Orientador: José Alves de Freitas Neto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T07:58:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_CaioPedrosada_D.pdf: 7283480 bytes, checksum: 6bac580ba2d433d2dfdfef8b0eebc488 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Entre as décadas de 1910-1940, diversos sacerdotes católicos foram fuzilados por tropas revolucionárias mexicanas. Alguns desses personagens foram constantemente lembrados nas décadas posteriores como mártires da "perseguição religiosa". O mais conhecido dos mártires foi o sacerdote jesuíta Miguel Agustín Pro (padre Pro), que terminou fuzilado em 1927 na capital mexicana. A história do padre Pro foi escrita em diferentes contextos como forma de afirmar o lugar do catolicismo na nação mexicana, porém esse lugar não era, de forma alguma, ponto pacífico entre aqueles que se definiam como católicos. O presente trabalho analisa a história dos textos sobre os mártires católicos ¿ em especial o padre Pro ¿ pensando na maneira como eles forneciam uma visão católica para o período revolucionário que contrastava com as construções narrativas que enalteciam a revolução. A elaboração de uma narrativa da Igreja como mártir para o período revolucionário mexicano, realizada entre 1927 e 1960, serviu como antídoto para as narrativas pátrias produzidas por liberais e revolucionários que marginalizavam a importância da Igreja católica na formação nacional, ou mesmo apresentavam-se como abertamente anticlericais / Abstract: Between the decades of 1910-1940, a number of Catholic priests were executed by Mexican revolutionary troops. Quite often, these characters were reminded in the following decades as martyrs of the "religious persecution". The best known of this martyrs was the Jesuit priest Miguel Agustín Pro (padre Pro), killed in front of a firing squad in Mexico City in 1927. Catholics wrote the history/story of padre Pro in different contexts as a way of defining the place of Catholicism in the formation of Mexico as a country. However, this place was not taken for granted among those who defined themselves as Catholics. This dissertation examines the history of the texts about the Catholic martyrs - especially padre Pro - aiming to discuss how they provided a Catholic vision for the revolutionary period that contrasted to the narrative built to praise the revolution. The development, between 1927 and 1960, of a narrative of the Church as a martyr in the Mexican revolutionary period served as an antidote to the narrative produced by liberal and revolutionary authors that marginalized the importance of the Catholic Church in the national formation, or that even presented themselves as openly anti-clerical / Doutorado / Politica, Memoria e Cidade / Doutor em História

This study performs a critical analysis of the representation of Afrikaner and British masculinity in the first season of the South African War (1899-1902) television series Arende (1989-1993). The study first identifies key concepts in both western identity and masculinity and then moves on to build an historical theoretical base from which season one is analysed. This theoretical base is created through the assimilation of historical sources dealing with masculinity and masculine events from both the Afrikaners and the British. In order to provide a suitable foundation for the investigation into masculinity, the study first briefly explores the concept of identity and how it manifests in both the Afrikaner and British society represented in the first season of Arende. This was done by using a psychological model designed by Roy F Baumeister (1986) which involves both individual and societal identity. Identity as a social construct is also investigated, and the question why identity matters in society is discussed Arguments for a structuralist semiotic approach to identity in a particular society are presented. In dealing with the overview of dominant western masculinity a number of key terms were identified and discussed. These include patriarchy, the female body and masculine control, social labelling, gender order and ‘women watching,’ the family unit, division of labour and public and private space, hegemonic masculinity and the male hero. After this overview, the study conducted an assimilation exercise into historic Afrikaner and British masculinity during the time before and after the South African War. This discussion centres on a number of points dealing with both societies, namely the model male, male military tradition, masculine rebels/outcasts and other masculine issues, and male relations with women. The final part of this study involves the analysis of the masculine theory, generated in the previous chapter, on the Arende text. This was done by selecting six characters from each of the two societies in season one and describing how they represent themselves in a masculine manner (or not). / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Visual Arts / unrestricted

The 1798 Irish rebellion together with the preceding decade is justly regarded as a watershed event in the forming of Irish national identity. Therefore it is not surprising that it has inspired numerous, and often conflicting, interpretations in both historiography and literature. This study concentrates on both English- and Irish-language historical novels and plays written about the rebellion in the course of the twentieth century, especially after the year 1916. Attention is drawn to the interpretations of the event contained in these literary works, comparing them to the various views of 1798 as they have evolved in Irish historiography. As the rebellion, especially from the 1970s onward, has been increasingly seen in the light of the later conflict in Northern Ireland, this connection has an important place in the analysis. On the theoretical level, the thesis draws from the findings of Hayden White, who has famously questioned the border between historiographical and fictional treatments of historical events. At the same time, this relativism is complemented by selected features of the philosophy of Paul Ricoeur, who highlighted the inevitable ethical questions connected to representations of history. In accordance with the theoretical preliminaries, the study explores the relative value of...

