Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Polyaniline nanocomposites doped with poly(vinylsulphonate) (PV-SO3) and nanostructured polystyrene (PSNP) latex beads functionalized with amine (PSNP-NH2) and sulphate ((PSNP-OSO3) were prepared and characterised for use as nitrite electro-catalytic chemosensors and ochratoxin A immunosensors. The resultant polyaniline electrocatalytic chemosensors (PANI, PANI|PSNP-NH2 or PANI|PSNP-OSO3 −) were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Brown-Anson analysis of the multi-scan rate CV responses of the various PANI films gave surface concentrations in the order of 10−8 mol/cm. UV-vis spectra of the PANI films dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide showed typical strong absorbance maxima at 480 and 740 nm associated with benzenoid p-p* transition and quinoid excitons of polyaniline, respectively. The SEM images of the PANI nanocomposite films showed cauliflower-like structures that were <100 nm in diameter. When applied as electrochemical nitrite sensors, sensitivity values of 60, 40 and 30 μA/mM with corresponding limits of detection of 7.4, 9.2 and 38.2 μM NO2 −, were obtained for electrodes, PANI|PSNP-NH2, PANI and PANI|PSNP-SO3 −; respectively. Immobilisation of ochratoxin A antibody onto PANI|PSNP-NH2, PANI and PANI|PSNPSO3 - resulted in the fabrication of immunosensors. / South Africa

<p>Polyaniline nanocomposites doped with poly(vinylsulphonate) (PV-SO3 &minus / ) and nanostructured polystyrene (PSNP) latex beads functionalized with amine (PSNP-NH2) and sulphate (PSNP-OSO3 &minus / ) were prepared and characterised for use as nitrite electro-catalytic chemosensors and ochratoxin A immunosensors. The resultant polyaniline electrocatalytic chemosensors (PANI, PANI|PSNP-NH2 or PANI|PSNP-OSO3 &minus / ) were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Brown-Anson analysis of the multi-scan rate CV responses of the various PANI films gave surface concentrations in the order of 10&minus / 8 mol/cm. UV-vis spectra of the PANI films dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide showed typical strong absorbance maxima at 480 and 740 nm associated with benzenoid p-p* transition and quinoid excitons of polyaniline, respectively. The SEM images of the PANI nanocomposite films showed cauliflower-like structures that were &lt / 100 nm in diameter. When applied as electrochemical nitrite sensors, sensitivity values of 60, 40 and 30 &mu / A/mM with corresponding limits of detection of 7.4, 9.2 and 38.2 &mu / M NO2 &minus / , were obtained for electrodes, PANI|PSNP-NH2, PANI and PANI|PSNP-SO3 &minus / , respectively. Immobilisation of ochratoxin A antibody onto PANI|PSNP-NH2, PANI and PANI|PSNPSO3 - resulted in the fabrication of immunosensors.</p>

Die vorliegende Arbeit hat zum Ziel, ausgehend vom aktuellen Stand der Technik, die Möglichkeiten der optische Glimmentladungsspektroskopie (GD-OES) für Tiefenprofilanalysen dünner und dünnster Schichten (Schichtdicken = 1 bis 100 nm) zu bestimmen und geeignete instrumentelle und methodischen Modifikationen vorzuschlagen, um die Einsatzmöglichkeiten weiter auszubauen. Dies gilt gleichermaßen unter Berücksichtigung der Anforderungen des Einsatzes im Routinebetrieb (geringe Bruttoanalysezeit und Reproduzierbarkeit) sowie in der Erforschung und der Entwicklung