Substantive Review of Arbitral Awards in International Commercial Arbitration Arbitration is a form of alternative dispute resolution, which enables the parties to resolve their dispute outside the courts. The advantage of arbitration is especially its speed and effectiveness in resolving the dispute. In general, arbitration awards in international commercial arbitration are final and binding on both parties and cannot be challenged by any form of appeal. This master thesis aims to find the answer to the question under which circumstances the parties to the arbitration proceedings may reach a substantive review of arbitral awards. The first part of the master thesis (chapters 2, 3 and 4) examines the approach of the UNCITRAL Model Law, the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards and the European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration to the substantive review of arbitral awards. The second part of the master thesis (chapters 5 and 6) deals with the legal framework for arbitration proceedings in the Czech Republic, Germany, Australia and the United Kingdom, with respect to the substantive review of arbitral awards. Using comparative method, the author compares the regulation of the arbitration proceedings in the selected jurisdictions. The last...

Longtemps ignorés par la doctrine ainsi que par le droit positif, les modes alternatifs de règlement des litiges (MARL) suscitent, ces dernières années, un intérêt particulier en droit administratif français ainsi qu’en droit administratif syrien. De façon commode, ces modes alternatifs peuvent désigner un ensemble de procédés ayant pour objectif de mettre fin aux litiges administratifs sans passer par un procès administratif ou judiciaire. Pêle-mêle, se trouvent ainsi regroupés le recours administratif, l’arbitrage, la médiation, la conciliation et la transaction. C’est à l’étude de leur place restreinte dans le règlement des litiges administratifs, en France comme en Syrie, et des perspectives de leur développement souhaitable en droits administratifs français et syrien que la présente étude est consacrée. Il s’agit d’une étude comparée entre le système français et le système syrien / Having been ignored, for a long time, by the doctrine as well as by the positive law, alternative means of dispute resolution (ADR) have recently aroused a particular interest in both French and Syrian administrative laws. Conveniently, theses alternative modes would designate a set of processes with the objective of putting an end to the administrative disputes without going through an administrative or judicial process. The administrative recourse, arbitration, mediation, conciliation and transaction have all been haphazardly found out and grouped together. It is the study of their restrained place in the resolution of the administrative disputes in France and in Syria, as well as the study of the perspectives of their desired development in French and Syrian administrative laws that the present study is devoted to. In this sense, this is a comparative study between the French system and the Syrian system.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2017-05-09T13:13:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Catia do Nascimento Santos Medeiros.pdf: 4577209 bytes, checksum: 9b0284af0bfb3dc5c68cef4cf048f25c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-09T13:13:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Catia do Nascimento Santos Medeiros.pdf: 4577209 bytes, checksum: 9b0284af0bfb3dc5c68cef4cf048f25c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The research aims to investigate the activities related to the oral language modality present in five Portuguese language textbooks of the 9th grade of Elementary School and whether the media resources (electronic sites, DVD, CD, among others) stimulate the production of oral genres. For this, we analyze the books from a procedural perspective (summary, chapters, sections). The research focused on orality, the textbook and the use of the media. The result allowed an evaluation of the oral language and the use of the media in the books with the focus in the textual genres and multiletramentos (multiple ways of reading according to the presentation mode of texts). A socio-interactionist perspective of gender, orality and textbook was used. In addition to the analysis of the books, there was also a field research with non-participant observation in two classes of different schools with the objective of investigating how textbooks and media resources were used in favor of oral production. The final product of this research resulted in an educational notebook to the Portuguese language textbook with a focus on the orality axis and didactic proposals for the use of media resources as auxiliaries in the production of oral genres. / A pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar as atividades relacionadas à modalidade oral da língua presentes em cinco livros didáticos de Língua Portuguesa do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental e se os recursos midiáticos (sítios eletrônicos, DVD, CD entre outros) estimulam a produção de gêneros orais. Para isso, analisamos os livros sob uma perspectiva procedimental (sumário, capítulos, seções). A pesquisa teve como foco a oralidade, o livro didático e o uso das mídias. O resultado permitiu uma avaliação da linguagem oral e o uso das mídias nos livros com o foco nos gêneros textuais e multiletramentos (múltiplas formas de ler conforme o modo de apresentação dos textos). Foi utilizada uma perspectiva sociointeracionista de gênero, da oralidade e do livro didático. Além da análise dos livros, também houve uma pesquisa de campo com a observação não participante em duas turmas de escolas diferentes com o objetivo de investigar como foram utilizados os livros didáticos e os recursos midiáticos em favor da produção oral. O produto final desta pesquisa resultou em um caderno pedagógico de Língua Portuguesa com o foco no eixo oralidade e propostas didáticas para o uso de recursos midiáticos como auxiliares na produção de gêneros orais.

