of the thesis The dissertation thesis deals with the problem of using children's literature in teaching foreign languages at elementary schools. It frames the topic by Czech curricular documents and constituents of the teaching-learning process, provides a historical survey and lists the genres of the children's literature. It characterizes the skill of reading in foreign language teaching and deals with the position of the literary text and lesson planning with children's literature within the foreign language teaching process. Attention is also paid to children's literature as the constituent of the pre-service teacher training. The aim of the thesis is to find out whether children's literature is used in foreign language teaching at elementary schools, whether contemporary textbooks use it, how it is perceived by in-service and pre-service teachers and last but not least what children's literature in the teaching-learning process of foreign languages has to offer. Research tools used for the purposes of the thesis were questionnaires, observations, specially prepared teaching materials based on literary texts and analysis of a textbook. The research proved that children's literature is used both by contemporary textbooks and by teachers in the foreign language education process. Since there is...

It is not known what are the factors that lead to the unsuccess of many students concerning the reading skills. With the intent of knowing about national education based not only on national evaluations, Brazil has joined PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) since 2000. The aforementioned exam is applied to 15-year-old students in more than 60 countries, and it indicates the average of reading and literacy skills of each state, making possible the reflection on teaching process. Through the result of that assessment, it is possible to verify that Brazilian students, especially in Sergipe, present a low reading skill when it is related to their age group. In this sense, this study has as its focus on analysing PISA´s exam of 2009 (the only area analysed here is the Reading part, therefore, Science and Mathematics will not be taken into account), by observing the converging points between the exam, the official documents and cognitive linguistics. It was analysed the results of questionnaires applied to three state schools in Aracaju, which participated of the assessment in 2009, observing the conceptions of reading adopted by some teachers, the reading activities that they developed in classroom and the common types of questions in their exams. Taking into consideration the analyses of those questionnaires as well as some questions of the exam, it was noticed that there is a divergence between what is taught during classes and what is asked in the exam. Furthermore, many teachers do not know exactly what is the reading conception adopted in the exam. Finally, it is expected with that result that reading skills of Sergipe´s students as well as policies of support to teachers are improved. / Não se sabe ao certo o que ocasiona o insucesso de muitos estudantes no que diz respeito à competência de leitura. Com o intuito de obter um retorno sobre a educação nacional, que não se baseie apenas em avaliações nacionais, o Brasil aderiu à realização da avaliação do PISA (Programa Internacional de Avaliação de Estudantes) em 2000. Essa prova, aplicada a alunos com 15 anos de idade e em mais de 60 países, indica a média de leitura e letramento de cada estado, tornando possível uma reflexão sobre a prática de ensino. Através do resultado dessa avaliação é possível verificar que os alunos brasileiros, especificamente de Sergipe, apresentam um nível de competência muito aquém do esperado para sua faixa etária. Em meio a isso, este estudo tem como foco fazer uma análise da prova do PISA 2009 (a área aqui analisada será apenas a de Leitura, portanto não serão consideradas as provas de Ciências e Matemática), observando os pontos convergentes entre a prova, os documentos oficiais e a linguística cognitivista. Além disso, foram analisados resultados de questionários aplicados em três escolas estaduais de Aracaju, que participaram da avaliação em 2009, observando as concepções de leitura adotadas pelos professores, as atividades de leitura que eles desenvolvem em sala de aula e os tipos de questões que mais utilizam em suas provas. A partir das análises dos questionários bem como das questões da prova, percebeu-se que há uma divergência entre o que se trabalha em sala de aula e o que a avaliação cobra, bem como muitos professores não sabem ao certo qual concepção de leitura adota. Espera-se que esse resultado a forma de se trabalhar a leitura em Sergipe, bem como as políticas de auxílio ao professor sejam aprimoradas.