dünner Schichten (geringe Nachweisgrenzen, hohe Flexibilität zum Beispiel bei den analysierbaren Elementen oder der Leitfähigkeit der Proben, geringe Matrixeffekte, etc.). Während jeder GD-OES Analyse finden drei räumlich und zeitlich getrennte Teilprozesse statt: (A) durch das Zerstäuben der Oberfläche wird die Probe in der lateralen Ausdehnung des Anodendurchmessers in die Tiefe abgetragen und in die atomaren Bestandteile zerlegt (Sputterprozess); (B) in das Plasmagebiet diffundierte Partikel reagieren mit dem Analysegas (i. d. R. Argon), dadurch werden die Atome (und Ionen) der Probe in angeregte Zustände versetzt, im nachfolgenden Relaxationsschritt emittieren diese unter anderem Photonen einer charakteristischen Wellenlänge, die (C) alle in einem Detektionssystem (Mono- bzw. Polychromator oder CCD-Spektrometer) in ihrer Intensität als Funktion der spektralen Wellenlänge und der Zeit erfasst werden. Ein Vorteil der Methode, die niedrige Analysendauer bedingt durch den vergleichsweise hohen Sputterabtrag bewirkt, dass die Analyse dünner Schichten innerhalb weniger – im Extremfall sogar nur innerhalb von Bruchteilen von – Sekunden stattfindet. Dies lässt die Herausforderungen für die Analyse dünner Schichten verstehen. Der unter anderem von den elektrischen Entladungsbedingungen abhängige Sputterprozess und die komplexen Reaktionen im Plasma müssen möglichst unmittelbar (&amp;lt; 50 ms) nach dem Zündvorgang in einen stabilen Zustand übergehen. Einerseits ist dies instrumentell durch eine Anpassung der Steuer- und Regelungstechnik (z. B. Wahl geeigneter Druckregelventile, -sensoren, etc.) gelungen. Andererseits beeinflussen die unvermeidlichen Kontaminationen [Wasser(filme) und Kohlenwasserstoffe], die in das Plasmagebiet diffundieren, negativ die Stabilität die Entladung. Die Hauptstrategie zur Unterdrückung dieser ‚Dreckeffekte’ sind erfolgreich verschiedene Wege der ex-situ (maximalmögliche Reduzierung der Leckrate, Einsatz von Hochvakuumbauteilen, Einführung von Richtlinien zur Vakuumhygiene) und in-situ Dekontamination (aktive Desorptionsminderung durch ein Vorsputtern mit Si) gewählt worden. Erst in der Summe aller apparativen Verbesserungen ist die Voraussetzung für die Verwendung der Glimmentladungsspektroskopie als zuverlässige Methode der Dünnschichtanalytik gegeben. Für die laborpraktischen Arbeiten wurde während der sukzessiven Optimierung des Vakuumsystems als Nebenergebnis ein anwenderfreundlicher Schnelltest zur Charakterisierung des Geräts für Kurz- und Langzeitvergleiche entwickelt. Dieser wertet die Abpumpkurven bzw. Druckanstiegskurven aus. In Abhängigkeit der Bedürfnisse und dem Aufwand des Anwenders lassen sich interessante Parameter, wie das effektive Saugvermögen, eine Zeitkonstante für die Gasabgabe oder die Leckrate IL bestimmen. Die Bandbreite der untersuchten Proben ist dabei ähnlich unterschiedlich, wie die Fragestellungen: leitfähige und nichtleitfähige Proben; Nachweis und Bestimmung von Matrixelementen, Legierungsbestandteilen oder Spuren; Einfach-, Mehrlagen- und Wechselschichten, Oberflächen- und Zwischenschichten; Adsorbate an Ober- und Grenzflächen, Schichtdickenhomogenität als Teil der Qualitätskontrolle, etc. Ein Teil dieser Schichtsysteme sind in dieser Arbeit ausführlicher diskutiert worden. Das Hartstoffschichtsystem TiN gehört mit den Schichtdicken