本文主要探討居住地區劣勢、社會資本與勞動市場表現的問題，主要分成三個部份：臺灣鄉鎮市區劣勢程度的長期變遷，居住地區劣勢、觸及社會資本與勞動市場表現的關係，以及居住地區劣勢、動員社會資本與勞動市場表現的關係，以便瞭解臺灣鄉鎮市區劣勢程度的變遷情形、觸及社會資本與勞動市場表現的關係是否受到居住地區劣勢程度的影響，以及動員社會資本與勞動市場表現的關係是否受到居住地區劣勢程度的影響。 在臺灣鄉鎮市區劣勢程度的長期變遷方面，本文採用1956-2010年等六年鄉鎮市區人口普查資料來建構地區劣勢指標。在地區劣勢指標項目的選擇上，本文選擇了農業從業人口比例、高中以下教育人口比例，以及人口密度等三項指標，並且透過因素分析的最大變異法構成一個名為「地區劣勢」的因子。除了1956年的農業從業人口比例之因素負荷量為最大之外，其餘年份均以高中以下教育程度人口比例的因素負荷量為最大。這樣因素萃取的結果顯示出臺灣地區劣勢的形成有很大的部份是與人口的教育程度有關。另方面，根據GIS所描繪的地圖，可以清楚的看到發展相對優勢的地區主要是集中在北部地區，並且繼續擴展中，而這些地區主要涵蓋隸屬臺北市、新北市、基隆市、桃園市及新竹市的鄉鎮市區。 在居住地區劣勢、觸及社會資本與勞動市場表現的關係上，本文主要採用2004年臺灣地區第一波社會資本調查資料來探討的問題為居住地區劣勢、個人背景與觸及社會資本（擔任現職時）和居住地區劣勢、觸及社會資本（擔任現職時）與勞動市場表現兩項問題。在居住地區劣勢、個人背景與觸及社會資本（擔任現職時）方面，本文採階層線性模型來估計之。估計結果顯示，觸及社會資本（擔任現職時）確實有地區不平等的現象，並且與居住地區劣勢有關，因為當僅放入居住地區劣勢時，居住地區劣勢對觸及社會資本（擔任現職時）有顯著的負面影響，即居住地區劣勢程度越高，觸及社會資本（擔任現職時）越不好，並且截距項的顯著性就消失了，顯示觸及社會資本的不平等是與居住地區劣勢程度有關。然而，當放入個人背景時，個人的年齡、教育程度和工作經驗對觸及社會資本（擔任現職時）有顯著的正面影響，並且居住地區劣勢的顯著性消失了。在居住地區劣勢、觸及社會資本（擔任現職時）與勞動市場表現方面，居住地區劣勢和觸及社會資本（擔任現職時）均對薪資有顯著的正面影響，然而居住地區劣勢和觸及社會資本（擔任現職時）的交互作用項對薪資沒有任何的顯著影響，即觸及社會資本（擔任現職時）對薪資的影響，不因居住地區劣勢程度不同而有所差異。 在居住地區劣勢、觸及社會資本與勞動市場表現的關係上，本文主要採用2004年臺灣地區第一波社會資本調查資料來探討之。按照居住地區劣勢程度，本文將分析樣本分成四份（第一等級、第二等級、第三等級和第四等級），並且發現到居住地區劣勢對觸及社會資本有負面影響，特別是第四等級。另外，本文發現觸及社會資本與動員介紹人、弱聯繫與介紹人資源和動員社會資本與勞動市場表現等關係，均受到居住地區劣勢程度的不同而有差異，可見林南的動員社會資本模型並非一體適用，僅有在特定的鄰里/地區脈絡下，才有成立的可能性。

The study is a qualitative study that aims to examine how foreign-born parents affect second-generation immigrants choice of form of housing and residential areas and what differences there are between Swedish native-born and foreign-born parents. The study also examines how ethnicity affects young adults' choice of housing and residential area and the importance of second-generation immigrants attitudes towards segregated areas in the future have. The study focuses on the residential neighbourhoods of Sätra located in Gävle and Vivalla located in Örebro. Both neighbourhoods are million program areas but in different ways. The data collection consisted of ten people, five women and five men. The method asked specific questions and then interviewees spoke about themselves and how they perceive housing segregation. The selection has been made strategically thus the people that have been interviewed are born in Sweden and have parents that are born abroad. Also all of the interviewed individuals live in segregated areas. There is a lot of prejudice in the media and the public about segregation and the vulnerability of segregated areas. The results shows five women and five men’s own experiences and thoughts about living in segregated residential areas, having foreign- born parents, how both have affected them and their views of ethnic segregation. / Undersökningen är en kvalitativ studie där intervjuer kommer göras för att jag somforskare ska