharge from intensive rehabilitation and were analyzed with descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses (regressions, ANOVA). Specific association analyses were used to determine the level of association between ROM, strength and independent variables such as pain, spasticity and secondary impairments. Lesser deficit in ROM was observed in participants with paraplegia compared to those with tetraplegia. The deficit in individuals with tetraplegia was larger to an extent that most of them did not reach normality in ROM at shoulder joint. Surprisingly, individuals with less severe injury according to the American Spinal Injury Association classification (ASIA D) showed larger deficit of ROM than expected. Joint pain was related to reduce ROM, particularly in participants with ASIA D lesion. Values of muscle strength in individuals with more severe tetraplegia (ASIA ABC) are lower than the ones observed in individuals with less severe injury (ASIA D). Overall, strength and ROM were correlated, except for medial rotation movement. ROM, strength, and secondary impairments are the major determinants of functional independence. In conclusion, shoulder joint was the most affected joint of the upper limb, and, despite of significant gains of ROM, abnormalities were greater than expected. Strength and some secondary impairment were related in loss of ROM and functional independence throughout rehabilitation. More study will be needed to understand the medial rotation movement at the shoulder that seems to evolve differently from other movements, and to determine whether or not changes observed during rehabilitation are maintained over time.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5110.pdf: 9251183 bytes, checksum: b4178b3d81d86cf5fd17ce7ecbba1aa8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-21 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The human movement record is an essential requirement for biomechanical, clinical and occupational analysis, allowing assessments of postural variation, occupational risks and improvement of preventive programs in physical therapy and rehabilitation. Electrogoniometers have been used to record wrist movements during work. However, different sizes of sensors are used, bringing difficulties to the comparison of recordings. Moreover, although of flexible electrogoniometers (EGM) are considered a reliable and accurate equipment for dynamic recordings of different joints the EGM, they are susceptible to measurement errors, known as crosstalk. There are two main types of crosstalk, crosstalk due to sensor rotation and the inherent crosstalk. Correction procedures have been proposed to correct these errors, however no study evaluating the efficiency of corrections from both procedures in subject wrist measurements was identified in the available literature. Thus, this study aims: 1) to evaluate two different sensors in order to check its performance in an anthropometric defined sample; 2) to evaluate the effects of mathematical correction procedures on: the crosstalk due to the forearm rotation, the inherent sensors crosstalk, and the combination of these two procedures. To compare the two models of sensors 13 subjects were evaluated (7 women and 6 men) who performed flexion/extension and ulnar/radial wrist movement, reaching maximum amplitude in the pronated forearm position. Two sensors measuring 65 and 110 mm of length (XM110 and XM65, respectively) and an acquisition data device (Datalog, Biometrics) were used. The sequence of movements and the sensor placement were randomized. The data were analyzed descriptively and statistically bymultivariate analysis. The intra-individual variation (root mean square RMS between trials) were calculated. The results showed there was no significant difference between the sensors for all movements. The maximum intra individual variation was 2.2°. There were significant differences between gender for wrist flexion and ulnar deviation, women have higher values than men. The maximum variability between sensors was 7.1°. Although no significant difference was identified between sensors, it was found that the sensor XM110, bigger than XM65, presented bulging during the extension. Therefore, for individuals with height up to 1.8 m, the data obtained by both sensors are comparable. In the second stage of the study we evaluate the maximum amplitude of the flexion/extension and ulnar deviation/radial wrist of 43 healthy subjects recorded by EGMs. Correction