Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-09-14T13:31:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Marcos Ferreira.pdf: 1908598 bytes, checksum: b2c91887f2986b0536a26e69d803d81f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-14T13:31:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Marcos Ferreira.pdf: 1908598 bytes, checksum: b2c91887f2986b0536a26e69d803d81f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Public management studies point out an ever-increasing inadequacy of public administration practice based on decision centralization, hierarchy and unity of command principles, pyramidal power structure, rigid routines and vertical processes control, Inadequacy probably caused by society?s changing exigencies which are closer and faster expressed by means of information and communication technologies for demanding more efficient and quality public services. On the other hand, flexibility, quality, competency, innovation and change concepts support private sector management practice. Thus, public administration firms would benefit learning from private management practice in order to attend society?s demands for more efficient and quality public service. New public sector circumstances requires public service management adaptation to stimulate organizational change and to implement new management methods as recommended by a Brazilian public administration program called GesPublica. A managerial model for public administration is justified to overcome challenges that managers experience at public organizations nowadays, similar to the ones posed to the private ones. Contemporary public manager would answer organizational environment changes through learning and developing managerial competencies in order to accomplish the organization?s Mission. So, a scientific research to examine how supervisors individually and collectively learn and develop managerial competencies at a public research and development public firm was designed. Supervisors? actual practice was focused in this qualitative empirical research. Field data was collected through semi-structured personal interviewing with ten supervisors. Transcripted interview texts were hermeneutically analyzed to understand learning and developing managerial competencies process phenomenon. In this way seven categories emerged: a) public management context: motivation for joining the firm b) managers selection process c) building managerial competency learning process d) developing technical skills and managerial competencies; e) managers? experienced episodes f) daily difficulties in public management context and g) manager staff working processes. Results suggest that managerial competency is developed through formal capacitation and also by means of single loop, double loop as well as experiential learning processes. Managerial competencies are developed in the midst of a challenging and difficult context were individuals also get frustrated and obtain work satisfaction. Field data showed that managerial activities resemble Sisifo?s punishment metaphor and that self-managers vision about their own work embraces responsibility, burocracy, conflict management and having to act simultaneously as a technician while managing their area. / Estudos na ?rea de gest?o p?blica permitem-nos vislumbrar seu distanciamento cada vez mais crescente das pr?ticas que se alicer?am na centraliza??o de decis?es, hierarquia traduzida no princ?pio de unidade de comando, estrutura piramidal de poder, rotinas r?gidas e controle vertical dos processos administrativos. Atualmente a Administra??o P?blica pode aprender com a gest?o das empresas privadas onde conceitos como flexibilidade, qualidade, compet?ncia, inova??o e mudan?a permeiam um contexto em que se exige qualifica??o do trabalhador para responder ?s novas demandas da sociedade. Esta por meio das tecnologias de informa??o e comunica??o aproxima-se mais do Estado, cobrando e exigindo a presta??o de servi?os com qualidade e efici?ncia. Esse novo panorama estatal que ora se apresenta implica na necessidade de adapta??o do servi?o p?blico no sentido de promover mudan?as organizacionais e implementar novos m?todos de trabalho como preconiza o Programa Gespublica. A ado??o de um modelo gerencial para a administra??o governamental se justifica pelos desafios enfrentados pelos gestores das empresas privadas s?o agora vividos pelos gestores das organiza??es p?blicas. E nesse sentido, o gestor p?blico contempor?neo dever? ser capaz de prover o atendimento das peculiaridades de cada ambiente organizacional por meio da aprendizagem e pelo desenvolvimento de suas compet?ncias gerenciais que lhe permitam atingir/superar os desempenhos configurados na miss?o da organiza??o. O presente trabalho se justifica, face ? necessidade de se investigar como os supervisores aprendem e desenvolvem compet?ncia para gerenciar em uma empresa p?blica de pesquisa e desenvolvimento que se insere no cen?rio contempor?neo descrito. Objetivouse identificar na pr?tica, processos de desenvolvimento de compet?ncias gerenciais alcan?ados por meio de aprendizagem individual e coletiva. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa-emp?rica com abordagem qualitativa. Para a coleta dos dados emp?ricos utilizou-se a entrevista com roteiro junto a dez supervisores. Depois de transcritas as entrevistas foram hermeneuticamente analisadas. Assim, emergiram sete categorias de an?lise: a) o contexto da gest?o p?blica: motiva??o para ingresso na organiza??o; b) o processo de sele??o para a fun??o gerencial; c) constru??o da vis?o e do processo de aprendizagem da fun??o gerencial; d) aprendendo e desenvolvendo habilidades t?cnicas e compet?ncias gerenciais; e) epis?dios vividos pelos gestores no contexto da atua??o gerencial; f) as dificuldades di?rias e o contexto da gest?o p?blica; g) o gestor, sua equipe e os processos de trabalho. Os resultados indicam um aprendizado de compet?ncia gerencial por meio de forma??o e experi?ncia baseado nos modelos de aprendizagem single loop, double loop e aprendizagem vivencial. As compet?ncias gerenciais s?o aprendidas em um contexto de enfrentamento dos desafios e dificuldades, envolvendo tamb?m frustra??es e satisfa??o dos indiv?duos. Os depoimentos de campo permitiram compreender que os desafios da atividade gerencial s?o metaforicamente comparados ao castigo imposto a S?sifo e que a vis?o do gestor de sua pr?pria atividade abrange responsabilidade, burocracia, gest?o de conflitos e a dificuldade de ser gestor ao mesmo tempo em que tem de atuar como um especialista de sua ?rea