The objective of the thesis is to analyze numerous project financing possibilities in the Czech Republic. The thesis introduces the framework of project finance, together with its definition and fundamental characteristics. Furthermore it aims to identify the issues of risk analysis and risk management. The final section of the thesis provides an overview of the current global project finance trends and identifies the situation in the Czech Republic. Additionally, the thesis includes a case study of the first Czech energy finance project - ECKG Kladno.

Den här studien använder en bred förståelse av begreppet medeltider för att visa hur värden och handlingsnormer skapas och omförhandlas i samtida historiebruk. Den bidrar till analysen och diskussionen kring minnespolitikens centrala spänningsförhållanden där representativa demokratiska och nationella mål ställs mot direkt demokratiska och mångkulturella tankemönster. I två fallstudier som följer medeltidsbruket i Östergötland synliggörs hur spänningen påverkar och hanteras i praktiken. Den ena fallstudien följer tätt på en konflikt mellan bevarande av människoskelett från en medeltida avrättningsplats i Vadstena och näringslivsutveckling i form av en fabriksutbyggnad. Den andra utgår från orten Skänninge och tecknar en bredare bild av hur det medeltida förflutna och dess materiella spår i landskapet används i regional och lokal utvecklingspolitik. De empiriska studierna följer aktörer i olika situationer och hur dessa binds upp kring varierande problemformuleringar. Fokus ligger på hur dessa processer går till, vilka resurser som utnyttjas men också på retorik och handling. Analysen resulterar i tre övergripande mobiliseringsprocesser vilka kopplas till begrepp som bevarande, upplevelse och lokal politik. Genom dessa synliggörs hur bruket av medeltider följer parallella värdesystem och logiker vilket när de interagerar skapar konfliktfyllda situationer. Avhandlingen visar hur de traditionella institutionernas strukturer utgör en barriär vilken motverkar en samverkan mellan de många aktörsgrupperna, det breda bruket av det förflutna som den nationella politiska retoriken efterfrågar. / This study apply to a broad understanding of the term Middle-Ages as an analytical concept to show how values and norms of actions are established and negotiated through contemporary uses of history. It contributes to the analysis and discussion of central tensions in memory policy between, on one hand, the representative democratic system, and on the other hand, a direct democracy based on the idea of everyone's ability and right to participate in the use of the history. In two case studies, that maps the use of the Middle-Ages in the county of Östergötland, this study shows how this tension effects and is handled by Stakeholders in every day praxis. One case focus on a conflict between, on one hand, ancient remains of human skeletons from a medieval gallows hill, and on the other hand, private business development due to the construction of a new factory in the town of Vadstena. The other case analyses a broader use of the Middle-Ages as resources in regional and local development policies in the town of Skänninge. The study analysis varied situations where Stakeholders are mobilized around different problems. It focus on how these processes are carried out and which recourses that are used, both rhetorical and through actions. The study shows how values of the past is created, produced and negotiated in contemporary processes of mobilization which are related to terms such as Preservation, Experience and Local policies. It also shows how traditional institutional structures creates barriers that prevent fruitful cooperation between the Stakeholders, and the broader use of the past that the national policies are asking for.

