Syftet med denna undersökning var att undersöka barnmorskans syn på kostrådgivning till gravida kvinnor, om och hur de ger information om kost och i så fall vad de informerar om. Vidare undersöktes till vilken grad barnmorskorna på mödravårdscentralerna följer de rekommendationer om kost till gravida kvinnor som Svenska Livsmedelsverket tagit fram. En deskriptiv tvärsnittsstudie genomfördes bland samtliga barnmorskor på mödravårdscentraler i Uppsala län. Det var 36 barnmorskor som deltog i studien (53 % svarsfrekvens) och som besvarade ett webbaserat frågeformulär. Resultatet från undersökningen visar att barnmorskorna ofta ger kostråd till den gravida kvinnan i samarbete med dietisten. Informationen ges då för det mesta både muntligt och skriftligt. Vidare visar resultatet att barnmorskorna anser att det är viktigt att ge kostråd till gravida kvinnor och att de allra flesta kvinnor får kostrådgivning på mödravårdscentralen. Barnmorskorna anser att de och den gravida kvinnan har ett gemensamt ansvar när det gäller information angående kost. Barnmorskorna grundar kostrådgivningen främst på Svenska Livsmedelsverkets rekommendationer och undersökningen visar att de informerar om det mesta som det Svenska Livsmedelsverket tar upp angående kost under graviditeten. Slutsatsen av denna undersökning är att barnmorskorna ger en individuellt anpassad kostrådgivning som följer det Svenska Livsmedelsverkets rekommendationer. / The aim of this study was to examine what view the midwives have on nutritional guidance towards pregnant women, if they give information regarding diets, and if so, how they inform pregnant women, and also what the information consists of. Furthermore, the aim of this study was to determine how the midwives comply with the recommendations given by the Swedish National Food Administration. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among all midwives at the maternity clinics in the county of Uppsala. There were 36 midwives that participated in the study (53 %) which consisted of a web based questionnaire. The result of this study indicated that the midwives frequently give nutritional guidance to the pregnant woman in collaboration with the dietician. The pregnant woman often receives both verbal and written information. The results also indicate that the midwives believe that it is important to give nutritional guidance to pregnant women and that most of them get this guidance at the maternity clinic. The attitude of the midwives is that they, together with the pregnant woman, have a mutual responsibility when it comes to information about nutrition during pregnancy. The midwives nutritional guidance is based on the given recommendations of the Swedish National Food Administration, and the study also shows that the information given by the midwife corresponds with the information that the Swedish National Food Administration emphasise. Therefore the conclusion of this study is that the midwives give an individually adjusted nutritional guidance which corresponds to the recommendations given by the Swedish National Food Administration.

This paper reports on environmental impacts and health hazards as a result from inadequate management of organic household waste in developing countries. It gives details of water and soil contamination, air pollution and spread of diseases through expanding breeding grounds for pathogens, vectors and rodents. To manage this waste flow sustainably, decentralised composting and anaerobic digestions technologies have been studied to give an overall picture of existing appropriate technologies, including: windrow, box/bin/barrel, THM, aerated static pile, in-vessel, vermi, ARTI compact biogas digester and BARC’S NISARG-RUNA. Comparing different technologies showed that it is crucial to consider local conditions and markets when choosing which method to implement. However, the manual composting methods: windrow/box/bin/barrel, THM and vermi, are more likely to be appropriate in regard to current conditions in developing countries. A comparison between the environmental impacts of anaerobic digestion and composting did not result in a clear indication of which technology is most favourable. However, in the literature studied, biogas production showed an overall better energy balance, and composting a better result regarding nutrient recycling and xenobiotic compounds. In terms of the mitigation effect on global warming, the results varied essentially depending on the technology used and its loss of methane during the biogas production process. Finally, this paper investigates common constraints for implementation of the above-mentioned technologies, as well as recommendations for future projects. The study of general constraints revealed the need for directing attention to education, key consequences and benefits, co-operation, exchange of knowledge and bottom-up driving forces, for sustainable and successful implementation of organic household waste management practices in developing countries.

