Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:48:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dalarmegimenez_a_me_sjrp.pdf: 444004 bytes, checksum: 2a31269403a653a8b2801e85d0d3954e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho estuda a relação entre a modificação sintática mediante o uso de orações relativas e de adjetivos e a organização morfossintática das línguas da amostra no que se refere às classes de palavras, com o intuito de conduzir a uma generalização tipológica. A hipótese que se investiga é a da possível correlação entre ausência de adjetivo como classe de palavra e ausência de oração relativa como construção a serviço da modificação nominal. A principal consequência dessa correspondência é a de o nome assumir a função modificadora do adjetivo e a construção nominalizada, a função modificadora da oração relativa. Assim, duas situações alternativas são investigadas nesta pesquisa, já que parece tanto improvável que uma língua empregue uma estratégia de relativização diferente de nominalização quando ela não dispõe de adjetivos enquanto classe morfológica como provável a situação inversa, em que a ausência de adjetivos é suprida por uma oração relativa no papel de modificador nominal. Para a realização deste trabalho, adota-se o enfoque funcional, essencialmente empírico, e os dados coletados são analisados por meio de comparação translinguística. O levantamento dos dados foi realizado em duas etapas: a primeira se refere à descrição da oração relativa em cada língua indígena, destacando a estratégia de relativização empregada por ela; e a segunda, à descrição das classes de palavra nessas línguas, especialmente a dos adjetivos e a dos advérbios, posições sintaticamente mais complexas. Por se tratar de uma investigação de cunho tipológico, o corpus de análise deve ser representativo, ou seja, as línguas que o compõem devem ser distantes genética, geográfica e tipologicamente. O corpus deste trabalho é composto por 30 línguas indígenas, previamente descritas em gramáticas, teses ou em outros... / This paper studies both the relationship between syntactic modification through the use of relative clauses and adjectives and the morphosyntactic organization of the sample languages with respect to parts of speech, in order to lead to a typological generalization. In this sense, the hypothesis under investigation is the possible correlation between the absence of the adjective as a word class and the absence of relative clauses as a construction for the nominal modification. The main consequence of this correspondence is that the noun assumes the modifier function of the adjective and that the nominalized construction assumes the modifier function of the relative clause. Thus, two alternative scenarios are investigated in this research, since it seems unlikely that a language employs a strategy of relativization different from the nominalization one when it does not have adjectives as a morphological class as likely the reverse situation, in which the absence of adjectives is supplied by a relative clause on the role of a nominal modifier. For this work, we adopt the functional approach, essentially empirical, in which data is collected by means of translingual comparison. The data collection was conducted in two stages: the first refers to the description of the relative clause in every Indian language, highlighting the strategy of relativization employed by it; and the second refers to the description of word classes in these languages, especially adjectives and adverbs, which take positions that are syntactically more complex. Because this is a typological investigation, the corpus of analysis must be representative, i.e. the languages under investigation must be genetically, geographically and typologically distant. The corpus of this work consists of 30 indigenous languages, previously described in grammar books, theses or in other descriptive materials such as manuals... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Cette thèse a pour objet la proposition relative dans les textes littéraires du Moyen Âge français. Partant de l’hypothèse que ses emplois, en particulier dans la chanson de geste où elle apparaît comme formule, sont subordonnés, dans une certaine mesure du moins, au contexte situationnel de l’énonciation in praesentia (ou la profération) des textes au cours de la période médiévale, nous observons ses autres emplois, dans d’autres genres également, pour éprouver l’utilité de l’approche pragmatico-énonciative appliquée à des problèmes d’ordre essentiellement syntaxique. Le résultat principal de cette étude est d’avoir montré que la combinaison de l’approche pragmatico-énonciative avec l’approche sémantico-syntaxique traditionnelle est susceptible d’apporter des éclaircissements importants sur les formes et le fonctionnement de constructions syntaxiques qui n’ont apparemment pas trait à des faits discursifs et qui se situent dans un état de langue ancien. / This thesis has as its subject the relative clause in the literary texts of the French Middle Ages. Setting forth from the hypothesis that the clause’s uses, in particular in the chanson de geste where it appears as formula, are subordinated, at least to a certain degree, to the situational context of enunciation in praesentia (or of vocalisation) of the texts during the medieval period, we examine its other uses, in other genres as well, in order to test the usefulness of the pragmatic-enunciative approach when applied to issues that are essentially syntactic. As main outcome of this investigation we proved that combining the pragmatic-enunciative approach with the semantic-syntactic one could lead to important clarifications regarding form and functioning of syntactic constructions which have no apparent relation to discursive factors and pertain to an older state of language.