L’objectif de la thèse est de réévaluer de façon globale la pertinence et la cohérence de la construction légale et jurisprudentielle actuelle organisant les recours dans les chaînes translatives de propriété. En dépit de contributions doctrinales nombreuses, les solutions se sont accumulées sans que leur articulation soit précisément examinée. L’enjeu de cet examen est d’autant plus important que le contexte général a changé (responsabilité du fait des produits, remise en cause des actions contractuelles, projets de réforme du droit de la responsabilité). L’étude est organisée autour de deux types de dommages : le dommage strictement contractuel et le dommage non strictement contractuel. La première partie évalue le droit positif et ses incertitudes (fondement de l’action directe, opposabilité des clauses de responsabilité au sous-acquéreur, recours en contribution etc.), au regard du manquement strictement contractuel (atteinte à l’utilité du contrat). La seconde partie permet de mettre en lumière les difficultés d’articulation des diverses actions désignées pour réparer le dommage non strictement contractuel, ces difficultés nous conduisant à nous interroger sur la nature de la responsabilité qui doit présider, dans les chaînes translatives de propriété, à la réparation des atteintes au contractant. L’ensemble de ces questions permet enfin d’identifier les grands critères et les logiques communes de répartition des responsabilités dans les chaînes translatives de propriété. / The purpose of this thesis is to reexamine on a global scale the adequacy and consistency of the current jurisprudential and legal framework related to the contract chains’ liability cases. Despite a large number of doctrinal contributions, the solutions have indeed been aggregated without any underlying logical implication being further investigated. This type of considerations is becoming all the more impactful that the legal environment has evolved. The goal of the first part is to assess the current state of the law and its uncertainties (the direct action ground, enforceability of limitation clause to consumer, contribution to the debt among co-debtors) when it comes to the pure contractual injury, that is when the usefulness of the contract is to be jeopardized. The second part is focuses on how it is hard to articulate the different actions in order to repair non-pure contractual injury. The assessment of those difficulties will bring us to wonder which nature of liability should prevail to repair injuries within property chains. Finally, answering those questions will lead us to identify the major criteria and the common rationales used to spread liability within property chains.

金融海嘯（financial tsunami）對全世界造成了相當大之衝擊，遭受最大損失者莫過於金融機構，其中房屋抵押貸款（mortgage）違約（default）產生之損失在銀行損失中占了一定的比例，本文認為深入研究影響違約之因素有其必要性。過去文獻於探討貸款違約時，主要可分為兩種學說，分別為權益學說（Equity Theory）與支付能力學說（Ability-to-Pay Theory），本文以台灣地區之實際房屋抵押貸款資料作為研究對象，以確認權益學說與支付能力學說於台灣房屋抵押貸款之適用程度。 本文採用二元羅吉特迴歸模型（Binomial Logit Regression Model, BLR）與比例危機模型（Proportional Hazards Model, PHM），並於權益學說之驗證中，考慮台灣房屋抵押貸款契約中常見之貸款追索權（right of recourse），以了解是否因借款人考慮追索權價值（value of recourse）而較不易違約。 實際結果發現，由於台灣長期房價趨勢皆為上漲之緣故，且台灣之貸款成數（Loan-to-value, LTV）較國外為低，導致處於負權益（Negative Equity）之抵押貸款筆數較少，然本研究發現，在修正了過去研究所使用之借款人權益變數後，其顯著性於BLR模型與PHM中皆較佳，而考量了追索權之價值後，考量追索權之修正後權益變數的表現更優於修正後之權益變數，顯示本研究於權益變數上之修正與考量追索權價值有助於模型改善違約預測之能力。 就權益學說與支付能力學說而言，由於兩種學說之相關變數皆有部分變數顯著，顯示兩種學說於台灣皆有其適用性，故於違約模型中需將權益學說與支付能力學說之相關變數皆列入考慮。 / Financial tsunami caused considerable impact in the world, and the financial institutions suffered huge losses in this crisis. Mortgage default losses accounted for a certain proportion in losses of financial institutes. It’s necessary to research the factors which influence the default decisions. In the past, the literatures divided the theory related to mortgage default into two parts, the Equity theory and the Ability-to-Pay theory. This article use the mortgage data in Taiwan to confirm which theory is more applicable in Taiwan. To understand if the borrowers would consider value of recourse when they make decision of default, this study adopts Binomial Logit Regression Model （BLR） and Proportional Hazards Model （PHM）, adding the right of recourse, which is common in the mortgage contract in Taiwan. The result shows that owing to the rising trend of Taiwan housing price and the lower loan-to-value （LTV） level than foreign countries, there are fewer mortgages in negative equity situation. However, we discover that after we modify equity variable, the modified equity variable is more significant than non-modified equity variable. Besides, if we consider the value of recourse, the modified equity variable with value of recourse performs best among three types of equity variable. The results above show that the modification of equity variable and the consideration of recourse can improve predicting ability of default model. And it shows the clause of recourse in Taiwan has certain influence on the decision of borrowers’ default behavior. Furthermore, the results of model illustrate the equity-related variables and ability-to-pay-related variables have certain explanation power on the behavior of default, which mean equity theory and ability-to-pay theory are applicable in Taiwan. We infer when carrying out the prediction of default, it’s necessary to take equity-related variables and ability-to-pay-related variables into consideration.