von 0,5 bis 3 µm zwar eher zu den dicken Schichten, wobei besonders der oberflächennahe Bereich (&amp;lt; 100 nm) zuverlässig untersucht wurde (vgl. Kap. 4.1). Mit dem Nachweis und der Quantifizierung von in der Grenzfläche (100 bzw. 1000 nm unter der Oberfläche) zwischen den elektrochemisch (ECD-Cu) und physikalisch (PVD-Cu) abgeschiedenen Cu-Schichten versteckten Adsorbaten bietet GD-OES dem Schichthersteller oder dem Werkstoffwissenschaftler wichtige Informationen, um zum Beispiel gezielt Gefügeänderungen für die Erhöhung der Elektromigrationsresistenz einzustellen. Es wurde einerseits die prinzipielle Machbarkeit und andererseits auch die Grenzen der Methode im Vergleich mit TOF-SIMS gezeigt. Ein weiteres Schichtsystem aus der Mikroelektronik ist im anschließenden Kap. 4.3 Gegenstand der GD-OES Untersuchungen. Dabei wurde nicht nur die Schichtdicken von 10 bis 50 nm dünnen TaN-Barriereschichten, sondern auch die Homogenität der Schichtdicken über einen kompletten 6’’ Wafer bestimmt. Die nachzuweisenden Unterschiede liegen im Bereich von einigen Angström bis zu wenigen Nanometern. Die GD-OES Untersuchungen von TaN zeigen zu Beginn und in der Nähe der Grenzfläche zum Substrat ungewöhnliche Intensitätsverläufe von Ta und N. Erst in Kombination mit anderen oberflächenanalytischen Verfahren (XPS und AES) gelang die Interpretation der Messergebnisse. Aus der Summe aller Argumente wird die Hypothese formuliert, dass sich im Fall des Zerstäubungsprozesses von TaN wegen der großen Unterschiede in den Atommassen ein Vorzugssputtern (engl. preferential sputtering) herausbildet. Bei anderen sputternden Verfahren, z. B. SIMS, ist dieses Phänomen längst bekannt und wurde auch für die Glimmentladungsspektroskopie vermutet. Dies konnte bislang allerdings noch nie beobachtet werden. Rechnungen mit einem Simulationsprogramm für Kollisionsvorgänge aufgrund ballistischer Effekte (TRIDYN) stützen diese Hypothese. Begünstigt wurde die Beobachtung des Vorzugssputterns durch die sauberen Messbedingungen, durch die man in Lage versetzt war, Anfangspeaks klar von Kontaminationspeak zu unterscheiden. Das vorletzte Kapitel 4.4 beschäftigt sich mit Schichten im untersten Nanometerbereich (&amp;lt; 5 nm). Es zeigt sich, dass die wenige Nanometer dicken, natürlichen Oxidschichten deutlich besser analysierbar sind, wenn man die in der Arbeit vorgestellte in-situ Dekontamination durch ein Vorsputtern anwendet. Die GD-OES Untersuchungen an organischen Monolagenschichten in Kap. 4.5 sind Teil einer aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Diskussion innerhalb der weltweiten GD-OES Fachwelt. Die von KENICHI SHIMIZU vorgestellten Ergebnisse konnten am Beispiel von Thioharnstoff mit RF bestätigt und erstmals auch mit einer DC-Entladung gezeigt werden. Das Verfahren der GD-OES kann qualitativ die Existenz von monomolekularen Schichten im Subnanometerbereich nachweisen. Allerdings stellen die Ergebnisse von Substraten mit anderen Molekülen die Interpretation der Intensitäts-Zeitprofile in Frage. Ein anderer Interpretationsansatz wird als Hypothese formuliert, konnte jedoch noch nicht verifiziert werden. Mit den vorgestellten Optimierungen der Messtechnik lassen sich die Möglichkeiten der Anwendung der optischen Glimmentladungsspektroskopie für die Untersuchungen dünner und dünnster Schichten deutlich erweitern.

