The purpose of this degree project is to address the issue of dyslexia in the language classroom. It explores how teachers understand, address and work with dyslexia in relation to assessment and examination. The research has been based on qualitative interviews conducted with three working teachers: two English teachers and one Swedish teacher who is specialized in special aid teaching. Along with a theoretical background regarding useful research, relevant terms and definitions used in the discussion concerning dyslexia, the research establishes that interviewed teachers understand what working with dyslexic learners entails. However, there is lack of insight into Skolverket (The National Agency for Education) and the actual recommended procedures when assessing and examining dyslexic learners. This research highlights the importance of giving educators the tools and strategies needed to support dyslexic students in the examination situation and how to fairly assess these students.Keywords: Dyslexia, assessment, examination, reading and writing difficulties.

This study is a quantitative study that has examined 29 students in grade 8 who have not received a pass grade in mathematics. The focus of this study is in two areas: first, which mathematical abilities do the students have the greatest difficulties in, and second, on the relationship between mathematics difficulties and reading and writing difficulties. Mathematical abilities have been studied using knowledge matrices from the national tests in mathematics. Reading and writing difficulties has been investigated using test results from diagnostic material in the area. The results show that conceptual and problem-solving skills are the most difficult abilities in which previous research also indicates. Procedural ability is the ability where most students show competency, which also is consistent with previous research. The study indicates that there are links between mathematics difficulties and reading and writing difficulties, although it is not possible to show strong correlations in this small study.

Thesis (M. Ed.) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / The importance of programme evaluation is acknowledged by many authors. However, less emphasis is given to understanding programme implementation (Duttweiller & Dayton, 2009; HSRC: South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2012; Romm and Dichaba, 2015). Simply assessing a programme impact without a clear understanding of the degree to which the programme was actually implemented can result in inaccurate findings. The effective evaluation of both programme impacts and implementation can provide a more holistic perspective of programmes and an increased ability to identify and share best practices or weaknesses of programmes (Duerden and Witt, 2012). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of the Reading and Writing Instruction Programme (RWIP) in two primary schools situated in Lobethal Circuit. A qualitative approach was adopted using a case study design. Data collection was done through observations, interviews and documents analysis. A thematic approach was used to analyse the data while conclusions were drawn based on the themes that emerged during data collection and analysis. The results of the study indicate that there is implementation of the RWI programme. However, schools differ on how they apply the strategies that are outlined in the programme. The study recommends that there should be strong collaborations between Room to Read, schools, communities, circuit, district and provincial offices so that everyone understands the key components/elements of the Reading and Writing Instruction (RWI) Programme and how to apply them.

Syftet med denna studie är att synliggöra hur lärare använder sig av digitala verktyg som hjälpmedel för elever i läs- och skrivsvårigheter. Syftet är också att få reda på hur lärare ser på den nya läroplanen som givits ett mer digitalt innehåll. Här lyfts både fördelar och nackdelar med de digitala verktygen fram. I undersökningen användes kvalitativa intervjuer för att få fram lärares åsikter och erfarenheter kring ämnet. Resultatet visar att lärare tycker det är bra att kunna använda sig av digitala verktyg som hjälpmedel för elever i läs- och skrivsvårigheter. Dock tycker sig lärare sakna en del av den kompetens som krävs för att kunna använda digitala verktyg i undervisningen. Det finns både fördelar och nackdelar med de digitala verktygen. Den största fördelen är att motivationen för elever i läs- och skrivsvårigheter ökar när de får använda ett digitalt verktyg som hjälpmedel. Den största nackdelen är att eleverna inte längre skriver med papper och penna på samma sätt som förut. / The aim of this study is to make visible how teachers use digital tools as a tool for students in reading and writing difficulties. The aim is also to find out how teachers look at the new curriculum given a more digital content. Here, both advantages and disadvantages of the digital tools are highlighted. In the survey, qualitative interviews were used to get teachers' opinions and experiences on the subject. The result shows that teachers find it useful to be able to use digital tools as a tool for students in reading and writing difficulties. However, teachers feel that they lack some of the skills needed to use digital tools in their teaching. There are both advantages and disadvantages to the digital tools. The main advantage is that the motivation for students in reading and writing difficulties increases when they use a digital tool as a tool. The biggest disadvantage is that the students no longer write with paper and pen in the same way as before.