Aprender a ler e a escrever em sistemas alfabéticos de escrita, como em português do Brasil, depende de um processo cognitivo de formar conexões entre as letras nas grafias de palavras escritas e os sons nas pronúncias de palavras faladas, o que se denomina de mapeamento ortográfico. Evidências provenientes de estudos com falantes do inglês demonstram que as crianças nas fases iniciais da aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita realizam o mapeamento ortográfico no nível grafofonêmico, isto é, das letras e fonemas; posteriormente quando elas adquirem mais experiência em leitura elas passam a utilizar o mapeamento ortográfico em um nível maior usando unidades como as sílabas, i.e., unidades grafossilábicas. Como as sílabas são muito proeminentes em português, pesquisadores e professores tem sugerido que crianças falantes do português poderiam se beneficiar mais de instruções iniciais que enfatizam as sílabas do que os fonemas. Os objetivos principais deste estudo foram investigar: 1) se as crianças se beneficiam mais do ensino de mapeamento ortográfico de fonemas ou de sílabas no início da aprendizagem da linguagem escrita em Português do Brasil e 2) se incluir instrução sobre gestos articulatórios no ensino de mapeamento ortográfico de fonemas melhora a habilidade de segmentação fonêmica mais do que o treinamento sem esse componente. Este é um estudo experimental com um design de préteste e pós-testes e atribuição aleatória de participantes para os grupos experimentais e controle. Noventa crianças falantes do Português do Brasil, com média de idade de 4 anos e 5 meses, foram selecionadas em uma escola pública da cidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. As crianças receberam instruções em pequenos grupos em uma de 4 condições: 1) mapeamento ortográfico de fonemas com articulação (MOF+A), 2) mapeamento ortográfico de fonemas sem articulação (MOF), 3) mapeamento ortográfico de sílabas sem articulação (MOS), ou 4) desenhos com temas livres (Controle). Em seguida, as crianças foram avaliadas em uma tarefa de aprendizagem de palavras seguida por tarefas de leitura, escrita, segmentação fonêmica e silábica. Os resultados mostraram que as crianças nos grupos MOF+A e MOF superaram as crianças nos grupos MOS e Controle em tarefas de leitura e de escrita. A instrução com gestos articulatórios beneficiou as crianças mais do que a instrução sem esse componente. O grupo MOF+A superou os outros em segmentação fonêmica, leitura e escrita. Em um estudo de acompanhamento (follow-up) realizado um ano e meio mais tarde, 48 crianças, 12 de cada condição experimental, foram avaliadas novamente em várias habilidades de literacia. As crianças que receberam previamente os treinamentos em mapeamento ortográfico de fonemas tiveram melhor desempenho nas tarefas de segmentação fonêmica, de leitura e de escrita, do que as crianças que receberam treinamento em mapeamento ortográfico de sílabas e as crianças do grupo controle. Os resultados em conjunto mostram que, apesar do fato de que as sílabas são unidades muito salientes em Português do Brasil, o ensino de mapeamento ortográfico de fonemas para leitores e escritores iniciantes é mais eficaz do que o ensino do mapeamento ortográfico de sílabas / Learning to read and write in alphabetic writing systems, such as Brazilian Portuguese, depends on a cognitive process of forming connections between the letters in spellings of written words and the sounds in pronunciations of spoken words, known as orthographic mapping. Evidence from studies with English speakers shows that children in the early phases of learning to read and write use orthographic mapping at the graphophonemic level, i.e., letters and phonemes; subsequently when they acquire more reading experience they move on to use orthographic mapping at a higher level using units such as syllables, i.e., graphosyllabic units. Because syllables are so prominent in Portuguese, researchers and teachers have suggested that Portuguese-speaking children would benefit more from early reading instruction that emphasizes syllables rather than phonemes. The main objectives of this study were to explore: 1) whether children benefit more from instruction of orthographic mapping of phonemes or syllables at the outset of learning to read in Brazilian Portuguese and 2) whether including articulatory gestures in the training of orthographic mapping of phonemes improves phonemic segmentation more than training without articulation. This was an experimental study with a pretest/posttest and random assignment of participants to treatment and control groups. Ninety Brazilian Portuguese speakers, mean age 4 years, 5 months, were drawn from one public kindergarten in São Paulo, Brazil. Children received instruction within small groups in one of 4 conditions: 1) orthographic mapping of phonemes with articulation (OMP+A), 2) orthographic mapping of phonemes without articulation (OMP), 3) orthographic mapping of syllables without articulation (OMS), or 4) drawing pictures (Control). Then children were assessed in a word-learning task followed by reading, spelling, phonemic, and syllabic segmentation tasks. Results showed that children in the OMP+A and the OMP groups outperformed children in the OMS and control groups in reading and spelling tasks. Instruction with articulatory gestures benefited children more than instruction without this component. The OMP+A group outperformed the others in phonemic segmentation, reading, and spelling. In a follow up study conducted 1.5 years later, 48 children, 12 from each experimental condition, were assessed again in several literacy skills. Children who received orthographic mapping of phonemes performed better in phonemic segmentation, reading, and spelling tasks than children who received orthographic mapping of syllables training or children in the control group. Overall results show that, despite the fact that syllables are very salient units in Brazilian Portuguese, teaching orthographic mapping of phonemes to beginning readers is more effective than teaching orthographic mapping of syllables