Modern aerospace systems rely heavily on legacy platforms and their derivatives. Historical examples show that after a vehicle design is frozen and delivered to a customer, successive upgrades are often made to fulfill changing requirements. Current practices of adapting to emerging needs with derivative designs, retrofits, and upgrades are often reactive and ad-hoc, resulting in performance and cost penalties. Recent DoD acquisition policies have addressed this problem by establishing a general paradigm for design for lifelong evolution. However, there is a need for a unified, practical design approach that considers the lifetime evolution of an aircraft concept by incorporating future requirements and technologies. This research proposes a systematic approach with which the decision makers can evaluate the value and risk of a new aircraft development program, including potential derivative development opportunities. The proposed Evaluation of Lifelong Vehicle Evolution (EvoLVE) method is a two- or multi-stage representation of the aircraft design process that accommodates initial development phases as well as follow-on phases. One of the key elements of this method is the Stochastic Programming with Recourse (SPR) technique, which accounts for uncertainties associated with future requirements. The remedial approach of SPR in its two distinctive problem-solving steps is well suited to aircraft design problems where derivatives, retrofits, and upgrades have been used to fix designs that were once but no longer optimal. The solution approach of SPR is complemented by the Risk-Averse Strategy Selection (RASS) technique to gauge risk associated with vehicle evolution options. In the absence of a full description of the random space, a scenario-based approach captures the randomness with a few probable scenarios and reveals implications of different future events. Last, an interactive framework for decision-making support allows simultaneous navigation of the current and future design space with a greater degree of freedom. A cantilevered beam design problem was set up and solved using the SPR technique to showcase its application to an engineering design setting. The full EvoLVE method was conducted on a notional multi-role fighter based on the F/A-18 Hornet.

Submitted by YURI PRADO DE SOUZA (yuriprado.uff@gmail.com) on 2018-10-17T22:40:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação v60 - final.pdf: 1880394 bytes, checksum: 1c4ca28a4089a492a49b54e291c33dea (MD5) / Rejected by Pamella Benevides Gonçalves null (pamella@feg.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: Rever a ordenação dos elementos pré-textuais ... capa, folha de rosto ... ficha catalográfica ... • A capa e ficha catalográfica não são consideradas para contagem de páginas. a paginação deve aparecer no canto superior direito a partir da introdução, realizei a contagem das páginas e seu trabalho deve com o número (14)*, após você precisa atualizar a numeração na ficha catalográfica, nas listas e no sumário. • Resumo: Apenas palavra Resumo e Abstract devem ser centralizada; o resumo deve ser em parágrafo único. (favor ver exemplo no template ou diretrizes) o As palavras-chave e keyword devem ser separadas entre si por ponto final e também finalizadas por ponto. (favor ver exemplo no template ou diretrizes) • A lista de figuras existem algumas que não aparece o título, a numeração das figuras devem ser continuas independente do capitulo. • Sumário: deve ter os mesmo destaques tipográfico que as seções do trabalho, deve ser alinhado à esquerda (veja exemplo no template ou diretrizes) • Favor revisar as todos os indicativos de seção em seu trabalho e no sumário • INDICATIVO DE SEÇÃO Os títulos das seções devem começar na parte superior da folha e separados do texto que os sucede por um espaço de 1,5 entrelinhas. Da mesma forma, os títulos das subseções devem ser separados do texto que os precede e que os sucede por por um espaço de 1,5 entrelinhas. Os títulos das seções devem ser destacados tipograficamente, da primária a quinária. As seções primárias por serem as principais divisões de texto, devem iniciar em folha distinta, no final dos indicativos de seção não tem ponto final exemplo 7 MODELO DE REFERÊNCIA (seção primária) - caixa alta/negrito 7.1 PUBLICAÇÃO PERIÓDICA (seção secundária) - caixa alta sem negrito 