<p>Polyaniline nanocomposites doped with poly(vinylsulphonate) (PV-SO3 &minus / ) and nanostructured polystyrene (PSNP) latex beads functionalized with amine (PSNP-NH2) and sulphate (PSNP-OSO3 &minus / ) were prepared and characterised for use as nitrite electro-catalytic chemosensors and ochratoxin A immunosensors. The resultant polyaniline electrocatalytic chemosensors (PANI, PANI|PSNP-NH2 or PANI|PSNP-OSO3 &minus / ) were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Brown-Anson analysis of the multi-scan rate CV responses of the various PANI films gave surface concentrations in the order of 10&minus / 8 mol/cm. UV-vis spectra of the PANI films dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide showed typical strong absorbance maxima at 480 and 740 nm associated with benzenoid p-p* transition and quinoid excitons of polyaniline, respectively. The SEM images of the PANI nanocomposite films showed cauliflower-like structures that were &lt / 100 nm in diameter. When applied as electrochemical nitrite sensors, sensitivity values of 60, 40 and 30 &mu / A/mM with corresponding limits of detection of 7.4, 9.2 and 38.2 &mu / M NO2 &minus / , were obtained for electrodes, PANI|PSNP-NH2, PANI and PANI|PSNP-SO3 &minus / , respectively. Immobilisation of ochratoxin A antibody onto PANI|PSNP-NH2, PANI and PANI|PSNPSO3 - resulted in the fabrication of immunosensors.</p>

L’objectif principal du présent mémoire est d’observer le processus de traduction d’un texte de nature juridique mis en oeuvre par deux groupes d’étudiants, cinq étudiants inscrits au baccalauréat en traduction et quatre inscrits au baccalauréat en droit. Tout d’abord, nous analyserons les différences qui existent entre les deux groupes dans leur utilisation des ouvrages de référence. Nous observerons entre autres la diversité générale des ouvrages consultés et la connaissance antérieure des ouvrages papier, la répartition par type d’ouvrages (dictionnaire bilingue, monolingue ou autres), la répartition par support d’ouvrages (électronique ou papier), l’utilisation des correcteurs, l’intensité des recherches effectuées et, finalement, le premier ouvrage consulté selon le type et le support. Ces données seront recueillies grâce à la méthode de verbalisation à voix haute et à l’enregistrement de l’écran d’ordinateur, au moyen du logiciel WebEx. Ensuite, nous évaluerons la qualité des traductions en faisant une distinction entre deux types d’erreurs, soit les erreurs de traduction et les erreurs de langue. Nous tenterons par la suite d’établir des liens entre l’utilisation des ouvrages de référence et la qualité des traductions. Nous observerons que les deux groupes utilisent les ouvrages de référence différemment et que les traducteurs ont semblé mieux outillés que les juristes pour remettre une traduction de qualité. / The main goal of this paper is to observe the translation process of a legal text translated by two groups of students: five undergraduate students in translation, and four in the LLB. First, we analyze the differences between the two groups in their use of reference material. Among other aspects, we observe the overall diversity of reference material consulted and previous knowledge of paper reference material, its use by type (bilingual dictionary, monolingual or others), by media (electronic or paper), the use of spellcheckers, the intensity of research and, finally, the first reference material consulted by type and support. These data were collected by using the think-aloud method and by recording the computer screen with a screen recording software: WebEx. Then, we evaluate the quality of the translations by distinguishing between two types of errors, translation errors and language errors. We then try to establish links between the use of reference material and translation quality. We observed that the two groups used reference material differently and that the translators seemed better equipped than the lawyers to deliver a better translation.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:51:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 738414 bytes, checksum: 553ba8cf81504abac249e2eb5a629a5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use of Reference Material (RM) in microbiological food analyses increased around the world, mainly with the introduction of quality control and management programs in laboratories. The necessity of the standardization of analysis methods makes the demand for this type of material increase which allows the determination of precision and repeatability of the experimental data. This study aimed to prepare microbiological RMs for quantitative and qualitative analyses of Salmonella, to evaluate the homogeneity and stability of the material during storage time and to compare the sensitivity of the Salmonella detection methods. The study was performed in two stages. The first with RM containing approximately 103 CFU/ g of Salmonella cells, submitted or not to starvation and storage conditions, up until 240 days, at -20 °C. The second stage consisted of the RM preparation containing approximately 10 CFU/ g for comparison of the methodology sensibility of Salmonella detection in food. The RM homogeneity and stability containing approximately 103 CFU/ g was evaluated through the T1 statistical test, analysis of linear regression and proficiency test, while the RM performed with a low number of Salmonella cells was evaluated by the T2 statistical test and by the Epiinfo program of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) of the USA for the evaluation of the detection methods of Salmonella in this material. The T1 statistical test for the RM prepared with 103 CFU/ g demonstrated superior values to