Austro-Hungarian Activities in China, 1894-1914 PhDr. Jan Kočvar My Ph.D. thesis evaluates Austro-Hungarian activities in China between 1894 and 1914, especially their political aspects. I would like to explain the nature of Austro-Hungarian contacts with China and their significance for the Dual Monarchy. The main source for my thesis was constituted by the materials in Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv in Vienna. Austria-Hungary concluded diplomatic relations with China in 1869, but her position in China remained weak. After the Sino-Japanese War, the Far East became a focus of interest of the Great Powers, and in 1896 was appointed the first Austro-Hungarian Minister to China. During the Scramble for Concessions in late nineties, Austro-Hungarian navy conducted survey of Chinese littoral and contemplated an establishment of a naval base in China, but finally rejected this idea. Austro-Hungarian trade and other interests in China were too insignificant to justify such an action. The peak of Austro-Hungarian presence is connected with the Boxer Uprising of 1900. Austria-Hungary didn't contribute to its genesis. During the uprising, Austro-Hungarian sailors were fighting in besieged Legation Quarter in Beijing, as well as in the metropolitan province of Zhili. Thereafter, Austro-Hungarian diplomacy took...

This thesis explored a regional comparison of education in post-revolutionary Mexico. It involved a micro-look into the relationship between violence, education, religion, and politics in the states of Durango and Jalisco. Research methods included primary sources and microfilms from the National Archives State Department records related to education from the internal affairs of Mexico from 1930-1939 from collection file M1370. It also utilized G-2 United States Military Intelligence reports as well as records from the British National Archives dealing with church and state relations in Mexico from 1920-1939. Anti - clericalism in the 1920’s led to violent backlash in rural regions of Durango and Jalisco called the Cristero rebellion. A second phase of the Cristero rebellion began in the 1930s, which was aimed at ending state-led revolutionary secular education and preserving the folk Catholic education system. There existed a unique ritualized culture of violence for both states. Violence against state-led revolutionary secular educators was prevalent at the primary and secondary education levels in Durango and Jalisco. Priests served as both religious leaders and rebel activists. At the higher education level there existed a split of the University of Guadalajara but no violence against educators. There existed four competing factions involved in this intellectual battle: communists followed Marx, anarchistic autonomous communists, urban folk modern Catholics, and student groups who sought reunion of the original university. This thesis described how these two states and how they experienced their unique culture of violence during the 1930s. It suggested a new chronology of the Cristero rebellion. This comparison between two regions within the broader context of the country and its experiences during the 1930s allowed for analysis in regards to education, rebellion, religion, and politics.

