Enligt statistik föreligger det en högre frekvens av tonårsfödslar i detta specifika brukssamhälle i jämförelse med en närliggande mellanstorstad.  Det existerar ofta en speciell bruksanda i brukssamhällen där arbete många gånger föredras framför utbildning. Uppmuntrar denna mentalitet till att skaffa barn i ung ålder och vilken betydelse och påverkan har mödrarnas ålder vid barnafödande? Skapar tonårsmammorna sin identitet genom att reproducera mödrarnas livsstil? För att ta reda på detta har fem tonårsmammor blivit intervjuade och fått lämna sin livsberättelse. Intervjufrågorna var uppdelade i tematisk ordning för att få en följsam berättelse. En professionell person som är anställd i en stödgrupp på orten har blivit intervjuad för att få en nyanserad bild av tonårsmammornas situation. Analysen av intervjuerna är genomförd med hjälp av teorier av Skeggs, Angelöw & Jonsson och Giddens om respektabilitet, roller och identitet. I forskningsprocessen upptäcktes vissa tydliga mönster gällande barnafödande och utbildningsnivå. De flesta tonårsmammorna hade mödrar som skaffat barn när de var i tonåren. De flest unga mammorna och deras föräldrar saknade eftergymnasial utbildning. Kulturen och den norm som råder i brukssamhället uppmuntrar ungdomar att skaffa barn tidigt. / According to statistics, there is a higher rate of teenage births in this specific industrial community in comparison with the big city. There is often a special spirit of the mining communities where work is preferred more often than education. Does this mentality encourages having children at a young age and which meaning and influence do their mother’s age at childbirth. Creates teenage mothers their identity by reproducing maternal lifestyle. To find this out, five teenage mothers had been surveyed and they left theirs life story. The interview questions were divided into thematic order to get a smooth narrative. A professional person who is employed in a support group in the community has been interviewed to get a balanced picture of teenage mothers' situation. The analysis of the interviews implemented with using theories of Skeggs, Angelöw & Jonsson, and Giddens on respectability, roles and identity. The research discovered some clear patterns concerning child bearing and education. Most teenage mothers were mothers who had children when they were in their teens. The most of the young mothers and their parents had no post-secondary education. In the industrial community, the culture and the norms  encourages young people to have children earlier.

While it is an undeniable historical fact that Buddhism has spread far beyond India, adapting to local circumstances and spawning new variations in the process, the process by means of which it did so is obscure. Recent scholarship has shown that to impute a sense of"mission" to Buddhism is to employ a specifically Christian category which does not fit in well with Buddhism as it was understood by the originators of the Buddhist tradition. For this and related reasons, contemporary scholars of religion prefer to speak of the "transplantation" of Buddhism rather than of "mission''. This work builds on the theories of religious transplantation advanced by Michael Pye, Frank Whaling, Martin Baumann and others. It presents a theoretical perspective on the transplantation of Buddhism that is based on an understanding of Buddhism as consisting of three interrelated "traditions" ranging from the direct perception of reality as Buddhism understands and defines it, to participation in popular Buddhist ritual. The interaction between these three traditions gives rise to four chronologically distinct, but always interacting phases in the transplantation process. The theoretical perspective is demonstrated with reference to Buddhist history in general and South African Buddhist history in particular, and by applying it to various problematic situations in contemporary Buddhism, such as the relation between Buddhism and "other" religions and the predominance of middle-class members (which in South Africa equates to white members) in contemporary western Buddhism. / Religious Studies and Arabic / D.Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)

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Le thème de l’Etat de droit connaît depuis les années quatre-vingt une grande fortune. Aucun Etat ne peut aujourd’hui bénéficier d’un minimum de respectabilité internationale s’il ne se déclare expressément être un Etat de droit. Il est désormais admis en Afrique subsaharienne et au Bénin que l’Etat ne peut fonctionner uniquement par la violence au nom du développement. Les constituants et les populations décident alors de passer d’un pouvoir arbitraire auquel tout est permis à un Etat qui accepte d’être limité par le droit et de le respecter, un Etat de droit.Par sa Conférence nationale tenue à Cotonou du 19 au 28 février 1990 et l’adoption de sa nouvelle Constitution le 11 décembre 1990, le Bénin adhère à l’idéal de l’Etat de droit avec la « juridictionnalisation » de la sphère politique par la Cour constitutionnelle dont la saisine est ouverte à tous les citoyens. Cette thèse fait l’inventaire de la concrétisation de l’Etat de droit au Bénin et en constate la délicatesse. La justice et la primauté du droit ne sont que relativement effectives. Le patrimonialisme et la corruption perdurent. / The theme of Rule of Law has been particularly popular since the 80’s. No State can be internationally respected nowadays if it does not expressly declare itself to practice a Rule of Law. It is now admitted in sub-Saharan Africa and in Benin that the State can no longer function only through violence in the name of development. The constituents and populations decided to go from an arbitrary power where everything is permitted to a State that agrees to be limited by the law and to respect it, in other words, a Rule of Law.Benin has proven its adherence to the idea of Rule of law since its National Conference held in Cotonou from 19 to 28 february 1990 and the adoption of its new Constitution on 11 december 1990, followed by the “jurisdictionalisation” of the political sphere through the creation of the Constitutional Court that every citizen can refer to. This thesis presents the history of the consolidation of the Rule of Law in Benin and points out its weaknesses. The Justice and Rule of Law are only relatively effective. Patrimonialism and corruption prevail.