procedures were applied to the crosstalk due to the rotation of the forearm, crosstalk inherent and combining the two procedures. The results showed there was no significant difference in measurements before and after the correction procedures (P&#8804;0.05). Furthermore, the differences between the correction procedures were below 5 ° for most cases, indicating small clinical impact on the measurements. Considering that the corrections are time consuming, require specific technical knowledge and have provided inefficient results, the correction procedures are not recommended for clinical wrist electrogoniometers recordings. Thus, improvement of equipment should be provided by the manufacturers. / O registro do movimento humano e requisito fundamental para analises biomecanicas, clinicas e ocupacionais, permitindo avaliar variacoes posturais, riscos e aprimoramento de programas preventivos e de reabilitacao em Fisioterapia. O eletrogoniometro e utilizado em contexto ocupacional para registro dos movimentos do punho. No entanto, diferentes tamanhos de sensores sao utilizados, o que pode dificultar a comparacao entre os resultados. Alem disso, apesar de o eletrogoniometro flexivel (EGM) ser considerado um equipamento confiavel e acurado, e utilizado para o registro dinamico de diferentes articulacoes, e suscetivel a erros de medida, denominados crosstalk. Existem dois tipos principais de crosstalk, o crosstalk devido a rotacao do sensor e o crosstalk inerente. Procedimentos de correcao tem sido propostos para a correcao desses erros, no entanto nenhum estudo utilizou ambos os procedimentos em medidas em movimento funcional dos movimentos do punho, visando otimizar a correcao. Diante disso, este estudo teve como objetivos: 1) avaliar dois sensores eletrogoniometricos de tamanho diferentes para verificar o desempenho de ambos em uma amostra com variaveis antropometricas (peso e altura) definidas; e 2) avaliar, comparativamente, o efeito de procedimentos de correcao para: o crosstalk entre os movimentos de flexao/extensao e desvio radial/ulnar do punho devido a rotacao do antebraco; o crosstalk inerente aos sensores, e a combinacao desses dois procedimentos de correcao em situacoes funcionais. Para a comparacao entre os dois modelos de sensores foram avaliadas 13 sujeitos (7 mulheres e 6 homens) que realizaram movimentos de flexao/extensao e desvio ulnar/radial do punho em amplitude maxima, na posicao pronada do antebraco. Foram utilizados dois sensores com 65 e 110 mm de comprimento (XM65 e XM110, respectivamente) e um dispositivo de aquisicao de dados (Datalog, Biometrics). A ordem de realizacao dos movimentos e colocacao dos sensores foram aleatorizadas. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente e estatisticamente por analise multivariada. Foi calculada a variacao entre as tentativas (variabilidade intra individual) e entre os sensores por meio do valor RMS (root mean square). Os resultados mostraram que nao houve diferenca significativa entre os sensores para todos os movimentos. A variabilidade intraindividual maxima foi de 2,2°. Houve diferenca significativa entre os generos para a flexao e o desvio ulnar, sendo as mulheres as que apresentaram valores maiores que os homens. A variabilidade maxima entre os sensores foi de 7,1°. Apesar de nao ter havido diferenca significante entre os sensores, verificou-se que o sensor XM110, por ser maior, apresentava abaulamento durante a extensao. Portanto, para individuos com altura ate 1,8 m, os dados obtidos pelos diferentes sensores sao comparaveis. Na segunda etapa do estudo foram avaliadas as amplitudes maximas dos movimentos de flexao/extensao e desvios ulnar/radial do punho de 43 individuos saudaveis registradas por meio de EGMs. Foram aplicados procedimentos de correcao para o crosstalk devido a rotacao do antebraco, crosstalk inerente, e combinando-se os dois procedimentos. Os resultados mostraram que nao houve alteracao significativa nas medidas apos a aplicacao dos procedimentos de correcao (P&#8804;0,05). Alem disso, as diferencas entre os procedimentos de correcao foram inferiores a 5o para a maioria dos casos, indicando pouco impacto sobre as medidas. Assim, considerando o tempo de processamento, o conhecimento tecnico especifico exigido e os ineficazes resultados obtidos, desaconselha-se a aplicacao desses procedimentos na correcao de registros eletrogiometricos do punho, sugerindo a necessidade de que o aprimoramento dos equipamentos seja realizado por seus fabricantes.