kunna befinna mig i den sociala miljön som analyseras. Studien syftar tillatt granska hur utlandsfödda föräldrar påverkar andra generationens invandrares val avbostadsform och bostadsområde samt vilka skillnader det finns mellan inlandsfödda ochutlandsfödda föräldrar. Samt hur etnicitet påverkar unga vuxnas val av bostadsform ochbostadsområde och vilken betydelse andra generationens invandrares inställning tillboendesegregerade områden i framtiden har. För att utföra arbetet har en fallstudieanvänts. Anledningen till att en fallstudie har använts är för att arbetet ska utföras underen tidsbegränsad period. I studien ligger fokus på bostadsområdena Sätra och Vivalla,det dessa två områden har gemensamt är att de är segregerade på olika sätt och ärmiljonprogramsområden. Datainsamlingen bestod av tio personer, fem kvinnor och femmän. I studien tas intervjupersonernas erfarenheter, tankar och upplevelser med ochmetoden går ut på att ställa bestämd frågor och sedan har intervjupersonerna fått pratautifrån sig själva och hur de själva upplever ämnet. Urvalet är strategiskt, detintervjupersonerna har gemensamt är att de själva är födda i Sverige och harutlandsfödda föräldrar från olika länder samt bor i segregerade områden. Detförekommer mycket fördomar av media och människor utifrån på grund avsegregationen och utsattheten som råder i områdena. Resultatet visar fem kvinnor ochfem mäns egna erfarenheter, upplevelser och tankar av att bo i bostadsområdena och attha utlandsfödda föräldrar, hur det har påverkat dem och hur de ser på den etniskaboendesegregationen.

The residential area in Brno - Červený kopec is multifunctional new part of the city of Brno. Urban development based on the Žlutý kopec and Veveří. Historically, the studied area is located at the brickyard Kohn, who is now a brownfield site. The idea was to create a readable and clearly definable urban structure in relation to the proposed road network. The core area is dense five-storey mixed-use residential buildings with commercial parterre, which makes maximum use of space and brings order to the scattered houses in the area.

The content of the thesis is a study of the new use of brownfield, which was created by the termination of the UP Závody furniture company in Bučovice. The subject of the study is the urban design of a new residential area, with additional, required and related functions. The design of the site, including the newly subsumed buildings, is only created at the urban level. In the form of an architectural study, one selected (reference) residential block of an urban complex is then solved. An important aspect is the reaction to the nearby presence of the renaissance castle by observing the preconditions for the monument care.