I denna uppsats utforskas tankegods och diskurser i statens offentliga utredning Höjd bostadsstandard (SOU 1965:32) som utgör det huvudsakliga planeringsunderlaget inför byggandet av miljonprogrammet. Materialet har bearbetats med hjälp av kritisk diskursanalys och analyserats med hjälp av Beverly Skeggs begrepp respektabilitet för att undersöka de klassmarkörer som uttrycks i underlaget. Studiens resultat visar att det finns flera diskursiva mönster i utredningen som bygger på klassmotsättningar. Genom att reglera arbetarklassens boendemiljöer och få dem att eftersträva nya ideal skulle den historiska arbetarklassen byggas bort. De nya idealen kan förstås som en strävan efter att förändra denna samhällsgrupp och att medelklassen genom detta kunde omforma Sveriges klasshierarkier, underkuva arbetarklassen och bygga in spärrar för klasskamp. Allt detta paketerades i en vision om att bygga en modern stadsbild med flervåningshus, samtidigt som målgruppen för projektet önskade något annat. / The aim of this essay is to explore the planning bias in the Swedish blue books inquiry Raised housing standards (SOU 1965:32). This document was the primary planning material for theone million homes built in Sweden between 1965 and 1974, also known as The Million Programme. Using critical discourse analysis, the material has been analyzed in search of class traits expressed in the material. These discursive expressions have subsequently been analyzed with Beverly Skegg's theoretical concept of respectability. The results shows that there are several discursive patterns in the planning document which are based on class antagonism. By regulating the ordinary environments of the working class and making them strive for new ideals, the historical working class was supposed to be transformed. These new ideals for the working class can be understood as an attempt to change this social group and through this the middle class could reshape Sweden's class hierarchies, subdue the working class, and build in barriers against class struggle. All this packaged in a vision of building a modern cityscape with apartment buildings, whilst the target group sought for something else.

The aim of this study is to explore and discuss how media is describing the woman in Swedish magazines. We also explore how a normative image of the woman is created. We offer one possible explanation for how ideals of women can generate and mediate different ideas of femininity and therefore lead to inequality.     The study is based on an analysis of articles published between 2018-2022 in Swedish women's magazines amelia, Femina, mama and tara. Using a qualitative research design by exploring both the text and pictures in the magazines we analyze how the ideal of the woman and norms of femininity can be embedded both in words and photos. The main categories that were identified are: motherhood, health-ideal, beauty-ideal and the general ideal of the woman. To analyze our material, theories and theoretical frameworks such as Agenda Setting Theory, Framing Theory, Respectability and Intersectionality have been used to analyze our data. The main conclusion of our analysis is that media plays an influential role in the construction of the ideal women. The woman is most often described as white, slim, well-dressed and successful. This stereotypic description of the woman is not consistent with the more diverse representation of the woman in society today. This therefore generates an inability due to, for example class and ethnicity, to live up to the ideals that media has constructed.

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The aim of the study is to explore how social categories, with focus on genderand age, is constructed in the social documentation which is a central part ofthe officially arranged elderly care in Sweden. The analysis consists of a discourseanalysis and has a standpoint in feminist theories about performativityand respectability. The analysis consists of a text analysis of case files and howdiscourses about social categories emerge in the texts. The case files are writtenin a standardized form which is central to the structure of the documentation.The study examines the following questions 1) how is the users of elderlycare and their relatives positioned through the discourse that emerges in thecase files? 2) how is the discourse in the case files a part of doing gender andage as social categories?The study shows that the case files are reproducing stereotyped gender rolesand positions “the elderly” by differencing them from other adults throughconceptions about characteristics and (the lack of) abilities. Women’s andmen’s needs are described differently whereas abilities and strategies areprominent in the women’s case files. The respectable narrative emerges in thedescription of women wanting to perform some of the workload which is absentin case files about men. The moral responsibility of relatives is reinforcedby the description about their care work or the absence of it. Male relatives arementioned in the case files prominently in the lack of female relatives. In thisway both masculinity and femininity are constructed through the implied valuesthat is attributed men versus women in the texts. A clear medical discourseemerges in the needs assessments. The assessment texts reformulate the descriptionsof needs and they are instead formulated as facts which reinforcethe medical discourse. In final, this study shows that users of elderly care andABSTRACT10their relatives are positioned from both gender and age and that these categoriesare integrated with each other. I draw the conclusion that age is a usefulcomplement to the theory of respectability and its importance in the narrativeof expression and assessment of a person’s needs.

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