Cette thèse porte sur les différents facteurs impliqués dans le traitement des relatives, notamment le traitement des relatives sujet et objet ainsi que celui de l’attachement des relatives sujet. En prenant appui sur les approches multifactorielles, (Trueswell et Tanenhaus, 1994 ; Spivey et Tanenhaus, 1998), j’insiste sur l’insuffisance de l’approche monofactorielle souvent adoptée dans l’analyse du traitement des relatives, et je mets en avant le rôle des propriétés fines des langues. Je propose alors dans cette thèse de dépasser les notions de langue avec un avantage pour la relative sujet ou objet, ou avec une préférence avec attachement haut ou bas.Je présente d’abord les ressemblances et différences des propriétés des relatives dans les quatre langues étudiées : l’anglais, le cantonais, le français et le mandarin. Cette description permet de mieux appréhender leur rôle dans le traitement, notamment pour comprendre les différences constatées dans les expériences entre les langues.Je me concentre ensuite dans les deux Parties suivantes sur l’interaction entre des facteurs principalement syntaxiques, cognitifs et grammaticaux en jeu dans le traitement des relatives, avec des expériences de jugements d’acceptabilité et de mouvements oculaires avec le paradigme monde visuel (relatives sujet et objet dans les quatre langues étudiées, et attachement en anglais et en français). Je poursuis par une réflexion sur l’approche multifactorielle en tenant compte des facteurs liés aux domaines sémantique et pragmatique. Pour cela, j’observe le traitement des relatives sujet et objet en français et en anglais dans une étude de corpus, des expériences de jugements d’acceptabilité, de lecture par autoprésentation segmentée, et de mouvements oculaires en lecture. Enfin, pour élargir les facteurs en jeu dans le traitement des relatives au-delà du domaine linguistique, je montre l’influence d’un domaine non linguistique (amorçage mathématique) sur le domaine linguistique (attachement) en français avec des expériences de choix restreints, et de mouvements oculaires avec le paradigme monde visuel. / The present dissertation focuses on the factors implied in relative clause processing, mainly subject/object relative clauses and relative clause attachment. Based on previous multifactorial approaches (Trueswell et Tanenhaus, 1994; Spivey et Tanenhaus, 1998), I show that the usual monofactorial way of thinking about processing is inadequate and that fine-grained language properties should also be taken into account. I propose to go beyond the notion of subject/object languages or high/low attachment languages. I present the relative clause properties in four languages (English, Mandarin, Cantonese and French). This description is necessary to grasp their influence in processing, especially the differences observed across languages in experiments. Based on the linguistic description, I look at the interaction between cognitive, syntactic and grammatical factors in relative clause processing. I present acceptability judgment tasks and visual world eye-tracking experiments in order to analyse subject/object relatives in the four languages, and relative clause attachment in English and French. In line with the multifactorial approach, I analyse the influence of semantics and pragmatics in relative clause processing, especially in French and English. For that, I show a corpus study, acceptability judgment and self-paced reading tasks and eye-tracking while reading experiments. Finally, to broaden the perspective beyond the linguistic domain, I show the influence of other non-linguistic factors on relative clause processing, by presenting visual world eye-tracking and forced choice experiments about the influence of mathematical priming on relative clause attachment in French.