建立適當的資本投資決策，對於企業未來的發展具有深遠的影響。如何能擬定出適合的資本預算計畫，以增加公司的成長機會與競爭能力，便是當前重要的課題。本論文以三個階段探討企業投資歷程中所具有的實質選擇權評價：包括對於計畫案擬定之初期，進行投資機會價值評估的實質成長選擇權。以及針對投資計畫開始進行時，管理者所擁有的各種管理彈性，如遞延、擴張、縮減與暫停投資的決策彈性，進行多重實質選擇權的價值評估。最後，針對未能順利成功的計畫案，管理者擁有將其永遠放棄，以收回投資成本殘值的實質放棄選擇權價值進行評估。 　　對於第一階段的成長選擇權價值評估，本文已建立出同時考量標的資產與投資成本隨機變動，以及標的資產存在不連續跳躍特性下的選擇權評價封閉解，結果可用來評估計畫方案擬定初期的實質成長選擇權價值。若將評價模式中的參數進行限制，則本模型將會分別退化至Black and Scholes(1973), Merton(1976), Fischer(1978), Margrabe(1978), McDonald and Siegel(1985)等重要的選擇權評價文獻，可知本文已獲致較一般化的評價模型。 　　在第二階段的多重實質選擇權價值評估，本文採用Trigeorgis(1991)所建立的對數轉換二項評價模式，再加入跳躍模型的考量，以符合科技產業所具有的創新、競爭特性，期較能合理評估其價值，也獲得了較一般化的評價模式。再者，本文以模擬方式對於管理者在投資計畫的進行過程中所擁有的遞延、擴張、縮減以及暫停投資等彈性決策價值進行評估，以彰顯出利用實質選擇權評價方法進行彈性決策價值評估的必要性。由數值分析的結果得到，當多個實質選擇權同時存在時，其間將產生不同程度的交互作用，因此並不能直接將個別價值予以加總來求算整體的實質選擇權價值。不過，每項管理彈性的加入對於整體價值的增加皆具有正向貢獻。 　　對於第三階段的放棄選擇權價值評估，本文建立同時存在多項投資方案下的實質放棄選擇權評價模型，結果可用來評估研發計畫方案未能成功時的實質放棄選擇權價值。此外，本文進一步對於此評價模型進行數值分析，並將所得到的結果歸納如下：(1)方案間價值變動相關係數對於實質放棄選擇權價值的影響上，有相關係數越高時，實質放棄選擇權的價值就越高的現象。(2)殘值回收比率較高時，若採取較多的投資計畫方案，將可以獲致較高的實質放棄選擇權價值，此結果可作偽管理者在選擇備抵方案數目時的參考。(3)對於敏威性分析的探討，發現到當殘值增加、利率下降以及剩餘期間較長時，實質放棄選擇權的價值是增加的，此現象與賣權特性結果一致。 　　因此，本文針對企業投資歷程中所具有的實質選擇權評價進行深入探討，分別建立選擇權評價模型，也獲致了較以往模型更一般化的評價結果。並於各評價模型建構完成後，輔以數值模擬與敏感性分析，以進一步說明本文所建構模型之一般性與合理性。最後，希望此結果有助於日後企業對於投資價值評估時之參考，並可彌補此類研究文獻的不足。 / This dissertation presents three essays, each provides a general real option pricing model. In the first essay, we derive a generalized option pricing formula for the case of the underlying asset and exercise price both being driven by a mixture of continuous and jump diffusion processes. Our pricing model is a generalized version of Black and Scholes(1973), Merton(1976), Fischer(1978), Margrabe(1978), and McDonald-Siegel(l 985). And each of the historical model is shown to be a special case of ours. We then use the model developed in this article to evaluate real growth options where the underlying assets follow jump diffusion processes. The second essay develops a multi-option pricing model incorporating jump characteristics. The model we provide here can be used to value various types of flexibilities, including the option to defer, the option to shut down, the option to contract, and the option to expand. Based on our numerical results, we find that the model can deal with the interactions among these options. The third essay considers an abandonment option on the maximizing value of several investment projects. Here we develop a model to evaluate R&D projects that may not be accomplished. We show that both Black-Scholes's model and Stuiz's model are special cases of ours under certain restrictions on parameters. From the simulation results, we find a positive relation between the correlation of project value changes and the value of the real abandonment options. Furthermore, our simulation results show that the higher the percentage of recovering salvage value, the more number of investment projects should be carried out. The result we find can help managers to choose the better backup projects. Our sensitivity analysis shows that the value of the real abandonment options increase when the riskless interest rate decreases, and at the same time the salvage value and the time to maturity increase.