En eventstudie gjordes på aktierekommendationer publicerade på Privata Affärers hemsida mellan 2009-2010. Publiceringsdagen för rekommendationen utgjorde eventdagen och ett eventfönster på fem dagar innan och fem dagar efter. Rekommendationerna delades upp i olika kategorier för att kunna se skillnader mellan köp, avvakta och säljrekommendationer samt för Mid Cap och Small Cap. Uppsatsen kunde inte påvisa någon generell statistisk signifikant överavkastning i någon av de undersökta kategorierna.

Sammanfattning: Forskning har visat att myndigheters beslut och insatser påverkas av klientens könstillhörighet. Frivården har deltagit i ett regeringsprojekt kallat JiM vilket syftar till att säkerställa att myndigheters verksamhet präglas av ett jämställdhetsperspektiv. Denna uppsats har utifrån ett genusperspektiv undersökt hur kön influerar personutredares förslag och motiveringar till påföljd. Genom en kvalitativ vinjettmetod har sex personutredare fått bedöma en vinjett där endast könstillhörigheten på klienten har ändrats. Resultaten analyserades sedan med hjälp av Yvonne Hirdmans genusteori vilket visade att könsrelaterade mönster framträder i personutredarnas förslag och motiveringar samt att klientens könstillhörighet tycks inverka på förslaget till påföljd. Vår slutsats är att genus omedvetet kan influera oss också i en yrkesroll som exempelvis personutredare på ett frivårdskontor, detta är något vi måste vara vaksamma på och diskutera för att inte riskera att reproducera och upprätthålla genuskontrakt och den sociala könsordningen. / Abstract The Swedish probation service, same for everyone? Gender pattern and variations in probation service recommendations of sanction Research has shown that public decisions and interventions are often affected by the clients´ gender. The Swedish probation service has participated in a governmental project called JiM to ensure that the working practice of the authorities must be characterized by a gender equality perspective. This paper is based on a gender perspective and has explored how gender influences on the probation officers risk assessments and recommendations of sanction. Through a qualitative vignette method six individual probation officers received a vignette where only the gender of the client had changed. Yvonne Hirdmans´ gender theory was used to analyze the results. It showed that gender patterns appear in probation officers risk assessments and recommendations of sanction and that the clients´ gender seems to influence the recommendations of sanction. Our conclusion is that gender unconsciously can influence us in a professional capacity such as probations officers, and this is something we must be aware of and discuss to reduce the risk of reproducing and maintaining gender contracts and the social gender order.

In the first essay titled "The Information Role of Analysts' Contrarian Revisions," I study a special group of revisions: contrarian revisions, defined as recommendation changes that are inconsistent with sizable stock price movements during the past week. I find that contrarian revisions are relatively more informative than trending revisions. In particular, contrarian revisions are associated with a both statistically and economically larger post-announcement drift. I also find contrarian downgrades are less likely to be issued by all-star analysts and analysts with more experience. After implementation of Regulation RD, the market reaction to contrarian revisions issued by all-stars significantly decreases, indicating private information contained in contrarian recommendations has declined. Overall, our results suggest analyst recommendations are important information sources for market participants. In the second essay titled "Market Reaction to Earnings When Investors Disagree," I investigate how the divergence of opinions between individual and institutional investors affects stock price movements around public news events, specifically earnings announcements. I use a discrete static market equilibrium model to illustrate that divergence of investors' opinions has a significant impact on stock price movements around earnings announcements. Specifically, the divergence of opinion has a negative relation with the immediate market reaction but a positive relation with the subsequent stock price drift. I also investigate trading volume around earnings announcements to explore how traders respond to changes in the divergence of investors' opinions. Empirical evidence supports the model implications and indicates announcement trading volume decreases inversely to the divergence of opinions.