This thesis deals with a comparison of relative clauses in Czech and Spain language. The first part is devoted to the theoretical definition of the term "relative clause" in both languages and their comparison. In the second part the author performed a linguistic analysis of the Czech and Spanish comparable text with focuse on identification of the grammatical phenomena described in the theoretical part. This thesis is written in Czech language and includes a summary in Spanish.

Orientador: Roberto Gomes Camacho / Banca: Angel Humberto Cobera Mori / Banca: Giseli Cássia de Sousa / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a atuação de restrições de ordem semântica ao lado das de ordem sintática para a determinação do processo de formação de orações relativas, em busca de evidências que confirmem a revisão da Hierarquia de Acessibilidade (HA) de Keenan e Comrie (1977) proposta por Dik (1997). As críticas à HA de Keenan e Comrie (1977) dizem respeito tanto a razões empíricas - pelo fato de que em algumas línguas não há nenhuma forma de se construir orações relativas; quanto a razões teóricas - pelo fato de as funções sintáticas não serem relevantes para todas as línguas do mundo. O corpus deste trabalho é composto por 30 línguas indígenas brasileiras e conta com descrições previamente feitas, como gramáticas, teses e outros tipos de manuais descritivos. Os dados coletados por este trabalho confirmam a hipótese de que é necessária uma revisão da HA. As lacunas na HA dizem respeito, principalmente, à função de Objeto Indireto. Para várias das línguas investigadas, essa função sintática não está acessível à relativização, mas outras funções, mais baixas na hierarquia do que essa, podem ser relativizadas, contrariando a HA de Keenan e Comrie (1977). Ao se analisarem as funções semânticas relativizadas, concluiu-se que as funções de Recipiente, Locativo e Tempo têm o mesmo estatuto nas línguas, hipótese confirmada pela teoria da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional. Em consequência disso, propomos neste trabalho uma outra hierarquia, baseada em critérios sintáticos e semânticos. Além disso, a nominalização desponta, neste trabalho, como a estratégia de relativização mais recorrente, apesar de não ser aceita como estratégia legítima para alguns autores de orientação formalista / Abstract: This study aims at investigating the role of semantic and syntactic constraints to determine the process of relative clauses formation, in search of evidence that confirms the revision of the Accessibility Hierarchy (AH), by Keenan and Comrie (1977), proposed by Dik (1997). The criticism to the HA, by Keenan and Comrie (1977), concern both empirical reasons (the fact that there are languages that do not have any type of relative construction) and theoretical reasons (the fact that the authors take syntactic categories as universal without mentioning any theory that defines them and without taking into account that there are languages for which these functions are not relevant). The corpus of this work consists of 30 Brazilian indigenous languages and includes descriptions made previously, such as grammar books, theses and other types of descriptive manuals. Data collected by this study confirm the hypothesis that a review is needed for AH. Gaps in the AH relate mainly to the function of Indirect Object. For many languages, such function is not accessible to relativization, but other functions, lower in the hierarchy, can be relativized. When analyzing the relativized semantic functions, it was concluded that the semantic functions of Recipient, Locative and Time have the same status in the languages, a hypothesis that is also confirmed by the theory of Functional Discourse Grammar. In addition, in this study, nominalization happens to be the most recurrent strategy of relativization, although it is not accepted as a legitimate strategy for some more formalistic authors / Mestre

Orientador: Roberto Gomes Camacho / Banca: Angel Humberto Corbera Mori / Banca: Sandra Denise Gasparini Bastos / Resumo: Este trabalho estuda a relação entre a modificação sintática mediante o uso de orações relativas e de adjetivos e a organização morfossintática das línguas da amostra no que se refere às classes de palavras, com o intuito de conduzir a uma generalização tipológica. A hipótese que se investiga é a da possível correlação entre ausência de adjetivo como classe de palavra e ausência de oração relativa como construção a serviço da modificação nominal. A principal consequência dessa correspondência é a de o nome assumir a função modificadora do adjetivo e a construção nominalizada, a função modificadora da oração relativa. Assim, duas situações alternativas são investigadas nesta pesquisa, já que parece tanto improvável que uma língua empregue uma estratégia de relativização diferente de nominalização quando ela não dispõe de adjetivos enquanto classe morfológica como provável a situação inversa, em que a ausência de adjetivos é suprida por uma oração