新藥研發是台灣生技發展的重點產業。新藥研發一般具有高投資、高風險與研發期長的特性。因此，有些公司會透過多角化的策略來分散風險。不過，在有限的資源與人力下，發展多角化的產品通常是個極具挑戰的任務。因此，本研究針對新藥研發公司，就其採取多角化的動機與策略來加以探討。 此外，在知識經濟的時代，知識已成為企業最重要的資產，如何透過有效的知識管理以提昇組織知識的價值，則是企業所重視的關鍵性議題之一。新藥研發屬知識密集產業，知識管理對於公司相當重要。因此本研究亦從知識特性的觀點（路徑相依度、不確定程度與競爭衝擊程度）來探討其對知識管理的影響。 本研究在方法上採取多重個案研究的方式，透過深入個案訪談與次級資料收集，所得到的結論如下： 1. 台灣新藥研發公司選擇多角化策略的動機相當多元。 2. 台灣新藥研發公司多角化的動機與多角化目標領域之路徑相依度有關。 3. 台灣新藥研發公司多角化目標領域技術知識的路徑相依度與競爭衝擊程度會影響其技術知識吸收的方式。 4. 台灣新藥研發公司多角化目標領域技術知識的路徑相依度會影響其組織設計、分工與人員式知識擴散的對象。 5. 台灣新藥研發公司進行多角化產品研發時，其知識蓄積活動上傾向於採取「機械-整合式」的蓄積方式。 / New drug development industry is one of the key biotech development areas in Taiwan. The nature of new drug development involves high investment, high risk and long development time. As a result, some companies develop diversification as a strategy to reduce the risk. However, the scarcity of resource and manpower makes developing diversified products particularly challenging. This study would focus on why these companies choose diversification strategy and which strategies they develop. Knowledge management is very important for companies in research-intensive industry. This study would also explore how the companies practice knowledge management on its diversified projects. In addition, this study uses technological knowledge characteristics (path dependence, degree of uncertainty, and competitive position) to analyze the effect upon knowledge management process. In this study, multiple case study method to take the way through in-depth case interviews and secondary data collection, the conclusion is as follows: 1.The reasons why new drug development companies in Taiwan underwent diversification vary a lot. 2.Synergy motivation of new drug development companies in Taiwan will affect the path dependence of technological knowledge in target areas for diversification. 3.Path dependence and competitive intensity of technological knowledge in target areas for diversification will affect the way of technical knowledge acquired in Taiwan’s new drug development companies. 4.Path dependence of technological knowledge will affect the organizational design, the division of labor and object of personnel-type knowledge diffusion 5.New drug development companies in Taiwan tend to choose 「Mechanical-Integrated」mode of knowledge Storage when the diversification activities.

