A presente dissertação investiga o argumento da distinção real entre corpo e alma presente nas Meditações Metafísicas. O objetivo central é explicar o motivo pelo qual, nesta obra, a separabilidade entre corpo e alma é posta como condição suficiente para esse tipo de distinção. Para isso, percorre, ao longo das Meditações, os conceitos de alma, de corpo e de percepção clara e distinta. Faz uma análise do argumento da distinção real entre corpo e alma exposto na Sexta Meditação e, em seguida, se utiliza das discussões de Descartes com Caterus e Arnauld presente nas Objeções e Respostas visando a esclarecer pontos do argumento que ainda permanecem obscuros. Mostra, com o estudo das Meditações associado às Objeções e Respostas, que a distinção real é aquela que se dá entre substâncias e que ser substância é ser separável. Assim, sendo o reconhecimento da separabilidade de duas coisas o reconhecimento de que essas coisas são substâncias – e, portanto, de que são realmente distintas – explica, com isso, o motivo pelo qual a separabilidade é condição suficiente para a distinção real entre corpo e alma e conclui que ela lhe é, também, uma condição necessária. / This dissertation investigates the argument of the real distinction between body and soul presented on the Meditations on First Philosophy. The main goal is to explain the reason why the separability between body and soul is considered sufficient condition for this sort of distinction. In order to reach its goal, along the Meditations, it takes the path through the concepts of soul, body and the clear and distinct perception. It analyses the argument of the real distinction between body and soul presented on the Sixth Meditation and afterwards it makes use of Descartes’ discussions with Caterus and Arnauld, presented on Objections and Replies, seeking to clarify points of the argument that yet remain obscure. Studying the Meditations associated with the Objections and Replies, this dissertation shows that the real distinction is the one that happens between substances and that being a substance is being separable. Thus, being the recognition of the separability of two things the recognition of that those things are substances – and, hence, that they are really distinct – it explains the reason why the separability is sufficient condition for the real distinction between body and soul. It concludes that the separability is also a necessary condition to that sort of distinction.

<p>Abstract</p><p>A Problem to Every Solution</p><p>The Corrymeela Community, René Girard and the ambiguous pluralism</p><p>The main purpose of this study is to examine how Girard´s ideas of society, culture and</p><p>religion have become part of the reflexion in the praxis of Corrymeela Community through the work of Roel Kaptein and how this praxis can shed light over the work with dissonances of faith and values in education in RE, Social Studies and other subjects.</p><p>In earlier publications I have studied how dissonances of faith and values can be</p><p>understood in educational settings and in connection with issues of interreligious dialogue.</p><p>The extensive discussion of how differences in culture, religion and value in a pluralistic</p><p>society are to be analysed and treated in pedagogical reflexion seems to increasingly occupy</p><p>actors in different parts of the educational system. It is obvious that these issues also are</p><p>brought into focus as an important field of research. My main interest in this paper is to study how a reconciliation group in the middle of the conflict in Northern Ireland has developed a view of conflict reason and conflict resolution under the influence of the French researcher René Girard and what aspects of this study that can improve the reflection over pluralism and dissonances of faith and values in everyday praxis in education.</p><p>For a period of more than a decade I have been in contact with actors in the peace process in</p><p>Northern Ireland in connection to different educational projects. The attempts to analyse the different aspects of ”The Troubles” and the efforts to find ways out of conflicts and civil war are many and the literature on subjects related to these tragic history of social, cultural and religious conflicts is difficult to survey. An interesting and continuing reflexion on conflicts in relation to dissonances of faith and value has been carried out by the ecumenical group “Corrymeela Community”. It has its main centre in Belfast and the members are mainly lay people in different professions. The community is dispersed but meet regularly in the centre of Belfast or in a centre in Ballycastle up at the northern coast.</p><p>René Girard is a member of the French Academy. In his books that touch upon Anthropology,</p><p>Literature Theory, Philosophy and Theology he defends a hypotheses about “ Things Hidden</p><p>Since the Foundation of the World”, as the title reads of one of his books. The conflicts</p><p>among men must be understood in the light of a elaborated mimesis-theory, where the desire</p><p>to acquire what the Other desires leads to rivalry and scapegoating. Cultures arise through</p><p>rules and rituals as a way of structuring social life and thereby avoid the otherwise inevitable</p><p>crises that lead to repeated scapegoating of individuals or groups. From analysing myths,</p><p>literature of fiction and biblical texts he has developed the hypotheses to illuminate how</p><p>conflicts are related to culture and religion.</p>