the recommended ones for this type of material, which indicated the necessity for new studies for the improvement of the Salmonella resistance to the dehydration and storage conditions. However, the same material presented itself homogeneous in the proficiency test performed by three different laboratories, when the &#963;p value was obtained until 25 % as recommended by the Food Examination Performance Assessment Scheme (FEPAS) of the United Kingdom. In the linear regression analysis, no significant difference was noted between the RMs produced with and without stressed cells, in spite of the decline tendency of the number of Salmonella cells in the material made without stressed cells being obvious after 240 storage days at -20 °C. For the RM prepared with 10 CFU/ g, the T2 statistical test presented acceptable results, after 60 storage days at 4 °C. One gram servings of this RM were evaluated by three analytical methodologies which included the conventional method, the immunoanalytical method VIDAS® and automated PCR, by the BAX system. The results were consistent in all the analyzed samples in the first two methods, with a Kappa rate equal to 1. The PCR method presented an agreement in approximately 95 % to the conventional methodology, with a Kappa rate equal to 0.64. False-negative results were observed in 5% of the analyzed samples, when the PCR method was used. However, this result does not compromise the technique sensibility. This study demonstrated advantages of the quick methodology use of Salmonella detection in food, which offers, besides greater speed and practicality forgetting results, similar sensitivity to the conventional method recommended by Brazil´s Ministry of Agriculture. / A utilização de Material de Referência (MR) na análise microbiológica de alimentos aumentou em todo o mundo, principalmente com a implantação de programas de controle e gestão da qualidade em laboratórios. A necessidade de padronização de métodos de análise faz aumentar a demanda por este tipo de material que permite determinar a precisão e repetibilidade dos dados experimentais. Este estudo teve como objetivo preparar MRs microbiológicos para análises quantitativa e qualitativa de Salmonella, avaliar a homogeneidade e estabilidade ao longo do tempo de estocagem e comparar a sensibilidade dos métodos de detecção de Salmonella. O estudo foi conduzido em duas etapas, a primeira com MR contendo, aproximadamente, 103 UFC/ g de células de Salmonella, submetidas ou não a condições de estresse nutricional e estocadas, por até 240 dias, a -20 °C. A segunda etapa consistiu no preparo de MR contendo, aproximadamente, 10 UFC/ g para comparação da sensibilidade das metodologias de detecção de Salmonella em alimentos. A homogeneidade e a estabilidade do MR contendo, aproximadamente, 103 UFC/ g foram avaliadas por meio do teste estatístico de T1, análise de regressão linear e ensaio de proficiência, enquanto que o MR feito com baixo número de células de Salmonella foi avaliado pelo teste estatístico de T2 e por meio do programa Epiinfo do Centro de Prevenção e Controle de Doenças dos EUA (CDC) para avaliação dos métodos de detecção de Salmonella neste material. O teste estatístico de T1 para o MR preparado com 103 UFC/ g demonstrou valores superiores aos recomendados para este tipo de material, o que indicou a necessidade de realização de novos estudos para melhoria da resistência de Salmonella às condições de desidratação e de estocagem. No entanto, o mesmo material apresentou-se homogêneo no ensaio de proficiência realizado por três diferentes laboratórios, obtendo-se o valor de &#963;p de até 25 % como recomendado pelo Esquema de Avaliação de Desempenho na Análise de Alimentos do Reino Unido (FEPAS). Na análise de regressão linear constatou-se não haver diferença significativa entre os MRs produzidos com e sem células estressadas, apesar de ter sido evidente a tendência de declínio do número de células de Salmonella no material feito sem células estressadas, após 240 dias de estocagem a -20 °C. Para o MR preparado com 10 UFC/ g, o teste estatístico de T2 evidenciou resultados aceitáveis, após 60 dias de estocagem a 4 °C. Porções de 1 g deste MR foram avaliadas por três metodologias analíticas que incluíram o método convencional, o método imunoanalítico VIDAS® e PCR automatizado, pelo sistema BAX. Os resultados foram concordantes em todas as amostras analisadas nos dois primeiros métodos, com índice de Kappa igual a 1. O método de PCR apresentou concordância em aproximadamente 95 % com a metodologia convencional, com índice de Kappa igual a 0,64. Resultados falso-negativos foram observados em 5 % das amostras analisadas, quando utilizado o método de PCR, no entanto, este resultado não compromete a sensibilidade da técnica. Neste trabalho foram destacadas as vantagens do uso de metodologias rápidas de detecção de Salmonella em alimentos, que oferecem além de maior rapidez e praticidade para obtenção dos resultados, sensibilidade semelhante ao método convencional recomendado pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento do Brasil.