relativa no papel de modificador nominal. Para a realização deste trabalho, adota-se o enfoque funcional, essencialmente empírico, e os dados coletados são analisados por meio de comparação translinguística. O levantamento dos dados foi realizado em duas etapas: a primeira se refere à descrição da oração relativa em cada língua indígena, destacando a estratégia de relativização empregada por ela; e a segunda, à descrição das classes de palavra nessas línguas, especialmente a dos adjetivos e a dos advérbios, posições sintaticamente mais complexas. Por se tratar de uma investigação de cunho tipológico, o corpus de análise deve ser representativo, ou seja, as línguas que o compõem devem ser distantes genética, geográfica e tipologicamente. O corpus deste trabalho é composto por 30 línguas indígenas, previamente descritas em gramáticas, teses ou em outros... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This paper studies both the relationship between syntactic modification through the use of relative clauses and adjectives and the morphosyntactic organization of the sample languages with respect to parts of speech, in order to lead to a typological generalization. In this sense, the hypothesis under investigation is the possible correlation between the absence of the adjective as a word class and the absence of relative clauses as a construction for the nominal modification. The main consequence of this correspondence is that the noun assumes the modifier function of the adjective and that the nominalized construction assumes the modifier function of the relative clause. Thus, two alternative scenarios are investigated in this research, since it seems unlikely that a language employs a strategy of relativization different from the nominalization one when it does not have adjectives as a morphological class as likely the reverse situation, in which the absence of adjectives is supplied by a relative clause on the role of a nominal modifier. For this work, we adopt the functional approach, essentially empirical, in which data is collected by means of translingual comparison. The data collection was conducted in two stages: the first refers to the description of the relative clause in every Indian language, highlighting the strategy of relativization employed by it; and the second refers to the description of word classes in these languages, especially adjectives and adverbs, which take positions that are syntactically more complex. Because this is a typological investigation, the corpus of analysis must be representative, i.e. the languages under investigation must be genetically, geographically and typologically distant. The corpus of this work consists of 30 indigenous languages, previously described in grammar books, theses or in other descriptive materials such as manuals... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Notre étude porte sur la proposition relative prénominale (Prpré), dans le cadre de la typologique et du modèle minimaliste de la grammaire générative. Le premier chapitre pose pour objets principaux de définir la proposition relaive (PR) et d’établir trois typologies concernant la PR. Le deuxième chapitre spécifie la PRpré et les langues à PRpré. Nous restreindrons notre étude aux langues à PRpré première. Nous resituons ces langues dans leur répartition géographique et leur affiliation linguistique pour montrer que les facteurs géographiques et génériques ne peuvent pas rendre compte de la PRpré. Le troisième chapitre expose en détail les analyses théoriques générativistes sur la PR et rend compte de la possibilité de les intégrer dans le programme minimaliste. Le quatrième chapitre est consacré, dans la première partie, à analyser la PRpré dans une perspective minimaliste suivant Kayne (1994). Nous tentons de proposer des dérivations permettant de linéariser correctement les éléments suivants dans le SD de la PRpré : article défini, démonstratif, PR, relativiseur et nom tête. Le syntagme [SD SDem [D° [SC SN [C° [SI tSN]]]]] sert de base pour les différentes dérivations générant les 16 linéarités des éléments dans SD repérées dans les langues à PRpré. Ensuite, nous analysons les effets de reconstruction en suivant Bianchi (2004). Nous adopterons l’idée de "case-stacking" de Pesetsky (2009a et 2009b) pour le conflit casuel/Casuel et aussi pour le trou syntaxique et l’idée de Boeckx (2003) pour le pronom résomptif. Dans la deuxième section, nous présenterons l’analyse de Cinque (2003/8) pour la PRpré. Le cinquième chapitre expose les caractéristiques typologiques non-intrinsèques de la PRpré. / This study concerns the prenominal relative clause in the framework of typology and of the Minimalist model of Generative Grammar. The first chapter defines the relative clause and establishes three typologies on relative clauses. The second chapter specifies what are "prenominal relative clause" and "primary prenominal relative clause languages". These languages are presented according to their geographic distribution and linguistic