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:33:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Gaspareti Alves.pdf: 6778628 bytes, checksum: b54316901ee7e43f5cb77c5e1b0d4315 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / The relationship between school and family has been pointed out in literature and neoliberal policies, especially in the 1990s, as important to combat failure and promote academic achievement. Some studies have highlighted that such relationships are immersed in conditions that may promote both the approximation or the distance between them. We chose to investigate one of the proposals of the Reading and Writing Program developed by the Education Department of the State of S?o Paulo, which is a set of formative actions, articulated in different fronts involving not only the formation of literacy teachers but also the distribution of teaching and guidance materials to second graders parents. The study aimed to investigate how a teacher, the management team and the parents of students in the 2nd year of elementary education in a state school in Campinas, understood the guidance material "Conversation with the parents" from the Reading and Writing Program. The procedures for data collection involved analysis of documents, such as the school documents and the Program Guidance Material for parents, observation in the classroom and in meetings with the parents, interview with the teacher, the parents, the pedagogical coordinator and the principal. As an analytical procedure we built, based on empirical data, two categories of analysis: (i) Implementation of "Conversation with the Parents guide: an informative, prescriptive and vertical process; (ii) Literacy practices in the school environment and extra school, which was divided into three different aspects: (ii.a) Influence of Early Childhood Education in child literacy practices; (ii.b)Circulation of reading and writing materials in school and family; (ii.c) Mediation between the teacher, parents and students. The results of the study indicate that the guidance material "Conversation with the Parents" occupied a marginal place in the whole formative process of the professionals involved and consequently for parents. Both the teacher s mediation in relation to the parents and the parents to the students, presented similarities, complementarities and contradictions with the content of the guidance material. We consider that such finding suggests that the guidance material had a positive repercussion; however, it could have been better discussed by school and family, in case there had been a solid formative process for the professionals involved, considering the process of initial reading instruction and literacy. / As rela??es entre escola e fam?lia v?m sendo apontadas pela literatura e pela pol?tica neoliberal, especialmente na d?cada de 1990, como importantes para combater o fracasso e promover o sucesso escolar. Alguns estudos t?m ressaltado que tais rela??es apresentam-se imersas em condi??es que podem promover tanto a aproxima??o como o afastamento entre ambas as inst?ncias. Optamos por investigar uma das propostas do Programa Ler e Escrever, de responsabilidade da Secretaria de Educa??o do Estado de S?o Paulo, que se constitui em num conjunto de a??es formadoras articuladas em diferentes frentes de atua??o, envolvendo al?m da forma??o de professores alfabetizadores, a distribui??o de materiais pedag?gicos e orienta??o aos pais do segundo ano do Ensino Fundamental. O estudo teve como objetivo geral investigar como uma professora do 2? ano, as gestoras do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola da rede Estadual de Campinas e os pais dos alunos dessa turma compreenderam o material de orienta??o Conversa com os Pais do Programa Ler e Escrever. Os procedimentos de coleta de dados envolveram an?lise documental do Guia de Orienta??o aos pais e de documento da escola, observa??es em sala de aula e de reuni?es de pais e mestres, entrevistas com os pais, professora, coordenadora pedag?gica e diretora. Como procedimento anal?tico, constru?mos a partir dos dados emp?ricos duas categorias de an?lise: (i) Implanta??o do guia Conversa com os Pais : um processo informativo, prescritivo e vertical; (ii) Pr?ticas de letramento no ambiente escolar e extraescolar, que foi subdividida em tr?s aspectos diferentes: (ii.a) Influ?ncia da Educa??o Infantil nas pr?ticas de letramento da crian?a; (ii.b) Circula??o de materiais de leitura e escrita na escola e na fam?lia; (ii.c) Media??o entre professora, pais e alunos. Os resultados do estudo indicam que o guia de orienta??o Conversa com os Pais ocupou um lugar marginal em todo o processo formativo dos profissionais envolvidos e, consequentemente para os pais. Tanto as media??es da professora nas suas orienta??es para os pais quanto destes em rela??o aos estudantes, apresentaram rela??es de similaridades, complementaridade e contradi??es com o conte?do do guia. Consideramos que tais rela??es com o conte?do do guia sugerem que ele teve uma repercuss?o positiva, por?m poderia ter sido melhor discutido na parceria entre escola e fam?lia, caso houvesse um processo formativo consistente para os profissionais da Educa??o de modo que levasse em conta a realidade das fam?lias, tendo em vista o processo de alfabetiza??o e letramento.