隨著全球科技迅速發展及國際化競爭的日益升高，競爭型態已由過去個別廠商間的競爭轉變為整體供應鏈體系間的競爭，運用企業間綿密的協同合作關係來強化整體供應鏈的團隊競爭力，已是企業在面對產業競爭的生存之道。本研究以一家國際品牌的電腦品牌商為個案研究的對象，主要在探討企業的新產品開發協同設計策略及如何選擇合作夥伴。本研究透過文獻探討新產品開發流程、產業分析與產業價值鏈的理論、與策略形態法，再透過資料收集與個案公司人員訪談，來分析個案在新產品開發活動價值單元及不同階段的合作模式以了解個案公司新產品開發的協同設計策略、執行狀況與策略夥伴的合作模式。 經由分析本個案，本研究發現地理位置、能力與資源、產品策略與新產品開發流程的複雜度會影響策略合作夥伴的選擇與新產品開發協同設計的合作模式。 / In response to the rapid changing of the technology and market, firms intend to choose the perfect-fit suppliers to be the strategic partner to build their own ECO system. This study aims to explore the corporate’s strategy in collaborative research and development and strategic partner selection- a case study for an international branding PCs company. This study starts with literature review of the new product development, industry analysis, value chain analysis and strat-egy posture analysis. To understand a firm’s strategy selection, I conduct multi-ple interviews with key members of the company regarding key activities of the new product development and collaborative development model at the stages. Through the analysis of this case study, the study found that the geography, ca-pability and resources, a firm’s marketing strategy and complexity of new product development process are the key factors to the choice of strategic partner and the model of collaborative research and development.

This dissertation examines the role of public investments in inducing small firms to develop risky, early-stage technologies. It contributes to expanding our understanding of the consequences of research, innovation, and entrepreneurship policies and programs by investigating in more depth the effect of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program on the innovation effort, ability to attract external capital, and other metrics of post-entry performance of small business start-ups using a new sample and estimation approach. Unlike prior R&D subsidy studies that concentrated almost exclusively on European countries, this dissertation focused on small business start-ups in the United States using a new scientific survey of new firms. It integrated the Kauffman Firm Survey (KFS) from the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation with the SBIR recipient dataset from the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) and used advances in statistical matching to achieve better comparability between the treated and control groups of small business start-ups. The integrated KFS-SBA dataset, which contains both recipient and non-recipient small firms, and statistical matching allowed us to empirically construct the counterfactual outcomes of SBIR recipients. This dissertation balanced the pre-treatment characteristics of SBIR recipients and non-recipients through propensity score matching (PSM). It constructed the comparison sample by identifying non-recipients with nearly identical propensity scores as those of SBIR recipients. Consistent with the propensity score theorem, observations with the same distribution of propensity scores have the same distribution of observable characteristics. PSM made the comparison and treatment samples homogenous except in SBIR program exposure, making the fundamental assumption of ignorability of treatment assignment more plausible. Using the realized outcomes of observationally similar non-recipient start-ups as the counterfactual outcomes of SBIR recipients, we found empirical evidence of the input additionality effect of the SBIR program. Had they not applied for and granted SBIR R&D subsidies, recipient start-ups would have spent only $185,000 in R&D, but with SBIR their R&D effort was significantly increased to $663,000, on average. The treatment effects analyses also found a significant positive effect of SBIR on innovation propensity and employment. However, it appears that public co-financing of commercial R&D has crowded-out privately financed R&D of small business start-ups in the United States. A dollar of SBIR subsidy decreased firm-financed R&D by about $0.16. Contrary to prior SBIR studies, we did not find any significant "halo effect" or "certification effect" of receiving an SBIR award on attracting external capital. However, we discovered a different certification effect of the SBIR program: SBIR grantees are more likely to attract external patents. This finding also confirms that innovation requires a portfolio of internal and external knowledge assets as theorized by David Teece and his colleagues. This dissertation's empirical results may be relevant to the Small Business Administration, SBIR participating agencies, the U.S. Congress, other federal, state and local policymakers, small high-tech start-ups, and scholars in the field of science, technology, and innovation policy.