This paper explores how known machine learning techniques can be applied in unique ways to simplify software and therefore dramatically increase its usability. As software has increased in popularity, its complexity has increased in lockstep, to a point where it has become burdensome. By shifting the focus from the software to the user, great advances can be achieved by way of simplification. The example problem used in this report is well known: suggest local dining choices tailored to a specific person based on known habits and those of similar people. By analyzing past choices and applying likely probabilities, assumptions can be made to reduce user interaction, allowing the user to realize the benefits of the software faster and more frequently. This is accomplished with Java Servlets, Apache Mahout machine learning libraries, and various third party resources to gather dimensions on each recommendation. / text

Bakgrund: Aktierekommendationer är vanligt förekommande i finansiell media samtidigt som teorier säger att man inte systematiskt kan över- eller undervärdera en aktie. Trots detta visar studier att finansmarknaden influeras av aktierekommendationer då handeln ökar efter en annonsering, vilket innebär att de finansiella kunskaperna en student har lärt sig under sin utbildning inte påverkar lika starkt när den sedan väljer att följa en aktierekommendation. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar ekonomistudenters uppfattning av aktierekommendationer och hur stor påverkan valet av utbildningslinje har för hur studenten bedömer aktierekommendationer. Referensram: Referensramen kommer ge en förförståelse samt behandla de teorier som är väsentliga för att utreda studien. Referensramen innefattar prisbildning, EMH, behavioural finance, risk, kulturella influenser, utbildningens influenser och skolornas bakgrund. Metod: För att bäst kunna besvara och undersöka syftet genomförs studien som en förklarande surveyundersökning med en kvantitativ ansats. Undersökningen utförs genom en elektronisk enkät som skickas ut till studenter. Empiri: Det empiriska materialet består av enkätsvar från studenter från fyra olika ekonomiska utbildningslinjer som bearbetats med stistiska metoder. Slutsats: Valet av utbildningslinje påverkar studentens uppfattning om aktierekommendationer. De faktorer som påverkar är tron på den effektiva marknadshypotesen, studentens finansiella intresse, kön, riskbenägenhet, teoretisk kunskap samt kultur. Dessa faktorer påverkar utbildningslinjerna olika starkt. / Background: Share price recommendations are a common feature in the financial media. At the same time the financial theories argue that an asset can't systematically be over- or under valued. In spite of this, former studies show that share price recommendations do influence the financial market since the trade increases after an announcement. This means that the financial knowledge the student obtain during its education won’t matter when he or she chooses to follow a share price recommendation. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate which factors influence students’ opinions about share price recommendations, and how big effect the students’ business education has on that opinion. Theory: The frame of reference will give the reader a deeper knowledge beyond the theory and also theoretical perspectives essential for analysing the study. The frame of reference will consist of asset pricing, the effective market hypothesis, behavioural finance, cultural influences, educational influences as well as the schools backgrounds. Methodology: For best being able to answer to the purpose of this study, an explanatory survey investigation with a quantitative method is being made. The study will be investigated through an electronic questionnaire that will be sent to students. Empirical findings: The empirical material consits of the answers of students from four different business educations. Conclusions: The business educations affect the students’ opinion about share price recommendations in differing ways. The influencing factors are whether the student believes in effective market hypothesis, the students’ personal interest in finance, gender, risk appetite, theoretical knowledge, and culture.