<p>In this essay, I will look at three different Compulsory comprehensive schools in one community and I will compare final grades from students who graduated in spring 2006. I will also examine how the three schools work with students, and in what way they approach students with dyslexia/reading- and writing difficulties, so that they could reach goals set by The Swedish National Agency for Education. The aim with this essay is to show differences between schools in the same community and my question is if it is the way you approach students with dyslexia/reading- and writing difficulties that affects the student’s grades and results.</p><p>The study is concentrating on three schools in one community and students with dyslexia and reading- and writing difficulties that went to those schools. I have spoken to remedial teacher at each school about how they approach students with dyslexia/reading- and writing difficulties, what kind of methods the use, how they investigate if a student is in need of special help and how they grade their students who are in need of special teaching because of their learning disabilities. This essay will also present different ways of defining dyslexia and how to approach the pedagogic difficulties that will appear in situations where students with reading- and writing difficulties gets exposed and are in need of special education or help.</p><p>The results of this study can only be connected to those schools that have been studied for this exam. The results can not in any way be generalising for all schools in Sweden. However did the study results show that students that went to school 2 reached higher goals than students that went to school 1 or 3. The study also shows that these schools use different ways to work with students with dyslexia and reading- and writing difficulties. But to compare numbers and grades can’t give a fair picture of how each school work with each student so that they develop those skills and knowledge that is seen as necessary to become a democratic member of the society. Because numbers and grades cant tell anything about the student’s disabilities or what kind of knowledge or skills the student is in possession of. Nevertheless can this study when comparing grades, in the most general way, say that students that go to school 2 are more likely to reach goals that are set by The Swedish National Agency for Education.</p>

In this essay, I will look at three different Compulsory comprehensive schools in one community and I will compare final grades from students who graduated in spring 2006. I will also examine how the three schools work with students, and in what way they approach students with dyslexia/reading- and writing difficulties, so that they could reach goals set by The Swedish National Agency for Education. The aim with this essay is to show differences between schools in the same community and my question is if it is the way you approach students with dyslexia/reading- and writing difficulties that affects the student’s grades and results. The study is concentrating on three schools in one community and students with dyslexia and reading- and writing difficulties that went to those schools. I have spoken to remedial teacher at each school about how they approach students with dyslexia/reading- and writing difficulties, what kind of methods the use, how they investigate if a student is in need of special help and how they grade their students who are in need of special teaching because of their learning disabilities. This essay will also present different ways of defining dyslexia and how to approach the pedagogic difficulties that will appear in situations where students with reading- and writing difficulties gets exposed and are in need of special education or help. The results of this study can only be connected to those schools that have been studied for this exam. The results can not in any way be generalising for all schools in Sweden. However did the study results show that students that went to school 2 reached higher goals than students that went to school 1 or 3. The study also shows that these schools use different ways to work with students with dyslexia and reading- and writing difficulties. But to compare numbers and grades can’t give a fair picture of how each school work with each student so that they develop those skills and knowledge that is seen as necessary to become a democratic member of the society. Because numbers and grades cant tell anything about the student’s disabilities or what kind of knowledge or skills the student is in possession of. Nevertheless can this study when comparing grades, in the most general way, say that students that go to school 2 are more likely to reach goals that are set by The Swedish National Agency for Education.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka lärares inställning till digitala verktyg i läs- och skrivundervisningen. Syftet är också att undersöka hur lärare anser att digitala verktyg kan påverka elevers läs- och skrivutveckling. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med lärare som undervisar i svenskämnet i årskurs 4–6 visar undersökningen att lärares inställning till att använda digitala verktyg i läs- och skrivundervisningen är positiv överlag och framför allt gäller det i skrivundervisningen. Enligt informanterna motiveras eleverna till skrivandet och till att bearbeta sina texter när det görs genom digitala verktyg. Samtidigt finns det också enligt informanterna vissa negativa aspekter med användningen av digitala verktyg såsom att handstilen försämras och att digitala verktyg kan leda till onödig distraktion av olika hemsidor. Sammanfattningsvis visar studien att de intervjuade lärarna inte anser att digitala verktyg. / The aim of this study is to examine teachers’ attitudes towards the use of digital tools in the teaching of reading and writing. The aim is also to find out how teachers perceive the impact of digital tools on pupils’ development in reading and writing. Based on semi-structured interviews with teachers teaching Swedish in year 4-6, the study finds that teachers’ attitudes towards digital tools is positive overall, especially in relation to the teaching of writing. According to the informants, digital tools provide motivation for pupils to write and rework their texts. However, the informants also addressed certain negative aspects of the use of digital tools, such as possible deterioration in pupils’ handwriting and unnecessary distraction of different web pages. To sum up, the study shows that the interviewed teachers do not think that digital tools alone, have any great effect on pupils’ development in reading and writing. Rather, the teachers believe that a varied approach to teaching is necessary and that digital tools can be useful in such an approach.