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Immunosensors are affinity ligand-based biosensor solid-state devices in which the immunochemical reaction is coupled to a transducer. The specificity of the molecular recognition of antigens by antibodies to form a stable complex is the basis of the immunosensor on the electrode. The development of such a sensor requires a better design and preparation of an optimum interface between the biomolecules and the detector material. The immunosensors were developed based on Polyaniline derivative composite. Novel water soluble PdTe quantum dots (QD) was synthesized and characterized by different physical techniques such as UV-Visible (UV-VIS), Fluorescence Spectroscopy (PL), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The electroactivity of such synthesized quantum dots was studied by cyclic voltammetry in aqueous media. The synthesis of poly(2,5- dimethoxyaniline)-multi wall 'carbon nanotubes nanocomposite was carried out by electropolymerization in situ of 2,5-dimethoxyaniline - multi wall carbon nanotubes (PDMA-MWCNT) from aqueous dispersion containing acid-treated multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and 2,5-dimethoxyaniline subsequently modifying a glassy carbon electrode in acid media. An undoped PDMA was also prepared for control. The composite for this work, consists of layer-by-layer method to form a multilayer film of QDs and PDMA-MWCNT. The method used was as follows; the drop coating of quantum dots followed by electrodeposition of poly(2,5- dimethoxyaniline )-carbon nanotubes onto surface of glassy carbon. The PDMA-CNT was characterized by UV-Visible (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical characterisation of PDMA-CNT was carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The composite (QDs-PDMA-MWCNT) was also characterized using above mentioned techniques. The electrochemical immunosensor for fumonisin a mycotoxin was prepared by dropcoating of mycotoxins antibody onto the composite modified glassy carbon electrode. The response profiles of fumonisins sensors system were obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The fumonisin immunosensor was used for the detection of fumonisins in certified com reference materials. For comparison reasons, analysis of such mycotoxins was carried out by using conventional analytical method enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The EIS response of FBI immunosensor (GCEIPT-PDMA-MWCNT/anti-Fms-BSA) gave a linear range of 7 to 49 ng L-I and the corresponding sensitivity and detection limits were 0.0162 ka L ng-I and 0.46 pg L-I, respectively. Hence the limit of detection of GCEIPT-PDMA-MWCNT immunosensor for fumonisins in com certified material was calculated to 0.014 and 0.011 ppm for FBI, and FB2 and FB3, respectively. These results are lower than those obtained by ELISA, a provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) for fumonisins (the sum of FBI, FB2, and FB3) established by the Joint FAO / WHO expert committee on food additives and contaminants of 2 ug kg" and the maximum level recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for protection of human consumption (2-4 mg L-I).

[pt] A participação de laboratórios clínicos em programas de ensaio de proficiência é uma importante ferramenta para gestão da qualidade. A maior parte das avaliações de desempenho de laboratórios clínicos por ensaio de proficiência se realiza com base no critério Z-Score, cujo valor designado é o consenso de resultados obtidos pelos participantes da rodada de proficiência, que é fortemente dependente da qualidade dos sistemas analíticos dos participantes. Utilizando uma base de dados fornecida por um provedor de ensaios de proficiência acreditado pelo INMETRO, este trabalho compara o desempenho de critérios para a avaliação da proficiência de laboratórios clínicos para medição de glicose. Consideraram-se não só critérios comumente utilizados, mas também novos critérios propostos que independem do consenso, baseados apenas em parâmetros associados ao valor designado pelo material de referência. As discrepâncias de classificação de desempenho dos laboratórios em função dos critérios de avaliação empregados indicaram inadequações da classificação baseada em critérios com parâmetros afetados pelo consenso entre participantes. O estudo também permitiu caracterizar o desempenho dos sistemas analíticos empregados pelos participantes, evidenciando-se uma discrepância significativa entre seus resultados. Os resultados do presente trabalho possibilitam analisar o impacto dos critérios utilizados no ensaio de proficiência para a adequada avaliação do desempenho dos laboratórios, contribuindo, assim, para a garantia da confiabilidade dos diagnósticos clínicos e condutas terapêuticas. / [en] The participation of clinical laboratories in proficiency testing programs is an important tool for quality management. Most evaluations of clinical laboratory performance by proficiency testing are carried out based on the Z-Score criterion; whose assigned value is the consensus of results obtained by the participants of the round, which is heavily dependent on the quality of analytical systems of participants. Using a database provided by a proficiency testing provider accredited by INMETRO, this paper compares the performance of criteria for the assessment of proficiency of clinical laboratories for measuring glucose. The analysis considered not only commonly used criteria, but also new proposed criteria that are independent of the consensus effect, based only on parameters associated with the assigned value defined by the reference material. The observed discrepancies in the performance rating of laboratories, according to the evaluation criteria employed, allowed the evidencing of inadequacies in the classifications based on criteria using parameters affected by the consensus among participants. The study also characterized the performance of analytical systems employed by the laboratories, evidencing a significant discrepancy between the results its. The present work allowed a better understanding of the impact of criteria applied in proficiency testing programs on the adequacy of evaluation of laboratories performance, thus contributing to ensuring the reliability of clinical diagnostics and therapeutical procedures.