affiliation, but the geographic and genetic factors cannot analyze properly the prenominal relative clause, because it can be better analyzed according to its typological properties. The third chapter exposes in detail the generative analyses on relative clauses, i.e. Head External Analysis, Head Raising Analysis and Matching Analysis, and discusses how they can be integrated into the Minimalist Program. The fourth chapter analyzes the prenominal relative clause in the Minimalist framework according to Kayne (1994). It is shown how the following elements in the DP of the prenominal relative clause can be correctly linearized, i.e. definite article, demonstrative, relative clause, relativizer and head noun. The basic structure is [DP DemP [D° [CP NP [C° [IP tNP]]]]]. It can derive the 16 linear orders found in prenominal relative clause languages. The reconstruction effect is analyzed according to Bianchi (2004), the case/Case conflict and the gaps according to Pesetsky (2009a & 2009b) and the resumptive pronoun according to Boeckx (2003). In the last section, another analysis, i.e. Cinque (2003/8), is applied to the prenominal relative clauses. The fifth chapter talks about non-intrinsic typological properties of the prenominal relative clause.

Ce mémoire porte sur l’implémentation des propositions relatives en français dans le réalisateur profond multilingue GenDR. Les réalisateurs de surface (SimpleNLG, JSReal ou RealPro) génèrent des propositions relatives, mais dans les réalisateurs profonds (MARQUIS, Forge ou GenDR) cette génération reste rudimentaire. Dans un corpus français de 21 461 phrases, 4505 contiennent une relative, soit environ une phrase sur cinq. Il s’agit donc d’un phénomène linguistique important que GenDR devrait couvrir. Notre cadre théorique est la théorie Sens-Texte. Les propositions relatives se situent au niveau de l’interface sémantique-syntaxe. Nous présentons une typologie des propositions relatives. Nous définissons la relative et elle est divisée en deux grandes catégories : directe et indirecte. La définition des pronoms relatifs se base sur Riegel et al. (2018). Nous avons utilisé GREW, afin d’analyser un corpus du français en SUD. Il y a plus de relatives directes (≈78 %) que d’indirectes (≈22 %). Les pronoms les plus fréquents sont qui (58,8 %), que (13,8%), dont (10,2%) et où (10%), enfin viennent préposition suivie de lequel (5,7%), préposition suivie de qui (0,7 %), lequel (0,4 %), préposition suivie de quoi (0,1 %). Le rôle syntaxique le plus fréquent du nom modifié est objet direct. Puis, nous avons implémenté dans GenDR les règles pour la relative directe, la relative indirecte, et les pronoms relatifs qui, que, dont, préposition suivie de qui et préposition suivie de lequel. Notre implémentation couvre les types de relatives les plus communs en français. Les phénomènes qui nous résistent sont la génération des pronoms lequel, préposition suivie de quoi, où et qui objet, le traitement des verbes modaux et la génération des phrases avec un verbe à l’infinitif après un verbe modal, le traitement des verbes supports et autres collocatifs. Notre implémentation traite le français, mais peut être facilement adaptée à d’autres langues. / This Master’s thesis is about the implementation of French relative clauses in the multilingual deep realizer GenDR. Surface realizers (SimpleNLG, JSReal or RealPro) generate relative clauses, but in deep realizers (MARQUIS, Forge or GenDR) their handling remains rudimentary. In a French corpus of 21,461 sentences, 4,505 contain a relative, i.e. about one in five sentences. Thus, it is a core linguistic phenomenon that should be handled by GenDR. Our theoretical framework is the Meaning-Text theory. Relative clause is relevant in the semantics-syntax interface. We offer a typology of relative clauses. The relative clause is defined, and it is divided into two main categories: direct and indirect. Our definition of relative pronouns is based on Riegel et al. (2018). We used GREW to analyze a French corpus in SUD. There are more direct (≈78%) than indirect (≈22%) relatives. The most frequent pronouns are qui (58.8%), que (13.8%), dont (10.2%) and où (10%), then a preposition followed by lequel (5.7%), a preposition followed by qui (0.7%), lequel (0.4%), and a preposition followed by quoi (0.1%). The most frequent function of the modified noun is direct object. We implemented in GenDR the rules for direct relative, indirect relative, and relative pronouns qui, que, dont, a preposition followed by qui, and a preposition followed by lequel. Our implementation covers the most common types of relatives. The phenomena that are not well handled by our rules are the generation of the pronouns lequel, a preposition followed by quoi, où and object qui, the treatment of modal verbs and the generation of sentences with an infinitive verb after a modal verb, the treatment of support verbs and other collocations. Our implementation is for French, but it can be easily adapted to other languages.