7.1.1 Publicação periódica no todo (seção terciária) negrito 7.1.1.1 Artigo de periódico (seção quaternária) - sem negrito 7.1.1.1. Com autor pessoal (seção quinária) - Itálico e negrito • Qualquer que seja o tipo de ilustração (figuras, desenhos, gráficos, diagramas,fluxogramas, fotografias, mapa, planta, quadro, imagem entre outros) sua identificação (título) aparece na parte superior com letra tamanho 12; o Na parte inferior, Tamanho da letra 10, indicar a fonte consultada (elemento obrigatório, mesmo que seja produção do próprio autor), notas e outras informações necessárias à sua compreensão. o Devem conter a fonte mesmo que elaborada pelo autor. o Ex: Fonte: Autor Fonte: Autoria própria (favor ver exemplo no template ou diretrizes) • As fontes das ilustrações, tabelas e quadros não podem ser links . Areferência deve ser informada ao final, seguindo os padrões da ABNT.Para indicar a fonte, deve ser colocada a autoria e o ano entre parênteses. Ex.: Martins (2010). Quando uma referência for retirada de um meio eletrônico deve-se identificar uma autoria para o que é visualizado na página; se não houver título, escrever uma pequena descrição do que foi visto e seguir com os dados: disponível em:<endereço eletronico> . Acesso em: xx mes xxxx. A autoria pode ser uma pessoa física, uma Instituição, uma empresa, uma pessoa jurídica e até o nome do próprio site. Ex.: ECOVILAS. Condomínios autossustentados e permaculturais. Disponível em: <http://www.ecoovilas.com/projetos/permacultura>. Acesso em: 10 out. 2017. Será colocado na Fonte: Ecovilas (2017) • Referências. A palavra Referências deve ser centralizada, e não conter numeração de seção; As referencias devem ser justificadas, espaço simples com um espaço simples(enter) entre elas. • Sobre a elaboração das referencias e citações e formatação favor solicitar ajuda com URGÊNCIA a bibliotecária Juciene (juciene.pedroso@unesp.br) Mais informações acesse o link: http://www2.feg.unesp.br/Home/Biblioteca21/diretrizes-2016.pdf Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-10-18T12:54:42Z (GMT) / Submitted by YURI PRADO DE SOUZA (yuriprado.uff@gmail.com) on 2018-10-19T18:53:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação v60 - final.pdf: 1880394 bytes, checksum: 1c4ca28a4089a492a49b54e291c33dea (MD5) Dissertação v-61 formatado2.pdf: 1810118 bytes, checksum: 4638b9426aac62a064b565b38ffda481 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamella Benevides Gonçalves null (pamella@feg.unesp.br) on 2018-10-19T19:04:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_yp_me_guara.pdf: 1810118 bytes, checksum: 4638b9426aac62a064b565b38ffda481 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-19T19:04:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_yp_me_guara.pdf: 1810118 bytes, checksum: 4638b9426aac62a064b565b38ffda481 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-27 / Neste trabalho propõe-se uma abordagem para o Problema de Balanceamento de Linhas de Montagem (do inglês, Assembly Line Balancing Problem - ALBP) para aumentar a eficiência de uma indústria montadora de veículos. O ALBP caracteriza-se como um problema de sequenciamento de tarefas em estações de trabalho classificado como um problema de Otimização Combinatória NP-difícil e, portanto, a solução exata do problema em ambientes reais geralmente implica em elevado custo computacional. Para resolver o ALBP, foram formulados um modelo matemático de otimização inteira mista para obtenção de soluções determinísticas e um modelo estocástico com recurso que considera a incerteza dos tempos de execução das tarefas pelos operadores. A motivação para o desenvolvimento do presente trabalho decorre da observação de interrupções constantes do fluxo de produção nesta indústria, atribuídas às mais diversas naturezas, e que causavam transtornos e elevados níveis de estresse aos trabalhadores. Ambos os modelos, determinístico e estocástico, aumentaram a capacidade de produção de 196 unidades/dia para 245 e 233 unidades/dia, respectivamente. O modelo estocástico aumentou o tempo de ciclo CT em 5,6% quando comparado ao modelo determinístico, embora diminua a capacidade efetiva em 4,8% Porém, não considerar a incerteza no tempo de execução das tarefas pode diminuir a quantidade produzida em até 10,6%. Contrariamente ao entendimento comum em linhas de montagem, este trabalho