O Brasil é atualmente um dos maiores contribuintes de produtos agrícolas do cenário mundial, em 2010 um quarto dos produtos agropecuários em circulação no mundo eram de exportação brasileira. Com o grande desenvolvimento agropecuário, a demanda por materiais de reposição nutricional de solo, como fertilizantes, cresceu na mesma proporção que a necessidade pelo controle da qualidade desses materiais. Este controle tem sido feito em laboratórios que operam de acordo com sistemas de gestão da qualidade, os quais fornecem ferramentas e procedimentos que permitem ao laboratório gerenciar e controlar todos os fatores que possam afetar a qualidade de suas analise, sendo os materiais de referência certificados primordiais para estes sistemas de gestão. Os MR ou MRCs (material de referência certificado) são materiais conhecidos por serem suficientemente homogêneos e estáveis e que trazem em seus certificados os valores de suas propriedades e suas incertezas associadas garantindo sua rastreabilidade metrológica. Neste projeto foi desenvolvido um material de referência para fertilizantes, em parceria com o Laboratório de fiscalização do ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento, MAPA (LANAGRO). Foram fornecidos 6 Kg de fertilizante mineral de utilização via solo, o qual foi processado de modo a se tornar um material de referência (verificação de tamanho de partícula através de peneiras, homogeneização do material e sua posterior divisão e envase) esse material foi distribuído aos laboratórios participantes do interlaboratorial organizado pelo LANAGRO. O material foi avaliado para homogeneidade onde foi determinado que o material se encontra homogêneo. Foi realizado um estudo de estabilidade para os elementos: Calcio, cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco. Onde observou-se que todos os elementos se encontraram com estabilidade aceitável. A caracterização foi realizada através de um estudo interlaboratorial organizado pelo LANAGRO - SP contando com a participação de 13 laboratórios, que analisaram 2 amostras do material em triplicata. Os resultados fornecidos pelos laboratórios foram analisados estatisticamente de forma a fornecer os resultados de concentração esperada para os elementos: Calcio, cádmio, cobalto, cobre, cromo, chumbo, ferro, magnésio, manganês, molibdênio, níquel e zinco. A incerteza associada a cada elemento de interesse foi determinada e ao final foi produzido um material de referência com os elementos cálcio, cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco certificados e contendo os restantes dos analitos como elementos de referência. Foi realizada a publicação de um artigo de revisão na revista Trends in Analytical Chemistry intitulado \"Trends in development of certified reference materials for chemical analysis - Focus on food, water, soil and sediment matrices\" / Brazil is one of the largest contributors of agricultural products in the world, in 2010 a quarter of the world\'s agricultural products were of the Brazilian export market. With the great agricultural development, the demand for soil nutritional replacement materials, as fertilizers, grew in the same proportion as the need to control the quality of these materials. This control its been done in laboratories that work according to quality management systems, which offer tools and procedures that allow the laboratory to manage and control all factors that may affect the quality of its analysis. Reference materials or certified reference materials are essential for these management systems. MR or MRC\'s (certified reference material) are materials known to be sufficiently homogeneous and stable that carry in their certificates the values of their properties and their associated uncertainties, ensuring their metrological traceability. In this project, a reference material for fertilizers was developed in partnership with the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, MAPA (LANAGRO). 