The last time Sweden did face a major housing shortage was during the 1960’s. As a solution to the housing shortage, The Million Homes Programme was initiated. The programme did manage to get rid of the housing shortage, but has received a lot of criticism concerning its architecture and environment since its completion. At the time for this study, Sweden is experiencing yet another housing crisis. In order to manage the housing shortage in a more successful way this time, it is important to not down-prioritise the exterior architecture. The exterior architecture plays an important role in creating both an aesthetical appealing and a social sustainable built environment. But the scarcity of housing makes it easy to sell the produced apartments, especially in the larger cities, which reduces the incentives for the developers to prioritise the aesthetics. There is an ongoing debate in Sweden concerning a dissatisfaction with the exterior architecture and there is an absence of research regarding the end-users preferences.  The identified problem that is addressed in this thesis concerns the down-prioritised aesthetics of the exterior architecture in multi-family residential areas in Sweden. The purpose with the study is to identify how housing developers can accomplish an exterior architectural design that is considered aesthetical attractive by its end-users. The study investigates preferences concerning exterior architecture, perceptions of the existing housing supply in Stockholm and how the housing developers can meet the identified preferences. A questionnaire was used as a method to identify peoples’ preferences and perceptions of four multifamily residential housing areas in Stockholm. Interviews were conducted with a housing developer to identify how housing developers can cost-effectively meet the preferences.  The majority of the housing supply, built in what is generally considered to represent a contemporary style, did not satisfy the identified preferences concerning exterior architecture. As the title of this report indicate, the questionnaire respondents considered contemporary areas in general to look more or less like identical boring boxes. It was only the supply built in traditional style that satisfied the identified preferences. That is, the studied housing supply does not meet the end-users demand fully satisfactory. However, the interviews revealed that housing developers can satisfy the identified preferences cost-effectively by accompanying some suggestions of improvements. / Senast Sverige upplevde en bostadskris var under 1960-talet och som en lösning initierades Miljonprogrammet. Miljonprogrammet reducerade bostadsbristen men har sedan det färdigställdes fått motta mycket kritik för sin exteriöra arkitektur och sin byggda miljö. Vid tiden för genomförandet av den här studien, genomgår Sverige ännu en bostadskris. För att hantera bostadsbristen på ett mer framgångsrikt sätt den här gången är det viktigt att den exteriöra arkitekturen inte nedprioriteras. Den exteriöra arkitekturen spelar en viktig roll i skapandet av en byggd miljö som är estetiskt tilltalande och socialt hållbar. Men den stora efterfrågan på bostäder gör det relativt enkelt att sälja de nyproducerade lägenheterna, särskilt i landets större städer, vilket reducerar initiativen för bostadsutvecklare att prioritera det estetiska. En pågående mediedebatt i Sverige vittnar om att det finns ett missnöje rörande dagens exteriöra arkitektur. Dessutom saknas det forskning om hur slutanvändarna faktiskt vill bo.  Problemet som behandlas i den här rapporten rör den nedprioriterade exteriöra arkitekturen i bostadsområden med flerfamiljshus i Sverige. Syftet med studien är att identifiera hur bostadsutvecklare kan uppnå en exteriör arkitektonisk design som anses vara estetiskt attraktiv av sina slutanvändare. Studien undersöker preferenser rörande exteriör arkitektur, hur det befintliga utbudet av bostadshus i Stockholm uppfattas och hur bostadsutvecklare kan möta de identifierade preferenserna. En enkätundersökning användes som metod för att identifiera människors preferenser och uppfattning gällande fyra olika bostadsområden i Stockholm. Intervjuer genomfördes med en bostadsutvecklare för att identifiera hur de kunde möta de identifierade preferenserna kostnadseffektivt.  Majoriteten av det undersöka bostadsutbudet, som är byggt i vad som generellt anses vara nutida stil, tillfredsställde inte de identifierade preferenserna rörande exteriör arkitektur. Precis som rapportens titel indikerar, ansåg enkätundersökningens respondenter att bebyggelsen i våra nutida bostadsområden generellt ser mer eller mindre ut som identiska tråkiga lådor. Det var endast bostadsutbudet byggt i en traditionell stil som tillfredsställde de identifierade preferenserna. Det betyder att den studerade bostadstillgången inte möter slutanvändarnas efterfrågan till fullo. Likväl, intervjuerna visade på att bostadsutvecklarna kan tillfredsställa de identifierade preferenserna kostnadseffektivt genom att följa ett antal förbättringsförslag.