Cette recherche vise à documenter les apprentissages d’élèves du secondaire en situation d’écriture suivant l’expérimentation d’une séquence didactique fondée sur la coopération. Vu le nombre important d’erreurs syntaxiques dans les textes des élèves du secondaire tel que rapporté par le MÉLS (2012), notre séquence didactique cible une structure syntaxique, la phrase subordonnée relative. En plus de causer des difficultés aux apprenants de français notamment dans le choix du pronom relatif, la phrase subordonnée relative est un objet d’enseignement touffu reconnu comme posant des défis nombreux aux enseignants de français à la lumière des travaux du Groupe de recherche pour l’analyse du français enseigné (e.g. Dolz et Schneuwly, 2009a, 2009b). Après avoir décrit la situation d’écriture et la phrase subordonnée relative de manière conceptuelle, nous dégageons des principes issus de la didactique de la grammaire et de la didactique de l’écriture jugés pertinents pour favoriser l’apprentissage de la relative et la mobilisation des connaissances grammaticales en situation d’écriture. Nous intégrons à ces principes un principe innovateur pour la didactique, celui fondé sur la coopération. Développé dans le courant de l’apprentissage coopératif, la coopération est une approche pédagogique visant à structurer le travail en petits groupes afin d’établir une dynamique d’interdépendance positive (Johnson et Johnson, 2009) de manière à induire le déroulement d’interactions verbales entre les élèves montrées comme étant plus fructueuses pour l’apprentissage que celles ayant cours en l’absence de cadre coopératif (e.g. Krol et al., 2004). Suivant une démarche de recherche-action menée conjointement avec une enseignante, la séquence didactique est conçue puis expérimentée auprès de 55 élèves de trois classes de 3e secondaire de Montréal (Canada) de manière à actualiser les principes didactiques retenus. Deux instruments sont utilisés pour documenter les apprentissages des élèves. Le texte vise à documenter l’évolution dans la production des phrases subordonnées relatives, alors que l’entretien métagraphique vise l’évolution des habiletés métalinguistiques en lien avec ces phrases subordonnées relatives. L’analyse des textes collectés au prétest et au posttest (n = 107) montre une diminution significative des erreurs d’emploi du pronom relatif, ainsi qu’une augmentation significative de l’emploi des pronoms relatifs complexes, tels que « dont » et « auquel ». L’analyse des entretiens métagraphiques au prétest et au posttest (n = 34) montre que les élèves recourent davantage aux critères syntaxiques pour expliquer l’emploi du pronom relatif, et qu’ils utilisent significativement plus de métalangage dans leurs explications. Les résultats de cette recherche mettent en lumière l’intérêt d’actualiser en classe de français les principes didactiques retenus, et plus spécifiquement celui innovant de la coopération en vue de réduire les erreurs syntaxiques dans les textes et de développer les habiletés métalinguistiques des élèves. / This research aims to document the learning of grade-nine students in writing situation following the testing of a didactic sequence based on cooperation. Given the large number of syntactic errors in the texts of secondary students as reported by the MELS (2012), our series of courses targets a syntactic structure, the relative clause. In addition to causing problems for learners of French regarding the choice of the relative pronoun in particular, the relative clause is a dense teaching object known for posing many challenges to French teachers according to the work of Groupe de recherche pour l’analyse du français enseigné (e.g. Dolz et Schneuwly, 2009a, 2009b). After describing the writing situation and the relative clause conceptually, we extricate principles from the fields of grammar didactics and writing didactics deemed relevant to foster the learning of the relative clause and the mobilization of grammatical knowledge in writing situation. An innovative principle for teaching is integrated, one based on cooperation. Developed in the field of cooperative learning, cooperation is an educational