The diploma thesis deals with the topic of teaching French to children affected by learning disorders. It aims to describe various principles and their application into practice at beginners classes. The theoretical part investigates learning disorders as a whole with their causes, manifestations, diagnose and reeducational techniques and activities that are applied in practice. The last part of the thesis is dedicated to foreign language teaching in the context of learning disorders, fundamental principles and methods of partial linguistic spheres. Further on, the practical part presents a case study of two children with learning disorders during a French class. Individual activities are introduced that are appropriate for their teaching. Finally, two applications suitable for both class at school and home preparation are designed, with their main contribution being the immediate feedback that allows children to work alone. Regarding the rather practical character of the diploma thesis, a great number of examples illustrating various learning disorders are introduced in order for the reader to understand the difficulties that affected children encounter. KEYWORDS specific learning difficulties, dyslexia, dysgraphia, dysorthographia, foreign languages, French, reading skills, activities, reeducation

Abstract This work studies how ninth grade students of Finnish secondary school interpret sentences using the tools offered by school grammar. My research maps out the ability of students to analyse the content and structure of the sentences. The study is also part of text skills research. Both reading and writing are part of text skills. In order to acquire these, knowledge of language and grammar are required. The material used for the research has been the written tests and interviews of ninth grade secondary school students. I have combined the material acquired by a written test and interviews and I will use them as complimentary forms of material. The written test was taken by hundred students and twenty students were interviewed. The analysis of the material shows that ninth grade secondary school students are able to analyse sentences both in a syntactic and semantic form. They are able to use the knowledge they have learned at school in their interpretations. They however base their interpretations on the general contextual knowledge of the world. Their natural sense of language is also clearly combined into thinking about the semantic and syntactic structure of the sentences. The study also reveals how different models of grammar and researchers have offered different kinds of solutions to sentence analysis and that there are no simple answers to these problems. This diversity and duality is also apparent in pedagogic grammar. The research puts an emphasis on the dialogic approach in teaching and learning of knowledge of language. In order for the student to be able to use the acquired knowledge of language, he or she should be able to use it by application and discussion. This way he or she would learn to analyse and separate texts and would be habituated into a critical reader. / Tiivistelmä Tarkastelen tutkimuksessani sitä, miten peruskoulun yhdeksännen luokan oppilaat tulkitsevat lauseita koulukieliopin tarjoamien välineiden avulla. Tutkimukseni kartoittaa oppilaiden kykyä analysoida lauseiden sisältöjä ja rakenteita. Liitän aiheen myös osaksi tekstitaitojen tutkimusta. Tekstitaitoihin kuuluvat sekä hyvä kirjoitus- että lukutaito. Näiden saavuttaminen puolestaan edellyttää sekä kielen että kieliopin tuntemusta. Tutkimusaineistona ovat peruskoulun yhdeksäsluokkalaisten tekemät kirjalliset testit ja heidän haastattelut. Olen yhdistänyt kirjallisen testin ja haastattelun avulla kerätyn aineiston ja käytän niitä toisiaan täydentävinä aineistomuotoina. Kirjallisen testin on tehnyt 100 oppilasta ja haastatteluun on osallistunut 20 oppilasta. Aineistoni analyysi osoittaa, että peruskoulun yhdeksännen luokan oppilaat kykenevät analysoimaan lauseita sekä syntaktisesti että semanttisesti. He osaavat käyttää koulussa oppimaansa tietoa hyväksi tulkinnoissaan. Oppilaat kuitenkin nojautuvat tulkinnoissaan yleiseen kontekstuaaliseen tietoonsa maailmasta. Lisäksi heidän luontainen kielitajunsa yhdistyy selkeästi lauseiden semantiikasta ja syntaktisesta rakenteesta lähtevään pohdiskeluun. Tutkimukseni tuo esiin myös sen, miten eri kielioppimallit ja tutkijat ovat päätyneet erilaisiin ratkaisuihin lauseiden analyysissa ja miten yksiselitteisiä vastauksia lauseanalyysin ongelmiin ei ole. Tämä kirjavuus ja kaksijakoisuus näkyvät myös pedagogisessa kieliopissa. Tutkimuksessani korostuu keskusteleva ote kielitiedon opettamisessa ja oppimisessa. Jotta oppilas pystyisi parhaiten hyödyntämään oppimaansa kielitietoa, hänen pitäisi saada käyttää sitä soveltaen ja keskustellen. Näin hän itse oppisi analysoimaan ja erittelemään tekstejä ja harjaantuisi kriittiseksi lukijaksi.