Abstract A Problem to Every Solution The Corrymeela Community, René Girard and the ambiguous pluralism The main purpose of this study is to examine how Girard´s ideas of society, culture and religion have become part of the reflexion in the praxis of Corrymeela Community through the work of Roel Kaptein and how this praxis can shed light over the work with dissonances of faith and values in education in RE, Social Studies and other subjects. In earlier publications I have studied how dissonances of faith and values can be understood in educational settings and in connection with issues of interreligious dialogue. The extensive discussion of how differences in culture, religion and value in a pluralistic society are to be analysed and treated in pedagogical reflexion seems to increasingly occupy actors in different parts of the educational system. It is obvious that these issues also are brought into focus as an important field of research. My main interest in this paper is to study how a reconciliation group in the middle of the conflict in Northern Ireland has developed a view of conflict reason and conflict resolution under the influence of the French researcher René Girard and what aspects of this study that can improve the reflection over pluralism and dissonances of faith and values in everyday praxis in education. For a period of more than a decade I have been in contact with actors in the peace process in Northern Ireland in connection to different educational projects. The attempts to analyse the different aspects of ”The Troubles” and the efforts to find ways out of conflicts and civil war are many and the literature on subjects related to these tragic history of social, cultural and religious conflicts is difficult to survey. An interesting and continuing reflexion on conflicts in relation to dissonances of faith and value has been carried out by the ecumenical group “Corrymeela Community”. It has its main centre in Belfast and the members are mainly lay people in different professions. The community is dispersed but meet regularly in the centre of Belfast or in a centre in Ballycastle up at the northern coast. René Girard is a member of the French Academy. In his books that touch upon Anthropology, Literature Theory, Philosophy and Theology he defends a hypotheses about “ Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World”, as the title reads of one of his books. The conflicts among men must be understood in the light of a elaborated mimesis-theory, where the desire to acquire what the Other desires leads to rivalry and scapegoating. Cultures arise through rules and rituals as a way of structuring social life and thereby avoid the otherwise inevitable crises that lead to repeated scapegoating of individuals or groups. From analysing myths, literature of fiction and biblical texts he has developed the hypotheses to illuminate how conflicts are related to culture and religion.

Cette recherche analyse l'évolution des relations internationales du Québec sous le gouvernement libéral de Robert Bourassa de 1985 à 1994. Nous y traitons des relations que le Québec entretient avec l'Europe, les États-Unis et la francophonie. Le but de cette recherche est de distinguer les similarités et les différences entre les actions de ce gouvernement par rapport à celui de René Lévesque après la défaite référendaire de 1980. Nous cherchons à savoir s'il y a rupture ou continuité des relations politiques et commerciales dans les années quatre-vingt et du début des années quatre-vingt-dix. Dans un premier temps, nous faisons l'historiographie au sujet des relations internationales du Québec de 1965 à 1994. Dans la première partie, nous analysons les actions gouvernementales de 1985 à 1994 en distinguant les priorités du gouvernement. La deuxième partie porte sur les rapports du Québec avec l'Europe, en excluant les pays qui font partie de la francophonie. Nous y traitons des angles politiques et économiques. La troisième partie concerne nos rapports avec notre voisin immédiat, les États-Unis. Dans cette partie, nous analysons plus particulièrement les États de la Nouvelle-Angleterre, de l'Atlantique et du Centre-Nord-Est. En autres, nous étudions les dimensions politiques dans les milieux de l'énergie et de l'environnement. La quatrième et dernière partie traite de la francophonie. Ces relations mènent à l'établissement des premiers sommets francophones. Dans cette partie, nous regardons plus particulièrement les relations multilatérales, le commerce et la culture. Les relations privilégiées avec la France prendront une part importante dans cette section. Cette analyse aborde aussi les relations du Québec avec les autres pays francophones. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : 20e siècle, politique, économie, francophonie, Europe