conclui que reduzir os tempos de ociosidade aos níveis mínimos é prejudicial à produtividade de linhas de montagem. Isto se deve ao fato de que uma parcela do tempo atribuído à ociosidade dos operadores, na verdade contêm um tempo adicional gerado pela incerteza do tempo de execução das tarefas. Os resultados sugerem que a abordagem do ALBP sob incerteza contribui para o aumento dos índices de capacidade operacional da empresa. Devido ao grande esforço computacional necessário para a solução dos modelos de otimização propostos (determinístico e estocástico), não se consegue resolver, em um tempo computacional razoável, exemplares de dimensões reais do problema. Em vista disto, o trabalho propõe também uma heurística para a solução do ALBP visando minimizar o tempo de ciclo. Experimentos computacionais sugerem que a heurística proposta obtém resultados razoáveis para grandes exemplares do problema em um tempo computacional pequeno / This work proposes solution approaches to the Assembly Line Balancing Problem (ALBP) to increase the efficiency of a vehicle assembler industry. The ALBP is characterized as a task sequencing in workstations which is classified as a NP-hard Combinatorial Optimization problem and, therefore, the exact solution of the problem in real environments usually implies a high computational cost. In order to solve the ALBP, a mathematical model of mixed integer optimization to obtain deterministic solutions and a stochastic model with resource that considers the uncertainty of the execution times of the tasks by the operators were formulated. The motivation for the development of this work stems from the constant interruptions of the production flow in this industry, attributed to the most diverse natures, which cause disorders and high levels of stress to the workers. The deterministic and stochastic models increased the production capacity from 196 units / day to 245 and 233 units / day, respectively. The stochastic model increased the cycle time by 5.6% when compared to the deterministic model, although it reduced the effective capacity by 4.8%, which is equivalent to 12 vehicles / day. However, not considering the uncertainty in task execution times can decrease the amount produced by up to 10.6% or 26 vehicles / day. Contrary to the most acceptable idea, this work concludes that reducing idle times to minimum levels is detrimental to assembly line productivity. This is due to the fact that a portion of the time attributed to the idleness of the operators actually contains an additional time generated by the uncertainty of the execution time of the tasks. The results suggest that the approach of the ALBP under uncertainty contributes to the increase of the indices of operational capacity of the company. Due to the great computational effort required to solve the proposed optimization models (deterministic and stochastic), it is not possible to solve real instances of the problem in a reasonable computational time. In view of this, this work also proposes a heuristic for the ALBP solution in order to minimize the cycle time. Computational experiments suggest that the proposed heuristic obtains reasonable results for large instances of the problem in a small computational time

Is it advisable for a State to eliminate the annulment action of its Law of Arbitration? Can the parties, by virtue of their party autonomy, waive the annulment action?.In the present article, the author demonstrates that the annulment action has a psychological and a legal-political basis, since, on the one hand, it satisfies the psychological need to challenge or contradict, which is inherent of human beings and; on the other, within the framework of Constitutional State it constitutes a democratic tool that guarantees the control of power. / ¿Es aconsejable que un Estado elimine el recurso de anulación de su Ley de Arbitraje? ¿Pueden las partes en virtud de su autonomía privada renunciar al recurso de anulación?.En el presente artículo, el autor demuestra que el recurso de anulación tiene un sustento psicológico y un sustento jurídico-político, puesto que satisface, por un lado, la necesidad psicológica de impugnar o contradecir, la cual es inherente el ser humano y; por el otro, en el marco de un Estado Constitucional constituye una herramienta democrática que garantiza el control de poder.