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Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l’Université de Montréal / Le but de cette étude est l'analyse du processus de paix au Chiapas depuis 1994, entre le gouvernement mexicain et l'Armée zapatiste de libération nationale (EZLN). Les principales hypothèses sont les suivantes: le conflit chiapanèque est le résultat d'une structure sociale conflictuelle ; l'EZLN a pu s'insérer dans une région particulière du Chiapas, soit la Selva, dû à son développement en marge de l'élite chiapanèque; le processus de paix est une manière pour les parties de poursuivre leur confrontation par la voie politique ; les intérêts des parties lors du processus de paix varient selon la conjoncture politique ; et le développement d'une paix durable est favorisé par la transition démocratique. L'étude est fondée sur une recherche documentaire qui a été menée à partir de monographies et d'articles de revues spécialisées. De plus, nous avons utilisé des articles de revues d'actualité et de journaux mexicains. Dans le but d'approfondir la compréhension du cas étudié, nous avons adopté une approche à la fois descriptive et comparative. Nous avons retenu tous les faits significatifs afin d'être systématique et non seulement ceux qui correspondaient à nos attentes. Les principales conclusions de l'étude sont les suivantes : la rébellion zapatiste est la conséquence de la domination politique et économique de l'élite traditionnelle chiapanèque sur les autochtones. Vers les années quatre-vingts, les canaux traditionnels de médiation entre l'élite et les autochtones se sont fermés suite à un l'effritement du pouvoir de l'oligarchie, ce qui a suscité l'augmentation de la violence envers les communautés autochtones indépendantes. L'élite chiapanèque n'est pas disposée à une modernisation des relations politique et économique. L'insertion d'un groupe révolutionnaire dans la région de la Selva a été la conséquence de son évolution particulière: les structures communautaires de la Selva ont été soustraites au pouvoir de l'élite suite à l'influence de l'Église et des groupes de gauches qui ont laissé place à une structure organisationnelle indépendante très enracinée. Le processus de paix au Chiapas depuis 1994 a été inégal : le gouvernement mexicain a négocié avec les zapatistes lorsque la conjoncture politique le lui commandait. Les stratégies de l'EZLN ont également évolué selon les circonstances régionales, nationales et internationales. La transition démocratique et la paix durable sont reliées. La négociation de la paix doit inclure tous les acteurs significatifs et implique une modération idéologique. L'application de la paix durable est ardue selon ce qui a été vécu au Salvador et au Guatemala. Le processus de paix au Chiapas n'est pas strictement régional, il est surtout lié à la problématique de la démocratisation du Mexique. Enfin, l'analyse du processus de paix au Chiapas va nous permettre de mieux comprendre la politique mexicaine contemporaine. La rébellion zapatiste n'est pas un phénomène déconnecté de la réalité nationale puisque les événements survenus au Chiapas sont fortement liés à l'agenda politique national. L'étude du cas particulier du Chiapas nous permet également de mieux conceptualiser les dilemmes liés à la transition démocratique, notamment celle par pacte de paix, qui ne concerne pas seulement que l'Amérique latine.

Thesis (MPhil (Dept. of Ancient Studies) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / This thesis sets out to examine, as far as possible within the constraints of a limited study such as this, the nature of the Jewish protest movement against the occupation of their homeland by the Roman Empire in the years after the territory had become a direct province of the Empire. These protests were mainly instigated by and initially led by Jewish peasants who experienced the worst aspects of becoming a part of the larger Roman world.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis I will examine and discuss the reasons given for the Jewish War of AD 66 - 70. Reasons put forward by modern scholars specializing in the study of the works of Flavius Josephus are examined and discussed. However, the bulk of my study centres on the reasons that Flavius Josephus supplies for the war as found in his major work Bellum Judaicum. One is lead to the conclusion that he firmly believes that reasons on the human and transcendent planes contributed to the catastrophic events that lead to the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple. The worldview of this Jewish priest, general and accomplished historiographer was strongly influenced by the religious tenets of the Torah and the past history of the Jewish nation. He cannot countenance the wicked and evil deeds committed shamefacedly by his people against the clear standards that God had given to the nation, and believes that retribution by God will follow. He cannot forget occasions on the past when God intervened in the affairs of his nation by using a pagan world power to accomplish the purposes of God. He sees a similar recurrence of the events that lead to the destruction of the Jerusalem and the Temple in 587/6 BC being manifested in the Jewish War of AD 66 - 70. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die redes wat vir die Joodse Oorlog van AD 66-70 aangebied word, ondersoek en bespreek. Veral die redes wat moderne geleerdes wat in die bestudering van Flavius Josephus se werk spesialiseer, word nagespeur en bespreek. Die grootste deel van die studie fokus egter op die redes wat Flavius Josephus self vir die gebeurtenis voorhou, soos wat hy dit in sy belangrike werk, Bellum Judaicum, uiteensit. 'n Mens kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat hy met groot oortuiging glo dat die redes wat tot die katastrofiese gebeure rondom die vernietiging van Jerusalem en die Tempel 'n bydrae gelewer het, op die vlak van sowel die menslike as bomenslike te vinde is. Die wêreldbeskouing van hierdie bedrewe geskiedskrywer en Joodse priester is deur beide die Torah se godsdienstige voorskrifte en volksgeskiedenis sterk beïnvloed. Hy kan nie sy steun aan die blatante en bose dade van sy volksgenote teen die duidelike standaarde wat God gegee het, toesê nie. Volgens hom moes God se vergelding volg. Hy kan ook nie vergeet hoe God in sy volk se verlede ingegryp het deur om goddelose wêreldmagte aan te wend om sy Goddelike doelwitte te bereik nie. Hy gewaar 'n soortgelyke herhaling van gebeurtenisse wat tot die vernietiging van Jerusalem en die tempel in 587/6 vC gelei het, in die aanloop tot die Joodse Oorlog van AD 66-70.