區域技術創新能力是展現區域將知識轉化為經濟的能力，是區域競爭力的重要內容。由於區域創新能力是造成中國各區域經濟發展差距的主要原因之一。本研究採用中國之上市公司為研究對象，探討公司創新活動的揭露與中國各省（自治區、直轄市）創新能力對分析師預測行為及分析師預測跟隨人數之影響。由三個面向檢視區域創新能力：研究與試驗發展全時人員當量增長率(REGTH)、政府研發投入占GDP比例(GIGDP)、每百萬人平均發明專利授權數(AVPAT)。研究結果發現創新活動揭露越多之公司，分析師之預測誤差程度越低、分析師之離散度越高且能吸引越多分析師對公司做預測。區域創新能力指標REGTH越高地區，分析師預測跟隨人數越少；區域創新能力指標GIGDP越高地區，分析師之預測誤差程度越低、分析師之離散度越低、分析師預測跟隨人數越少；區域創新能力指標AVPAT越高地區，分析師之預測誤差程度越低、分析師之離散度越低、分析師預測跟隨人數越多。 / Regional innovation capability is an important competitive ability to improve the economic development in China. Using a sample of Chinese listed companies, this study investigates the extent to which innovation disclosure at the company level and regional innovation capabilities affect analysts’ forecast characteristics in terms of forecast error, and forecast dispersion, and the number of analysts’ following. The indicators of regional innovation capabilities are the growth rate of R&D full-time equivalent personnel (REGTH), regional government's investment in R&D per GDP (GIGDP), and average of innovation patent authorized per millions of people in one region (AVPAT). The results indicate that firms with more innovation disclosures improve analysts’ forecast error, and regions with higher GIGDP and AVPAT also improve analysts’ forecast error. For firms with more innovation disclosures increase analysts’ forecast dispersion, and for regions with lower GIGDP and AVPAT increase analysts’ forecast dispersion. I also find firms with more innovation disclosures attract more analysts’ following, and regions with higher REGTH and GIGDP have less analysts’ following, while regions with higher AVPAT attract more analysts’ following.

This dissertation examines the role of public investments in inducing small firms to develop risky, early-stage technologies. It contributes to expanding our understanding of the consequences of research, innovation, and entrepreneurship policies and programs by investigating in more depth the effect of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program on the innovation effort, ability to attract external capital, and other metrics of post-entry performance of small business start-ups using a new sample and estimation approach. This study integrated the Kauffman Firm Survey from the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation with the SBIR recipient dataset from the U.S. Small Business Administration and used advances in the micro-econometrics of program evaluation to empirically construct the counterfactual outcomes of SBIR recipients. We found empirical evidence of the input additionality effect of the SBIR program. The treatment effects analyses also found a significant positive effect of SBIR on innovation propensity and employment. However, it appears that public co-financing of commercial R&D has crowded-out privately financed R&D of small business start-ups in the United States. A dollar of SBIR subsidy decreased firm-financed R&D by about $0.16. Contrary to prior SBIR studies, we did not find any significant “halo effect” or “certification effect” of receiving an SBIR award on attracting external capital. What we discovered is a different certification effect of the SBIR program: SBIR grantees are more likely to attract external patents. This finding confirms that innovation requires a portfolio of internal and external knowledge assets as theorized by David Teece and his colleagues.

Die Arbeit untersucht die Rolle des Wissens- und Technologietransfers in nationalen Innovationssystemen und insbesondere im Innovationsprozess. Bisher vorliegende Arbeiten zu diesem Thema behandeln entweder den Wissens- und Technologietransfer als einen eigenständigen Prozeß oder den Aufbau nationaler Innovationssysteme. Die Verbindung beider Konzepte ist Gegenstand der Arbeit.

"This document was submitted as a dissertation in December 2009 in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the doctoral degree in public policy analysis at the Pardee RAND Graduate School." / Title from PDF title screen (viewed Jan. 21, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 343-360).

From the Proceedings of the 1975 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 11-12, 1975, Tempe, Arizona / The Arizona resources information system is designed to serve on going needs of the people of Arizona through state, federal and local agencies. The various land and water environmental organizations use the resource system for their research. The aris has prepared Arizona orthopotoquads, developed early land use classification systems, and evaluated electronic data processing graphical and analytical systems and many information systems.