Objetivo: Exercícios de mobilização são aplicados em pacientes com Espondilite Anquilosante (EA) para preservar e restaurar a mobilidade axial, no entanto, não há descrição na literatura, de um programa específico de reabilitação compreendendo apenas exercícios de mobilização com e sem a associação de exercícios com resistência elástica em pacientes com EA. Assim, foram avaliados os efeitos de dois programas de exercícios quanto a mobilidade, capacidade funcional, qualidade de vida e atividade de doença em pacientes com EA. Métodos: Cinquenta e cinco pacientes com EA, sedentários, com Índice Bath de atividade de doença da Espondilite Anquilosante (BASDAI) < 4 foram incluídos no estudo. Os pacientes com EA foram alocados ao acaso em três grupos, um grupo foi prescrito exercícios de mobilização (M), um com o programa de mobilização mais exercícios de resistência elástica (M+R) e um grupo controle sem exercícios (C). As sessões de exercícios foram realizadas em grupos, duas vezes por semana, por 16 semanas, e todas as sessões foram supervisionadas. Os grupos M e M+R realizavam 30 minutos de alongamentos e exercícios de mobilidade para coluna, membros superiores e inferiores. Depois do programa de mobilização, apenas o grupo M+R realizava mais 30 minutos de exercícios com resistência elástica. A mobilidade, qualidade de vida, atividade de doença e parâmetros de atividade funcional foram avaliados no início do programa e depois de 16 semanas por um avaliador cego. Resultados: No início do estudo, a média de idade dos pacientes (DP) era 48,2 anos ( ± 11,7); tempo de doença 18,4( ± 9,9) anos; BASDAI 2,2( ± 1,2); escore global Bath de espondilite anquilosante (BAS-g) de 4,2( ± 2,3) Índice funcional Bath (BASFI) de 3,6( ± 2,4) e Índice de mobilidade Bath (BASMI) de 4,6( ± 2,1). Comparando valores iniciais e após 16 semanas o grupo M mostrou uma melhora significante no Índice BASMI e o grupo M+R apresentou uma melhora significante no BASMI e na expansibilidade torácica. BAS-g, BASDAI e BASMI foram significantemente piores no grupo C. Não houve diferença significante entre os grupos M e M+R, mas foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos C e M+R nos índices BASDAI, ASDAS e BASFI a favor do grupo M+R. Conclusão: Os programas de exercícios terapêuticos foram seguros e efetivos. O programa de mobilização promoveu benefícios apenas nos parâmetros de mobilidade articular. Os pacientes que realizaram programa de exercícios com resistência elástica além de apresentarem melhora na mobilidade articular, apresentaram melhora da atividade de doença e função quando comparado aos controles no fim do tratamento / Objective: Mobility exercises are used in Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) patients to preserve and restore axial mobility, but there are no data regarding a specific rehabilitation program that includes mobility alone and its association with elastic resistance exercises in AS patients with stable disease activity. So, we assessed the effects of two exercise programs in terms of mobility, functional capacity, quality of life and disease activity in AS patients. Methods: Fifty-five sedentary AS patients with a Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Activity Index (BASDAI) <4 were included. The AS patients were randomly assigned into three groups, to receive a mobility exercise program (M), or mobility plus elastic resistance exercise program (M+R) or no exercise (C). The exercises group sessions were conducted twice per week for 16 weeks. This supervised program comprised 30 minutes of outdoor stretching and mobility exercises for the spine and limbs (M). After the mobility program, M+R group carry out more 30 minutes of elastic resistance exercises. The mobility, disease activity and functional parameters were evaluated at baseline and after 16 weeks, with the evaluator blinded to the treatment group. Results: At study entry, the patients had a mean (SD) age of 48,2 years ( ± 11,7), disease duration of 18,4( ± 9,9) years, BASDAI 2,2( ± 1,2), Bath AS Global score (BAS-g) 4,2( ± 2,3) Bath AS functional Index (BASFI) of 3,6( ± 2,4) and Bath AS Metrology Index (BASMI) of 4,6( ± 2,1). Comparing the baseline to 16 weeks, group M showed a significant improvement in BASMI and M+R group showed significant improvement in BASMI and chest expansion. BAS-g, BASDAI and BASMI was significantly worst in C group. No significant differences between M+R group and M group were perceived but there were significant differences in BASDAI, ASDAS and BASFI scores between C group and M+R group in favor of M+R group. Conclusion: Therapeutic exercises programs were effective and safe. The mobility exercises program promoted benefits only in joint mobility parameters. The exercise program with elastic resistance besides those benefits for joint mobility, also improved function and disease activity comparing to controls at the end of the program