approach aimed at structuring work in small groups to establish a dynamic of positive interdependence (Johnson and Johnson, 2009) so as to induce the unfolding of verbal interactions between students shown to be more fruitful in terms of learning than those prevailing in the absence of cooperative framework (e.g. Krol et al., 2004). Following an action research approach conducted jointly with a teacher, the series of courses is designed and tested with 55 students from three grade-nine students classes of Montreal (Canada) in order to actualize the didactic principles extricated. Two instruments are used to document students’ learning. The text aims to document the evolution in the production of subordinate clauses, while metagraphic interviews are aiming at metalinguistic skills related to these relative clauses. The analysis of texts collected at pretest and post test (n = 107) shows a significant decrease of mistakes in the use of relative pronoun in the texts, and a significant increase in use of complex relative pronouns such as "dont" (whose) and "auquel" (which). Analysis of metagraphic interviews at pretest and post test (n = 34) shows that students rely more on syntactic criteria to explain their use of the relative pronoun, and they use significantly more metalanguage in their explanations. The results of this research highlight the interest of implementing in French class didactic principles used, and more specifically the innovative cooperation one in order to reduce the syntactic errors in the texts and to develop students’metalinguistic skills.

Le fonctionnement du morphème polyfonctionnel d= en syriaque des Évangiles de la Peshiṭta est décrit morphosyn-taxiquement et dans une perspective typologique, en synchronie et par comparaison, pour certains points, avec d’autres versions et avec d’autres langues sémitiques. Ancien démonstratif en proto-sémitique, d= est un relateur à plusieurs niveaux syntaxiques : support de détermination, marqueur des relations génitivales et relatives, introducteur de complétives et adverbiales. Un critère syntaxique distingue sémantiquement les syntagmes génitivaux aliénables et inaliénable même si cette distinction tend à s’estomper, à des degrés différents selon les catégories sémantiques d’inaliénables, termes de parentés et parties du corps. Si les structures syntaxiques sont semblables pour les relatives restrictives et les non-restrictives, il est impossible de relativiser ces dernières pour les relatives objet, dative et adjointe. La stratégie à trou syntaxique constitue la stratégie primaire dans la hiérarchie d’accessibilité, et toutes les fonctions de la tête dans la matrice, sauf l’objet de comparaison, sont relativisables.Les fonctions de complémenteur de d= sont plus larges qu’en sémitique ancien. d= s’emploie avec 12 des 14 types de prédicats de la classification typologique de Noonan au lieu de 3 en sémitique ancien. Le syriaque est conforme à la hiérarchie implicationnelle, Complement Deranking-Argument Hierarchy. Le critère syntaxique de saturation de la valence verbale et des critères sémantiques et contextuels permettent de distinguer les adverbiales des complétives. Lorsque d= forme des locutions conjonctives avec des prépositions ou des adverbes, la polysémie des valeurs est désambigüisée grâce au contexte, à l’exception de la conjonction monosémique temporelle mo d=. Dans le discours rapporté, le discours Reproduit est majoritairement introduit sans d=, alors qu’il l’est avec d= pour le discours Reformulé. Le grec n’a eu aucune influence sur son utilisation. / The behaviour of the polyfunctional morpheme d= in the Syriac language of the Gospels of the Peshiṭta is described in a typological perspective, in synchrony and in comparison, for some properties, with other varieties of Syriac and with other Semitic languages. d=, a former demonstrative in Proto-Semitic, is a relator at various syntactic levels: a determination place-holder, a genitival and relative marker, an introducer of completive and adverbial clauses.Chapter 1 introduces the topic of the study and the theoretical framework and chapter 2 discusses the state of art.Chapter 