This thesis will investigate the relationship between lighting and perception of safety through a case study. The main focus of this study is outdoor lighting with consideration of gender equality and perception of safety. Although street lighting is generally recognized as the most important environmental features that influences subjective perception of safety after dark, there is still lack of knowledge regarding the needed quality of light for this purpose and how it may influence perceived safety. Literature review indicates that effect of light on perceived safety works through two different mechanisms: natural surveillance and social integration. The main focus of this thesis is on natural surveillance. Indeed, light by increasing visibility in interaction with presence of people, enhance possibilities of natural surveillance. Based on literature review, a tool has been developed to have a more specific examination of visibility.Besides, the women’s safety audit (WSA) diagnostic tool is used as a qualitative data collection tool to identify unsafe spots in the chosen area by 10 local female participants. The chosen area is a residential area in Eskilstuna city, called Årby neighbourhood. All the participants were asked to determine unsafe spots from their perspective in the chosen area during an exploratory night walk. In the next step, the identified unsafe spots are analysed by means of the developed tool in terms of visibility.The result of this thesis supports the previous findings regarding the relationship between visibility and safety perception. Results show that urban settings with low level of prospect (obstructed view), high level of entrapment (escape difficulty), high level of concealment (lots of hiding spots), lack of illuminated visual spatial boundaries (sky plane, vertical plane and ground plane), low level of facial recognition and obstacle detection, low level of illumination of path, high level of glare and varied lighting distribution are judged as the most unsafe by women. In addition, the study revealed that illuminated ground plane has the minimum impact on sense of safety in comparison with other safety-related environmental factors. Consequently, this study highlighted that standards and guidelines, which are related to ground plane, are not very beneficial for improving perception of safety.

Ungdomsbrottslighet är ett utbrett problem i världen och inte minst i Sverige. I denna studie undersöktes förekomsten av ungdomsbrottslighet och i vilken grad personlighet (Cloningers biopsykosociala modell för unga), familjeförhållanden och vänners brottsliga beteende relaterar till detta. Vidare studerades i vilken grad brottsligheten skiljer sig åt beroende på kön och bostadsområde. Studien genomfördes på ett urval om 1461 ungdomar i årskurs 7 och 8 som en del i projektet LoRDIA. Resultaten beskriver ett tydligt positivt samband mellan ungdomars brottsliga beteende och personlighetsdraget Novelty Seeking (sensationssökande, d.v.s. att individen är impulsiv, utforskande och spänningssökande). Vidare återfanns ett negativt samband mellan brottslighet och familjesammanhållning och ett positivt samband mellan brottslighet och vänners brottsliga beteende vilket tyder på att en god sammanhållning inom familjen verkar som en skyddande effekt mot brottslighet medan umgänge med kriminella vänner ökar risken för brottsligt beteende. Studien visade vidare att det finns tydliga könsskillnader i ungdomars brottsmönster. Förutom att killar begår fler brott än tjejer visade det sig att personlighetsdraget Novelty Seeking, som har ett generellt statistiskt signifikant samband med brottslighet, inte gav ett signifikant samband för killar boende i ett sämre socioekonomiskt område. Studien framhåller att både individuella karaktäristika och sociala band är viktiga för förståelsen av förekomsten av ungdomsbrottslighet. / Juvenile delinquency is a widespread problem in the world and not least in Sweden. This study examined juvenile delinquency and the extent to which personality (the Cloningers biopsychosocial model for the young), family relationships and friends' criminal behavior relate to this. Furthermore, the extent to which crime differs depends on gender and residential area. The study was conducted on a selection of 1461 adolescents in 7th and 8th grade as a part of the LoRDIA project. The results describe a pronounced positive relationship between youngster's criminal behavior and the personality trait Novelty Seeking (i.e. the individual is impulsive, exploratory and sensational seeking). Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between crime and family cohesion and a positive correlation between crime and friends' criminal behavior, which suggests that good cohesion within the family seems to be a protective effect against crime while dealing with criminal friends increases the risk of criminal behavior. The study further showed that there are pronounced gender differences in youth patterns of crime. In addition to boys committing more crimes than girls, it appeared that the personality trait Novelty Seeking has not a generally statistically significant relationship with crime for boys living in a worse socioeconomic area. The study emphasizes that both individual characteristics and social ties are important for understanding the existence of juvenile delinquency.