The aim of the thesis is to show how important is the role of parents in the development of pre-literacy reading. In the theoretical part, I focused on the definition of reading literacy and pre-literacy reading and explanation the difference between them. I also described components and phases of the pre-literacy reading and possibilities of its development. I tried to emphasize the role played in the development by not only teachers, but also by parents, and to describe the methods which can enhance readership. Furthermore, I mentioned the types of reading strategies. In conclusion of the theoretical part I pointed out the influence which the reading has on the development of children's personality and what the research says about the role of parents. In the empirical part I analysed questionnaires filled out by parents from kindergarten with an effort to develop a typology of parents who do read to their children and who do not. Additional conversations helped me clarify what affects the reading of the parents has - it turned out that it is all about relationship to reading; parents who were in childhood read aloud, now they read to their children. Educated parents are more likely to accompany reading by other activities and rituals. In conclusion, I tried to figure out how can one lead...

Esta pesquisa tem como tema o desenvolvimento das habilidades de leitura nos alunos do 8 ano/7 série de uma escola no interior do estado de São Paulo. Após a análise dos resultados do Sistema de Avaliação de Rendimento Escolar do Estado de São Paulo SARESP do ano de 2012 e da Avaliação de Aprendizagem em Processo AAP, aplicada pela Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo (SEESP) em 2012 e em 2013, verificou-se a necessidade de um trabalho mais sistemático para que os alunos ampliassem sua competência leitora de diferentes gêneros discursivos. O objetivo geral de pesquisa foi contribuir para o desenvolvimento de habilidades de leitura de alunos do ensino fundamental por meio da reflexão sobre as exigências do SARESP e as possibilidades e benefícios de atividades de leitura desenvolvidas nas aulas de Língua Portuguesa de duas salas de 7 série/8 ano de uma escola da Rede Estadual de Ensino do Estado de São Paulo. Tal objetivo encontrou respaldo no projeto OBSERVATÓRIO/UNITAU 2011-2014: `Competências e habilidades de leitura: da reflexão teórica ao desenvolvimento e aplicação de propostas didático-pedagógicas, n23038010000201076, financiado por CAPES/INEP. Especificamente, os objetivos da pesquisa são: 1) Analisar os resultados dos alunos de 6 série/7 ano de uma escola da Rede Estadual de Ensino do Estado de São Paulo na prova de Língua Portuguesa do SARESP 2012 e na AAP 2013, com os mesmos alunos já na 7 série/8 ano; 2) Definir um plano de ação para o desenvolvimento das habilidades de leitura em que esses alunos mostraram mais dificuldades; 3) Desenvolver esse plano de ação em duas salas de 7série/8 ano da escola, durante o ano letivo de 2013, e refletir sobre esse trabalho. Teoricamente, esta pesquisa se baseia na concepção sociocognitiva de leitura, na concepção bakhtiniana de linguagem e gênero discursivo, no conceito de sequência didática proposto por Dolz; Noverraz e Schneuwly (2004, p. 97). Os documentos oficiais sobre a Prova Brasil (BRASIL, 2008) e o SARESP serão utilizados para contextualização das diretrizes educacionais vigentes. Esta pesquisa se desenvolveu metodologicamente por: 1) uma análise qualitativa dos resultados do SARESP 2012 e da AAP 2013; 2) uma pesquisa-ação para o desenvolvimento de um plano de ação focado em habilidades de leitura dos alunos de duas salas de 7série/8 ano. Essas habilidades foram trabalhadas por meio de sequências didáticas de leitura dos gêneros discursivos Tira, Crônica, Fábula e Memórias Literárias, Propaganda social e Propaganda de produtos, a partir de coletâneas de textos desses gêneros. Ao final da etapa de leitura de cada gênero, os alunos realizaram atividades de verificação no formato de questões de múltipla escolha, com características semelhantes às questões da Prova SARESP. Os resultados evidenciaram que, com a prática de leitura sistematizada por sequências didáticas, os alunos se apropriam de características dos gêneros discursivos bem como de estratégias de leitura que contribuem muito para o desenvolvimento de habilidades leitoras. As avaliações realizadas após cada etapa desta pesquisa-ação comprovaram isso. Conclui-se que o trabalho de leitura seguindo sequências didáticas e utilizando diferentes gêneros discursivos é o caminho para desenvolver nos alunos as habilidades de leituras exigidas para que eles sejam leitores proficientes. / The theme of this research is the development of reading skills in students of the 8th/7th grade at a school in the interior of the State of São Paulo. After analyzing the results of the 2012 `Sistema de Avaliação de Rendimento Escolar do Estado de São Paulo - SARESP (State of São Paulos Evaluation of Educational Achievement System) - and the 2013 `Avaliação de Aprendizagem em Processo - AAP (Assessment