Between Figure and Line: Visual Transformations of Cartesian Physics, 1620-1690 is the first sustained examination of the diagrams and illustrations that constituted the seventeenth century's new physics. When René Descartes introduced natural philosophy to the graphic techniques of geometry, mixed mathematics, cartography, and master engravers, subsequent interpreters of the new science were encouraged to respond in kind. But none of their pictures - neither the outlines of barometric tubes employed by Parisian salon impresario Jacques Rohault, nor the still lifes and landscapes into which Leiden university professor Wolferd Senguerd etched Cartesian matter, and certainly not the copies of Descartes's figures with which Jesuit priest Gabriel Daniel refuted the new philosophy - agreed on a single visual idiom for revealing nature's laws. Such pictorial diversity, I argue, marked the natural philosophical figure as a critical, and contested, apparatus for grasping at truth amidst the slow disintegration of Aristotelian certainty. / History of Science

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Le fonds d'archives Jean-René Brutsch, logé au Défap à Paris, a inspiré la présente étude portant sur la transculturation en contexte missionnaire au Cameroun. L'analyse de ce concept conduit à croiser et à renouveler les regards sur les diverses modalités et formes de religiosité générées par la rencontre entre les cultures autochtones et la proposition occidentale chrétienne, ainsi que la créativité multiforme qui en découle.L'hypothèse soutenue est que toute entreprise mettant en contact des peuples ou des manières de penser différentes mobilise nécessairement des transactions culturelles à l'issue desquelles les deux parties se trouvent transformées. Le choix de traiter de ce thème à travers l'expérience de Jean-René Brutsch, le missionnaire qui l'a constitué durant ses différents séjours au Cameroun de 1946 en 1960, est justifié par la richesse et la pertinence du contenu de ces archives. Deux centres d'intérêt majeurs se dégagent de l'exploitation du fonds Brutsch à savoir, l'historiographie et la missiologie. (etc.]

L'objectif du présent travail est l'étude de l'ouvrage Mémoires d'outre-tombe, de François-René de Chateaubriand. Avant de procéder à la traduction des cinq premiers volumes, nous proposons une synthèse de la période historique qui a servi de toile de fond à l'ouvrage ainsi qu'une genèse de l'écriture de ce texte mémorialiste, tout en mettant l'accent sur les modifications présentes dans le processus de rédaction qui a duré près de quarante ans. Dans un second temps, l'analyse du corpus traduit permet de connaître la construction du sujet autobiographique du récit. L'étude se propose de présenter la particularité de ce sujet formé à partir de la double nécessité de créer une subjectivité autonome et de maintenir des liens profonds avec son histoire. Elle aborde les rapports entre le texte et l'héritage des genres auxquels Chateaubriand avait alors accès, en particulier le genre des mémoires et celui de l'autobiographie. L'ensemble de ces éléments permet de détailler les analyses sur le moi autobiographique issu de l'articulation opérée par le narrateur-personnage principal entre la perspective intimiste et la perspective historique. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo da obra Mémoires d'outre-tombe, de François-René de Chateaubriand. Procedemos, inicialmente, à tradução de uma parte da obra - seus cinco primeiros livros -, estando esta tradução precedida por uma síntese do período histórico que serve de pano de fundo às Mémoires e também pela gênese da escrita deste texto memorialístico, com ênfase nas alterações em seu processo de redação que durou aproximadamente quarenta anos. A seguir, desenvolvemos uma análise centrada no corpus traduzido, que nos permite conhecer a construção do sujeito autobiográfico da narrativa. O estudo procura apresentar a particularidade deste sujeito que se forma a partir da dupla necessidade de criar uma subjetividade autônoma, de um lado, e de manter fortes laços com sua história, de outro. Investigamos as relações do texto com a herança dos gêneros que chegava então a Chateaubriand, mais precisamente com o gênero das memórias e com o da autobiografia, a fim de examinarmos aspectos da composição narrativa que formam sua dimensão autobiográfica. Diante desses elementos, pudemos, enfim, detalhar as análises sobre o eu autobiográfico que resulta da articulação, feita pelo narrador-protagonista, da perspectiva intimista e da perspectiva histórica.