Abstract Sparsely populated Finland is an interesting area for studying the effects of population density and distance on health. Previous studies indicate health problems in rural and remote areas. Aim is to study the importance of local residential area to health of young adults: how the residential area is associated with health, what is the role of geographical distance and how health is associated with moving. Study utilises the 31-year follow-up data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 study, initially including all children born in the provinces of Oulu and Lapland in 1966. Local residential area is defined with 1 km² population density grid data. Distances to municipality centre or health centre are calculated using Finnish road network data (Digiroad). Perceived health in rural and urban areas is studied with ordinal logistic regression; body mass index (BMI) and overweight in relation to distance to municipality’s centre and population density using a generalised additive model. Role of distance in health centre use and distance-related inequity are studied with negative binomial regression and concentration indices, and health’s association with moving in multinomial logistic regressions. Poor perceived health increased from densely to sparsely populated areas. Among rural men adverse psychosocial and lifestyle factors were behind the associations, among women reasons for poor health in scattered settlement areas remained unclear. BMI and overweight increased at distances greater than 5 kilometres from municipality centre and with decreasing population density. No barrier effects of distance or distance-related inequity in the health centre use was found. Dissatisfaction with life and history of morbidity were associated with rural-urban moves, activity limiting illness with rural-rural moves, and frequent use of health services with all urban moves. Geographical distance was not a major barrier in health service use among young adults. Individual’s health status was linked with moving and may be relevant for rural-urban health inequalities. Local health variations within small administrative areas can be identified by grid-based data, indicating the need of customised interventions. Urban sprawl may affect people’s bodyweight, also urging health-based planning of residential areas. Longitudinal perspective would improve predictive value of findings. / Tiivistelmä Harvaan asuttu Suomi on kiinnostava alue väentiheyden ja etäisyyden terveysvaikutusten tutkimiselle. Aiempien tutkimusten mukaan maaseutumaisilla ja syrjäisillä alueilla on monia terveysongelmia. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää asuinympäristön merkitystä nuorten aikuisten terveydelle: miten asuinympäristö on yhteydessä terveyteen, mikä rooli etäisyydellä on ja miten terveys on yhteydessä muuttamiseen. Aineistona on Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1966:n 31-vuotisseuranta-aineisto, sisältäen alkujaan kaikki vuonna 1966 Oulun ja Lapin läänissä syntyneet lapset. Asuinympäristö määritettiin 1 km2 väestöruutuaineiston avulla. Etäisyydet kunta- ja terveyskeskuksiin laskettiin Suomen tie- ja katuverkkotietokantaa (Digiroad) käyttäen. Koettua terveyttä tutkittiin maaseutu-kaupunkijatkumolla ordinaalisella logistisella regressiolla; painoindeksin (BMI) ja ylipainon yhteyttä kuntakeskusetäisyyteen ja väentiheyteen yleistetyllä additiivisella mallilla. Terveyspalvelujen käyttöä ja käytön oikeudenmukaisuutta etäisyyden suhteen tutkittiin negatiivisella binomiregressiolla ja konsentraatioindekseillä, ja terveyden yhteyttä muuttamiseen multinomiaalisella logistisella regressiolla. Huono koettu terveys lisääntyi kaupunkikeskustoista haja-asutusalueille. Maalla asuvien miesten huono koettu terveys selittyi psykososiaalisilla ja terveyskäyttäytymistekijöillä; naisilla syy huonoon koettuun terveyteen haja-asutusalueella jäi epäselväksi. BMI ja ylipainoisten osuus alkoivat kasvaa kuntakeskusetäisyyden ylittäessä viisi kilometriä ja väentiheyden vähetessä. Etäisyys ei vähentänyt terveyskeskuspalvelujen käyttöä, eikä etäisyyteen liittyvää epäoikeudenmukaisuutta havaittu. Elämään tyytymättömyys ja elämänaikainen sairastavuus olivat yhteydessä maaseutu-kaupunkimuuttoihin, haittaava sairastavuus maaseudun sisäisiin muuttoihin ja terveyspalvelujen käyttö kaikkiin kaupunkimuuttoihin. Maantieteellinen etäisyys ei estänyt nuorten aikuisten terveyspalvelujen käyttöä. Yksilön terveys oli yhteydessä muuttamiseen, millä voi olla merkitystä myös terveyden alue-eroille. Ruutuaineiston avulla voidaan löytää terveyseroja hallinnollisten alueiden sisältä, mikä kannustaa toimenpiteiden räätälöintiin eri alueille. Kaupunkirakenteen hajautuminen voi vaikuttaa yksilön painoon, joten terveysnäkökulma tulisi huomioida aluesuunnittelussa. Pitkittäinen tutkimusote parantaisi löydösten ennustavuutta.