3 is dedicated to the study of the genitive phrase. We discovered that a syntactic criterion allows to distinguish semantically between alienable and inalienable phrases, to different degrees according to the semantic categories of the inalienable set, i.e. kinship and body part terms.In chapter 4, we showed that even though syntactic structures are similar for restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses, it is impossible to relativize the latter for object, dative and adjoint relatives clauses. The syntactic gap strategy constitutes the primary strategy in the accessibility hierarchy and all the functions of the head in the main clause, except the object of comparison, are relativizable.Chapter 5 deals with the functions of d= as a complementizer and an introducer of adverbial clauses. The complementizer uses are wider than in Old Semitic. d= is employed with 12 of the 14 types of predicates of Noonan's typological classification as against 3 in Old Semitic. Syriac conforms to the implicational hierarchy named Complement Deranking-Argument Hierarchy. For adverbial clauses, the syntactic criterion of saturation of the verbal valency as well as semantic and contextual criteria permit to distinguish adverbial clauses from complement clauses. When d= forms conjunctive locutions with prepositions or adverbs, the polysemy of values is disambiguated thanks to the context. Only the conjunction mo d= is monosemous (with a temporal meaning).In the last chapter (chap. 6) on reported speech, we showed that direct reported speech is mostly introduced without d=, whereas it is always the case for indirect speech. Greek did not have any influence on the use of d=. / Il funzionamento del morfema polifunzionale d= del siriaco nei Vangeli della Peshiṭta è descritto in una prospettiva tipologica, in sincronia e attraverso la comparazione, in alcuni punti, con altre versioni e con altre lingue semitiche. Tale morfema deriva dal pronome dimostrativo proto-semitico *ḏV e funge da relatore in diversi livelli sintattici: supporto di determinazione, indicatore delle relazioni genitivali e relative, introduttore delle proposizioni completive e avverbiali. Il capitolo 1 introduce la problematica della ricerca e dell’ambito teorico; il capitolo 2 presenta uno stato dell’arte sull’argomento.Il capitolo 3 è consacrato allo studio del sintagma genitivale. Un criterio sintattico ha permesso di distinguere semanticamente i sintagmi genitivali alienabili e inalienabili, anche se questa distinzione tende ad attenuarsi, in diversi punti, secondo le categorie semantiche d’inalienabile, termini di parentela e parti del corpo.Nel capitolo 4 abbiamo mostrato che, se da una parte le strutture sintattiche sono simili per le relative restrittive e le non-restrittive, dall’altra è impossibile relativizzare le ultime per le relative complemento oggetto, complemento di termine e complemento circostanziale. La strategia con gap sintattico è la strategia primaria nella gerarchia d’accessibilità e tutte le funzioni della testa nella proposizione matrice, tranne l’oggetto della comparazione, sono relativizzabili.Il capitolo 5 tratta le funzioni di d= come complementatore e introduttore di proposizioni avverbiali. Gli impieghi del complementatore sono più ampi rispetto al semitico più antico. Il morfema d= si impiega infatti per 12 dei 14 tipi di predicato della classificazione tipologica di Noonan invece dei 3 del semitico più antico. Il siriaco è conforme alla gerarchia implicativa, Complement Deranking-Argument Hierarchy. Per le proposizioni avverbiali, il criterio sintattico di saturazione della valenza verbale e dei criteri semantici e contestuali permettono di distinguere le avverbiali dalle completive.Quando d= forma delle locuzioni congiuntive con delle preposizioni o degli avverbi, la polisemia dei valori è disambiguato grazie al contesto, fatta eccezione della congiunzione monosemica temporale mo d=Nell’ultimo capitolo, sul discorso indiretto, mostriamo che il discorso “riprodotto” è introdotto senza d= nella maggior parte dei casi, mentre si usa d= nel discorso “riformulato”. Il greco non ha alcuna influenza sul suo utilizzo.