of Learning in Process), applied by the Department of Education of the State of São Paulo (SEESP) in 2012 and in 2013, there was a need for a more systematic work for students to extend their reading competence of different speech genres. The overall aim of this research was to contribute to the development of reading skills of elementary school students through reflection on the demands of SARESP and the possibilities and benefits of reading activities in Portuguese Language classes in two 7th/8th grade classrooms of a state school in São Paulo. The goal found support on UNITAU Education Observatory `reading competences and skills; from theoretical reflection to the development and implementation of educational and pedagogical proposals, number 23038010000201076, sponsored by CAPES / INEP. Specifically, the objectives of the research are: 1) compare the results of the 6th /7th graders in a State School in São Paulo in the Portuguese language test of the 2012 SARESP and the 2013 AAP to their results in the 7th/ 8th grade ; 2) Set an action plan for the development of the reading skills these students showed more difficulties in; 3) develop the plan of action in two rooms of grade 7th / 8th grade, during the school year of 2013 and reflect on this work. Theoretically, this research is based on the socio-cognitive conception of reading, on Bakhtins conception of language and speech genre and on the concept of didactic sequence proposed by Dolz; Noverraz and Schneuwly (2004, p. 97). Official documents on the `Prova Brasil (BRAZIL, 2008) and SARESP will be used to contextualize the current educational guidelines. This research is methodologically developed by: 1) a qualitative analysis of the results of the 2012 SARESP and the 2013 AAP ; 2) an action research to develop an action plan focused on the reading skills of students in two 7th /8th grade classrooms. These skills were worked through teaching reading sequences with the speech genres: Strips, Chronicles, Fables and Literary Memoirs, Social Advertising and Advertising of Products, from collections of texts in these genres. At the end of each reading stage of a given genre, students performed verification activities using multiple choice questions, with questions similar to SARESPs questions. The results showed that with the systematic practice of reading using didactic sequences, students understand and learn the characteristics of speech genres and reading strategies that contribute greatly to the development of reading skills. The evaluations performed after each step of this action research have proven that. We conclude that the work of reading following teaching sequences and using different speech genres is the way to develop student‟s required reading skills so that they become proficient readers .

O tema desta pesquisa é habilidades de leitura, especificamente as habilidades relacionadas aos recursos linguísticos relativos à coesão textual, de acordo com a Linguística Textual, e relativos à concordância verbal e nominal, de acordo com a gramática normativa. Segundo Bronckart (2012), esses recursos são `mecanismos de textualização. O problema que motivou esta pesquisa foi o fato de esses recursos linguísticos não serem, tradicionalmente, valorizados em atividades de leitura. Contudo, as habilidades de compreensão desses recursos são previstas nas Matrizes de Referência da Prova Brasil e do SARESP e cobradas nessas avaliações. Além disso, há uma carência de atividades de leitura com enfoque específico nessas habilidades para subsidiar o trabalho do professor de língua portuguesa. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é contribuir para o trabalho em sala aula no desenvolvimento de habilidades de leitura de alunos dos Ensinos Fundamental e Médio. Especificamente, objetiva-se: 1) identificar habilidades de leitura avaliadas pela Prova Brasil e pelo SARESP que se baseiam em mecanismos de textualização, ou seja, recursos linguísticos relativos à coesão textual e concordância verbal e nominal; 2) elaborar atividades de leitura que contemplem esses mecanismos de textualização, comentando-as para que possam ser utilizadas nas aulas de Língua Portuguesa. Metodologicamente, é uma pesquisa bibliográfica com base nos conceitos de competência e habilidades, nos documentos da Prova Brasil (BRASIL, 2008) e do SARESP (SÃO PAULO, 2009), nos conceitos de coesão textual e concordância verbal e nominal. Aspectos de variação sociolinguística da concordância verbal e nominal no português brasileiro também serão apresentados, bem como o conceito de leitura baseado na abordagem sociocognitiva. Como resultados desta pesquisa, foram identificadas 04 habilidades da Prova Brasil e 03 do SARESP referentes aos mecanismos de textualização (sendo 02 do SARESP correspondentes a 02 da Prova Brasil) e foram elaborados exercícios de leitura que contemplam esses mecanismos e podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento dessas habilidades. Esta pesquisa faz parte do projeto observatório OBSERVATÓRIO/UNITAU 2011-2014: Competências e habilidades