6 kg of mineral fertilizer was provided, which was processed to become a reference material (particle size verification through sieves, homogenization of the material and its subsequent division and packaging). these materials were distributed to the laboratories participating in the interlaboratorial organized by LANAGRO. The material was evaluated for homogeneity where it was determined that the material is homogeneous. A stability study was carried out for the elements: calcium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc. It was observed that all the elements met an acceptable stability. The characterization was performed through an interlaboratorial study organized by LANAGRO - SP with the participation of 13 laboratories, which analyzed 2 samples of the material in triplicate. The results provided by the laboratories were statistically analyzed to provide the expected concentration results for the elements: Calcium, cadmium, cobalt, copper, chromium, lead, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel and zinc. The uncertainty associated with each element of interest was determined and at the end a reference material with certified calcium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc elements was produced and the remainder of the analytes contained as reference elements. A review article was published in the journal Trends in Analytical Chemistry titled \"Trends in development of certified reference materials for chemical analysis - Focus on food, water, soil and sediment matrices\"

Obwohl Wasserstoff omnipräsent ist, ist seine Analytik anspruchsvoll und es stehen nur wenige analytische Verfahren zur Auswahl. Unter diesen nimmt die auf einer Kernreaktion von Wasserstoff und Stickstoff basierende N-15-Methode einen herausragenden Platz ein. Sie liefert eine ortsaufgelöste Wasserstoffkonzentration bis in den ppm-Bereich in oberflächennahen Schichten (kleiner 2 µm). Gegenstand der Arbeit sind die Darstellung der Theorie der N-15-Kernreaktionsanalyse (NRA), des experimentellen Aufbaus des entsprechenden Strahlrohrs am Ionenbeschleuniger der BAM und der Auswertung der Messergebnisse. Ziel ist die erstmalige Charakterisierung eines Referenzmaterials für die H-Analytik auf Basis von amorphen Silizium (aSi) auf einem Si[100]-Substrat. International wird von den metrologischen Instituten NIST [REE90] und IRMM [VAN87] je ein Referenzmaterial für die Heißextraktion in Form von Titanplättchen angeboten. Diese sind aber für die oberflächennahen Verfahren (NRA, ERDA, GDOES, SIMS) nicht nutzbar, da die oberflächennahe Konzentration von Wasserstoff in Titan nicht konstant ist. Die Homogenität der mittels CVD abgeschiedenen aSi:H-Schichten wurde untersucht. Dazu wurden pro Substrat für ca. 30 Proben die Wasserstofftiefenprofile gemessen, mittels eines innerhalb der Arbeit entstandenen Programms entfaltet und der statischen Auswertung unterzogen. Das Ergebnis waren Mittelwert und Standardabweichung der Wasserstoffkonzentration, sowie ein Schätzer für den Beitrag der Inhomogenität zur Meßunsicherheit. Die Stabilität des potentiellen Referenzmaterials wurde durch die Konstanz der Ergebnisse von Wiederholtungsmessungen der Wasserstoffkonzentrtion während der Applikation einer hohen Dosis von N-15 Ionen bewiesen. In einem internationalen Ringversuch wurde die Rückführbarkeit der Messergebnisse nachgewiesen. Teilnehmer waren 13 Labore aus 7 Ländern. Eingesetzt wurden N-15 und F-19 NRA, ERDA und SIMS. Besonderer Beachtung wurde der Bestimmung der Messunsicherheiten gewidmet. Für die Charakterisierung der aSi:H-Schichten wurden neben der NRA die Weißlichtinterferometrie, Ellipsometrie, Profilometrie und Röngenreflektometrie, sowie die IR- und Ramanspektroskopie genutzt. Die Stöchiometrie des eingesetzten Standardmaterials Kapton wurde mittels NMR-Spekroskopie und CHN-Analyse überprüft. [VAN87] Vandendriessche, S., Marchandise, H., Vandecasteele, C., The certification of hydrogen in titanium CRM No318, Brüssel-Luxembourg,1987 [REE90] Reed, W.P., Certificate of Analysis SRM 352c, Gaithersburg, NIST, 1990