Les travaux de cette thèse visent la connaissance et la compréhension de l'articulation temporelle des mobilités individuelles (quotidiennes, de weekend et de longue distance) en France selon les localisations résidentielles, par taille d'aire urbaine et position par rapport au centre du bassin, via l'élaboration d'un diagnostic annuel en termes d'émission de CO2 afin d'éclairer la question du réchauffement climatique. A la description méthodologique de l'outil, s'appuyant sur les données de l'Enquête Nationale Transports et Déplacements 2007- 2008, succède la présentation de certains résultats marquants, déclinant la répartition de ces émissions selon les lieux d'habitat: Au delà des premières analyses descriptives, une caractérisation typologique des comportements de mobilité a abouti à quatre profils-types selon les budgets d'émissions de CO2 sur ces trois segments temporels de la mobilité. Chacun de ces comportements-types n'est pas uniquement repérable (ni uniforme) dans un seul type d'espace. Un certain « effet barbecue » est visible mais il n'est sans doute pas suffisamment fort pour pouvoir confirmer que les habitants des (grands) centres villes ruinent nécessairement durant le weekend leurs comportements plutôt vertueux en semaine grâce à l'utilisation de modes moins polluants. Les études de cas selon le genre, les grands voyageurs (grands pendulaires ou transcontinentaux), et certains motifs de déplacements (achat, loisirs), sont des coups de projecteurs qui ont apporté des résultats complémentaires. Enfin, l'analyse des taux d'occupation sur l'exemple de l'automobile pour des déplacements locaux a montré qu'un meilleur remplissage des véhicules est un facteur important de l'efficacité énergétique (et donc du CO2) des déplacements. / My thesis concern is about knowledge and in depth-understanding of the annual distribution of individual mobility in France (distinguishing daily, weekend and long distance trips) according to the residential locations (by category of urban areas) via the development of an annual CO2 emissions assessment, to address the issue of climate change. After a brief methodological description of the tool, using the dataset of the most recent French National Transport Survey (2007-2008), the paper presents some typical results, declining the distribution of CO2 emissions due to this mobility according to the zone of residence: beyond the initial descriptive analyses, a cluster analysis of mobility behavior results in four profiles of mobility according to the CO2-emissions budgets on these three time segments of mobility. It shows that each type of mobility behavior is not available (nor uniform) in only one type of space. A "cocooning effect" can be detected but it is probably not strong enough to confirm that the citizens of (large) city centers during the weekend necessarily ruin their rather virtuous behavior on week days through the use of less polluting modes. Case studies by gender, frequent travelers (pendulous or transcontinental), and some travel purposes (e.g. shopping, leisure) provide additional results. Finally, the analysis of occupancy rates of the car for local travel shows, that more passengers in a vehicle is an important factor for its energy efficiency (and therefore CO2) due to mobility.

The task of this master's thesis was to create a sustainable urban structure of the 21st century in the Brno brownfields - Kohnova cihelna. The main purpose of the work is to create a quality residential structure near the city center. Furthermore, connecting the city and greenery, creating new entrances to the Červený kopec area and increasing the attractivity of the area with sufficient level of services and recreation.