The dance is a possibility of non-verbal communication. It is supposed that, like therapy, the dance can embrace and interconnect cerebral areas which are responsible for the cognition, emotion and motor action. To investigate the effect of Dance therapy as tool for improves the quality of life, ROM and functionality of subjects with neuromotor disorders. This controlled and randomized clinical trial was composed by two groups: Dance Therapy and Kinesiotherapy. Both of them were undergone to an 1-hour treatment, twice a week, along two months. The assessment instruments used were: The questionnaire about quality of Life Short-Form 36 (Brazilian version), goniometer (to ROM), and Protocol for Evaluating Motor and Functional Performance of Durigon. The applied procedures in the groups Dance therapy and Kinesiotherapy were conducted in suitable locations for their conducts. Twenty-six subjects were proportionally allocated into two groups of study. The findings suggest impairment in quality of life in various rules in both groups when analyzed through SF-36. The worst scores of quality of life were observed for the field of physical limitation in both groups (Dance Therapy 20.76±6.76, Kinesiotherapy 37.69±8.05). Significant improvement was observed for the items functional capacity (p=0.019), general health (p=0.015), social aspects (p=0.002) and limitation for emotional aspects (p=0.039) only for the group Dance Therapy after treatment. In Group Dance Therapy the sampling variances showed significant improvements in range of motion in all joints and axes of movements (p < .05). The exception was adduction movement in the shoulder joint (p=.174 and p=.082, right and left limbs, respectively). In Group Kinesiotherapy there was significant increase in the passive range of motion in some joints of the upper (p≤.015) and some joints of the lower limbs (p≤.05). A significant enhancement was observed in all of static and dynamic functional activities (p≤.04), except to anterior (p=.083) and posterior gaits (p=.157) for the Dance Therapy group. In the Kinesiotherapy group, there was a significant improvement only for sitting (p=.016) and kneeling postures (p=.025). The Dance Therapy promoted enhancement on the quality of life, the range of motion and the static and dynamic functions in patients with brain-related neuromotor disabilities. / A dança é uma possibilidade de comunicação. Supõe-se que, como terapia, ela possa abranger e interconectar áreas cerebrais responsáveis pela cognição, emoção e ação motriz. Investigar o efeito da Dançaterapia como ferramenta para melhorar a funcionalidade, mobilidade e qualidade de vida de sujeitos com transtornos neuromotores. Este ensaio clínico, controlado e com distribuição aleatória foi composto por dois grupos: Dançaterapia e Cinesioterapia. Ambos os grupos foram tratados com duração de uma hora, duas vezes por semana, por um período de dois meses. Os instrumentos de avaliação utilizados foram: Questionário de Qualidade de Vida SF-36, goniômetro (para mobilidade articular) e avaliação funcional de Durigon. Os procedimentos aplicados nos grupos Dançaterapia e Cinesioterapia foram realizados em locais adequados para as respectivas condutas. Vinte e seis indivíduos foram proporcionalmente distribuídos nos dois grupos de pesquisa. Os resultados encontrados apontam comprometimento na qualidade de vida nos diversos domínios em ambos os grupos quando analisados através do SF-36. Os piores escores de qualidade de vida foram observados quanto ao domínio capacidade funcional em ambos os grupos (Dançaterapia: 20,76±6,76; Cinesioterapia: 37,69±8,05). Melhora estatisticamente significativa para os itens capacidade funcional (p=0,019), estado geral de saúde (p=0,015), aspectos sociais (p=0,002) e limitações por aspectos emocionais (p=0,039) apenas para o grupo Dançaterapia. No Grupo Dançaterapia, as variâncias amostrais demonstraram significativa melhora na amplitude de movimento em todas as articulações e eixos de movimento (p < 0,05). A exceção foi na articulação do ombro no movimento de adução (p=0,174 e p=0,082, membros direito e esquerdo, respectivamente). No Grupo Cinesioterapia, ocorreu acréscimo significativo da amplitude passiva de movimento em algumas articulações de membros superiores (p≤0,015) e algumas articulações de membros inferiores (p≤0,05) Os resultados encontrados apontam, no Grupo Dançaterapia, melhora significativa em todas as atividades funcionais estáticas e dinâmicas (p≤0,04), com exceção de marcha anterior (p=0,083) e posterior (p=0,157). No Grupo Cinesioterapia, houve melhora significativa para sedestação (p=0,016) e ajoelhado (p=0,025). A dança, como terapia, promoveu melhora na qualidade de vida, na mobilidade articular e na função estática e dinâmica de pacientes com transtornos neuromotores de origem cerebral.