Nusikaltimo tyrimas suvokiamas kaip procesas nuosekliai atliekant visus reikiamus procesinius veiksmus (tyrimo veiksmus), tikslu išaiškinti nusikalstamos veikos aplinkybes, įkalinti kaltininkus, tinkamai pritaikyti įstatymą, kad nusikalstamą veiką padaręs asmuo būtų teisingai nubaustas ir niekas nekaltas nebūtų nuteistas. Šio darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti ikiteisminio tyrimo, susijusio su narkotikais, metodikos esmę ir aptarti tokio pobūdžio kriminalistinio nusikaltimų tyrimo tobulinimo kryptis. Darbo struktūra . Diplominį darbą sudaro įžanga, 3 skyriai, išvados, pasiūlymai, naudotos literatūros sąrašas, santrauka. Darbo apibendrinimas. Šiuolaikinė visuomenė suvokia nusikaltimą kaip neigiamą socialinį reiškinį matydama tik išorinius šio reiškinio bruožus: nukentėjusį, žalą, kaltininką, bausmę. Analizuojant nusikaltimus, susijusius su narkotinėmis medžiagomis, susiduriama su nusikaltimu kaip su sudedamųjų elementų visuma - sistema, dažnai matant tik silpniausią šios sistemos elementą, kuris yra aukojamas siekiant išsaugoti sistemos elementų branduolį. Toji silpnoji sistemos dalis - tai smulkūs narkotinių medžiagų platintojai, apie kuriuos rašo spauda, rodo televizija, demonstruojant ar kritikuojant teisėsaugos pareigūnų darbą, paliekant sistemos branduolį šešėlyje. Todėl, autoriaus manymu, didžiausias dėmesys turėtų būti skiriamas branduoliui, jo veiklai, o ne silpniausiai sistemos daliai. Dėmesys yra skiriamas, bet jo nepakanka, kadangi tokio pobūdžio problemos įveikimas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / New legal reglamentation of different social relations and changing of system and activities of law enforcement institutions determined that, the most of further methodical recommendations don’t answer to practical demands of investigation and judicial institutions, so it isn’t implemented in such activities. The subject of the examined thesis is of great relevance because the number of crimes related to drugs increases and we need new efficient methods in order to solve this problem. The main purpose of the thesis is to examine in legal and systematic way the creation of methods of investigation of crimes related to drugs, their problems of formation and their perspectives, the impact of the legal, technical and material basis to the creation of the method of this kind of investigation. In the first chapter we have overlooked the methodological and scientific basis of the formation of method of investigation of the crimes related to drugs; in the second chapter we have presented the assumptions of the creation of the methodology of investigation of the crimes related to drugs and in the third one we have analyzed the problems and perspectives of the investigation’s method of the crimes related to drugs. By this thesis we try to present the scientific, criminal recommendations in order to make the process of investigation of the crimes related to drugs more efficient.

ABSTRACT WHITEWATER PARK DESIGN PRINCIPLES: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR MULTIPLE USER GROUPS Byron Lester Advisor: University of Guelph, 2012 Professor Sean Kelly Existing whitewater courses have several design issues relating to their ability to balance expert, novice recreational, and commercial use. The goal of this study is to establish a better understanding of whitewater park design that incorporates the needs of multiple user groups in one integrated approach. Through elite interviewing whitewater park design was investigated and the data was analyzed identifying seven design principles and thirty seven detailed design recommendations. These design principles and recommendations were applied to create a preliminary conceptual design of a whitewater park. The design recommendations and conceptual design were evaluated by a professional whitewater course designer. The evaluation revealed that adaptability is an important principle in whitewater park design and that design recommendations must be flexible to allow for client input and site constraints. This research expands our knowledge of multifunctional design of whitewater parks that resolves user conflicts and important functional relationships.

Education in South Africa faces many challenges; among them is the betterment of teaching and learning in order to improve the performance in schools, particularly in township schools where the results of learners are still not up to the required standard. For schools to function effectively, the School Management Teams (Principal, Deputy Principal, HODs), need to understand the importance of the effective management of human resources. The proper and effective management of people cannot be neglected if the schools as organisations want to attain their goals. School Management Teams as managers of schools are accountable for the effective running of the schools and the task of proper management of human resources rest on their shoulders. In this study an investigation into human recource management in selected township schools in the Gert Sibande Region (Mpumalanga Province) was done. Central to the study is the School Management Team's (SMTs) understanding of the concepts management and leadership, human resource management and related aspects. An investigation was also done regarding the knowledge, skills and strategies needed to improve education in township schools. With regard to the proper training of SMTs, various recommendations are made to expose them to more rigorous training, especially in Human Resource Management as this is the cornerstones of effective school management. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.