de leitura: da reflexão teórica ao desenvolvimento e aplicação de propostas didático-pedagógicas n23038010000201076, financiado por CAPES/INEP, o qual tem como um dos seus objetivos elaborar material didático para atividades de leitura em aulas de Língua Portuguesa. / The theme of this research is the reading skill, specifically skills related to language resources regarding textual cohesion , according to the Textual Linguistics and on the nominal and verbal concordance, according to the normative grammar . According Bronckart (2012 ) , these features are `textualization mechanisms (mechanisms in reading and writing process). The issue that motivated this study was the fact that these linguistic resources are not traditionally valued in reading activities . However , the comprehension skills of these features are standards in Prova Brazil and SARESP and also tested in these evaluations. In addition , there is a lack of reading activities with a specific focus on those skills to support the Portuguese language teacher classroom work. The overall objective of this research is to contribute to the teaching and learning process in the classroom while developing reading skills (for students in the Elementary and High School). Specifically , we aim to : 1 ) identify reading skills tested in Prova Brazil and in SARESP that rely on textualization mechanisms, ie: linguistic resources relating to textual cohesion and nominal and verbal concordance , 2) develop reading activities that include these textualization mechanisms, commenting on them so they can be used in Portuguese Language classes . It is methodologically based on the concepts of competence and skills Prova Brazil files ( BRAZIL , 2008) and SARESP ( SÃO PAULO , 2009) , the concepts of textual cohesion and nominal and verbal concordance. Aspects of sociolinguistic variation in the nominal and verbal concordance in Brazilian Portuguese language will also be presented, as well as the concept of reading based on the socio-cognitive approach . As a result of this research , 04 skills Prova Brazil and 03 SARESP regarding the textualization mechanism were identified ( 02 from SARESP corresponding to 02 in Prova Brazil ) and reading assignments were prepared that include these mechanisms and may contribute to the development of these skills . This research is part of the observatory project OBSERVATORY / UNITAU 2011-2014 : Skills and Reading Skills : theoretical reflection to the development and implementation of educational and pedagogical proposals No. 23038010000201076 , funded by CAPES / INEP , which has as one of its objectives to elaborate reading activities for Portuguese teaching classes.

Play therapy in a school setting was studied to determine its therapeutic effectiveness on students' reading achievement, self-concept, and locus of control. The sample consisted of 24 students in two first grade classes who had been retained because of low achievement in reading. Instruments used in the study were the Gates MacGinite Reading Test, the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale, and the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire. Analysis of covariance, used to test the significance of the difference between the adjusted post-test means of the experimental and control groups, showed that participants in play therapy scored significantly higher in self-concept than did those who were not exposed to treatment. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in reading achievement or locus of control. Since research has shown that low achievers in reading tend to have low self-concepts, it seems reasonable to assume that improved self-concept would be related to improved reading scores. The nature of such a possible relationship needs further study. Recommendations were made for integrating affective components into academic remediation programs, and suggestions for further research were made.

Our research follows up longitudinal study of doc. PhDr. Gabriela Seidlová Málková, Ph.D. on Faculty of humanities, Charles University. In the years 2010-2012 four subsequent research of 127 preschool children age 3,5 - 5,5 years took place. In 2017 we succeeded in searching for 40 children attending at that time 5th class in elementary school. We captured current abilities of that children, especially reading. Our interest was to investigate decoding and reading comprehension. In agreement with previous research results we found out, that reading comprehension relates statistically significantly to decoding skill, listening comprehension, vocabulary, language awareness and nonverbal intelligence (all in elementary school). Based on the tests in nursery school, we divided children to three groups, and we described two outer - more (Comparative group) and less (Deficit group) language equipped. We traced reading profiles of these two groups in elementary school (5th grade). Keywords: language skills, reading literacy, reading comprehension, reading abilities, diagnostics of reading, development of reading skills, decoding