[pt] A presente tese tem como objetivo identificar e analisar práticas pedagógicas voltadas para o desenvolvimento da consciência fonológica e consciência morfológica na alfabetização. O procedimento de produção dos dados ocorreu por meio de questionário on-line, com relato das professoras de suas práticas pedagógicas na alfabetização e respondentes que se prontificaram a participar da entrevista semiestruturada. Para análise qualitativa dos dados foi utilizado o software ATLAS.ti, organizando as produções em categorias, subcategorias e eixos de análise. Com isso, foi possível estabelecer dois estudos: no primeiro investigou-se a percepção das professoras sobre as dificuldades dos estudantes quando começam a aprender a escrever e as habilidades a serem desenvolvidas durante este processo. Os resultados indicam uma centralidade dirigida ao meio sociocultural, com apontamento para práticas de letramento no ambiente doméstico e escolar; os conhecimentos específicos, próprios do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, com destaque para a consciência fonológica e aspectos relacionados às emoções, no que tange ao medo e insegurança quando ocorre o erro do estudante no momento da escrita. O segundo estudo evidenciou a organização das práticas pedagógicas relatadas em um inventário que as caracteriza em cinco tipologias: práticas em consciência fonológica; práticas de ampliação de repertório cultural; práticas em leitura e escrita; práticas envolvendo diferentes áreas; e práticas em outros contextos. Não foram identificadas práticas para o desenvolvimento da consciência morfológica, o que pode ser um indicativo de lacuna na formação docente e, desse modo, o desconhecimento que essa habilidade contribui para a leitura e para a escrita de palavras mais complexas ortograficamente. A prática em consciência fonológica foi relatada por onze professoras, sendo a maior concentração em atividades voltadas para a subárea da consciência fonêmica e nenhuma dirigida para rima e aliteração. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que as professoras têm um conhecimento sobre a consciência fonológica e utilizam como estratégia no ensino de atividades lúdicas, principalmente, o jogo criado ou adaptado para o contexto específico da turma. Mas, apesar disso, foram poucos os relatos que indicaram o ensino estruturado, no sentido de uma sequência pela qual seja possível identificar as intencionalidades de onde partem e onde querem chegar com as atividades propostas. Tal constatação levanta a necessidade de mais investimento para a formação docente nesta área. A pesquisa também identificou que poucas professoras recorrem às tecnologias digitais para o ensino, algo diretamente ligado à baixa infraestrutura nas escolas. / [en] This thesis aims to identify and analyze pedagogical practices aimed at the development of phonological awareness and morphological awareness in literacy. The procedure of data production took place through an online questionnaire, with teachers reporting their teaching practices in literacy and respondents who volunteered to participate in the semi-structured interview. For qualitative data analysis, the ATLAS.ti software was used, organizing the productions into categories, subcategories and analysis axes. Thus, it was possible to establish two studies: in the first, the perception of teachers about the difficulties of students when they begin to learn to write and the skills to be developed during this process was investigated. The results indicate a centrality directed to the sociocultural environment, pointing to literacy practices in the home and school environment; specific knowledge, typical of the teachinglearning process, with emphasis on phonological awareness and aspects related to emotions, regarding fear and insecurity when the student makes a mistake at the time of writing. The second study evidenced the organization of pedagogical practices reported in an inventory that characterizes them in five typologies: practices in phonological awareness; cultural repertoire expansion practices; reading and writing practices; practices involving different areas; and practices in other contexts. Practices for the development of morphological awareness were not identified, which may indicate a gap in teacher education and, thus, the lack of knowledge that this skill contributes to reading and writing more complex words in terms of spelling. The practice in phonological awareness was reported by eleven teachers, with the greatest concentration in activities aimed at the phonemic awareness sub-area and none directed at rhyme and alliteration. The results of this study indicate that the teachers have knowledge about phonological awareness, using as a strategy in the teaching of recreational activities, mainly, the game created or adapted to the specific context of the class. But, despite this, there were few reports that indicated structured teaching, in the sense of a sequence through which it is possible to identify the intentions from where they start and where they want to go with the proposed activities. This finding raises the need for more investment in teacher training in this area. The survey also identified that few teachers resort to digital technologies for teaching, something directly linked to the low infrastructure in schools.