A presente dissertação investiga o argumento da distinção real entre corpo e alma presente nas Meditações Metafísicas. O objetivo central é explicar o motivo pelo qual, nesta obra, a separabilidade entre corpo e alma é posta como condição suficiente para esse tipo de distinção. Para isso, percorre, ao longo das Meditações, os conceitos de alma, de corpo e de percepção clara e distinta. Faz uma análise do argumento da distinção real entre corpo e alma exposto na Sexta Meditação e, em seguida, se utiliza das discussões de Descartes com Caterus e Arnauld presente nas Objeções e Respostas visando a esclarecer pontos do argumento que ainda permanecem obscuros. Mostra, com o estudo das Meditações associado às Objeções e Respostas, que a distinção real é aquela que se dá entre substâncias e que ser substância é ser separável. Assim, sendo o reconhecimento da separabilidade de duas coisas o reconhecimento de que essas coisas são substâncias – e, portanto, de que são realmente distintas – explica, com isso, o motivo pelo qual a separabilidade é condição suficiente para a distinção real entre corpo e alma e conclui que ela lhe é, também, uma condição necessária. / This dissertation investigates the argument of the real distinction between body and soul presented on the Meditations on First Philosophy. The main goal is to explain the reason why the separability between body and soul is considered sufficient condition for this sort of distinction. In order to reach its goal, along the Meditations, it takes the path through the concepts of soul, body and the clear and distinct perception. It analyses the argument of the real distinction between body and soul presented on the Sixth Meditation and afterwards it makes use of Descartes’ discussions with Caterus and Arnauld, presented on Objections and Replies, seeking to clarify points of the argument that yet remain obscure. Studying the Meditations associated with the Objections and Replies, this dissertation shows that the real distinction is the one that happens between substances and that being a substance is being separable. Thus, being the recognition of the separability of two things the recognition of that those things are substances – and, hence, that they are really distinct – it explains the reason why the separability is sufficient condition for the real distinction between body and soul. It concludes that the separability is also a necessary condition to that sort of distinction.

L'objectif du présent travail est l'étude de l'ouvrage Mémoires d'outre-tombe, de François-René de Chateaubriand. Avant de procéder à la traduction des cinq premiers volumes, nous proposons une synthèse de la période historique qui a servi de toile de fond à l'ouvrage ainsi qu'une genèse de l'écriture de ce texte mémorialiste, tout en mettant l'accent sur les modifications présentes dans le processus de rédaction qui a duré près de quarante ans. Dans un second temps, l'analyse du corpus traduit permet de connaître la construction du sujet autobiographique du récit. L'étude se propose de présenter la particularité de ce sujet formé à partir de la double nécessité de créer une subjectivité autonome et de maintenir des liens profonds avec son histoire. Elle aborde les rapports entre le texte et l'héritage des genres auxquels Chateaubriand avait alors accès, en particulier le genre des mémoires et celui de l'autobiographie. L'ensemble de ces éléments permet de détailler les analyses sur le moi autobiographique issu de l'articulation opérée par le narrateur-personnage principal entre la perspective intimiste et la perspective historique. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo da obra Mémoires d'outre-tombe, de François-René de Chateaubriand. Procedemos, inicialmente, à tradução de uma parte da obra - seus cinco primeiros livros -, estando esta tradução precedida por uma síntese do período histórico que serve de pano de fundo às Mémoires e também pela gênese da escrita deste texto memorialístico, com ênfase nas alterações em seu processo de redação que durou aproximadamente quarenta anos. A seguir, desenvolvemos uma análise centrada no corpus traduzido, que nos permite conhecer a construção do sujeito autobiográfico da narrativa. O estudo procura apresentar a particularidade deste sujeito que se forma a partir da dupla necessidade de criar uma subjetividade autônoma, de um lado, e de manter fortes laços com sua história, de outro. Investigamos as relações do texto com a herança dos gêneros que chegava então a Chateaubriand, mais precisamente com o gênero das memórias e com o da autobiografia, a fim de examinarmos aspectos da composição narrativa que formam sua dimensão autobiográfica. Diante desses elementos, pudemos, enfim, detalhar as análises sobre o eu autobiográfico que resulta da articulação, feita pelo narrador-protagonista, da perspectiva intimista e da perspectiva histórica.