Thesis (MEd)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Current intervention programmes implemented in most Western Cape schools reflect the use of isolated item-based literacy teaching methods. However, the low literacy levels in the Western Cape primary grades do not indicate successful literacy learning. Therefore, this study seeks to implement alternative approaches to fostering literacy comprehension, such as socio-cognitive processing and constructivist approaches, which are more in line with current research than the traditional items based models of literacy instruction. The alternative, research-based methods were explored through the implementation of an individualized contingent literacy intervention with emergent literacy learners. The intervention took shape as a comparison between low progress learners, who participated in the literacy intervention lessons, and average progress learners, who did not participate in the literacy intervention lessons. The aim was to accelerate the low progress learners’ literacy learning so that they could reach the average-band performance of their classmates after 12 weeks in the intervention. Data were gathered by means of observations of learners and a Grade one teacher, an interview with the teacher and assessment results obtained in a pre-mid-post-test design. In order to triangulate the results of the intervention, both qualitative data and quantitative data were obtained and discussed. Based on qualitative data, the intervention lessons proved to be successful, because observations indicated positive change in the low progress learners’ reading and writing behaviours. Given the small sample size, the overall trend in the quantitative data supported the value of the intervention and indicated a need for extending the research beyond a pilot study. Further research using larger sample sizes is thus recommended. More research is also needed to obtain data on research-based interventions that are flexible enough to meet the diverse needs of learners from different cultural backgrounds. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die meerderheid Wes-Kaapse skole maak gebruik van intervensie programme wat geskoei is op die geïsoleerde item-geletterdheidsmetodes. Die lae geletterdheidsvlakke in die Wes- Kaapse laerskool grade reflekteer egter nie positief op die metode wat tans gebruik word nie. Daarom word hierdie studie onderneem met die oog op alternatiewe benaderings om geletterdheid te bevorder en sodoende verbeterde leesbegrip tot gevolg sal hê. Die benaderings ter sprake is sosio-kognitiewe prossessering en konstruktivistiese benaderings, wat beide meer in gehoor is met huidge navorsing. Deur alternatiwe navorsingsgebaseerde metodes, is ‘n individuele geletterdheid-intervensie program ontwikkel vir ontluikende geletterdheidsleerders. Die intervensie is geïmplementeer en gemeet deur middel van ‘n vergelyking tussen stadig vorderende leerders en gemiddeld vorderende leerders, waarvan laasgenoemde nie in die intervensie lesse deelgeneem het nie. Sodoende kan die impak onafhanklik vergelyk word. Die doel was om die stadig vorderende leerders se geletterdheidsvlak te versnel ten einde dieselfde geletterdheidsvlak van hul gemiddeld vorderende klasmaats binne 12 weke te behaal. Data is ingesamel deur middel van observasies van die leerders en ‘n Graad 1 juffrou, ‘n onderhoud met die juffrou en toetsresultate verkry in ‘n voor-middel-na-toets ontwerp. Om die resultate van die intervensie interpreteerbaar te vergelyk, is beide kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe data ingesamel en bespreek. Uit die kwalitatiewe data blyk dit dat die intervensie lesse suksesvol was aangesien die observasies dui op ‘n positiewe lees en skryf gedragsverandering in die stadig vorderende leerders. Met die klein steekproef van leerders betrokke, was die algemene tendens van die kwantitatiewe data dat die intervensie wel waardevol was, maar dat verdere studies met groter steekproef groepe noodsaaklik is. Verdere navorsing t.o.v. die insameling van data vir navorsingsgebaseerde intervensies is nodig. Hierdie data insameling en evaluasie tegnieke moet die diverse behoeftes van leerders, afkomstig van ‘n verskeidenheid agtergronde, in ag neem en akkomodeer om resultate vergelykbaar te maak.