Female athletes have been established as a high-risk group for disordered eating due to the high prevalence rates of clinical (i.e., 1.9% to 19.9%) and subclinical eating disorders (i.e., 7.1% to 49.2%). To date, only a few studies have examined the long-term stability of eating disorders in collegiate female athletes, a design that will allow examination of change in prevalence rates over time. Additionally, researchers have attempted to identify psychosocial risk factors in the development of disordered eating, but short time frames (e.g., competitive season, one year) during which data was collected have limited their findings. The current study investigated the progression in prevalence of eating disorder classification (i.e., eating disordered [ED], subclinical ED, asymptomatic), pathogenic weight control behaviors (e.g., laxative use, vomiting), and the predictive ability of psychosocial risk factors (e.g., body dissatisfaction, negative affect) from the time in which female athletes were active collegiate competitors (Time 1) to a time six years later, in which the women were retired (Time 2). By Time 2, the women were categorized as asymptomatic (69.9%), subclinical ED (26.9%), and clinical ED (3.1%). The prevalence of those who were disordered (i.e., either subclinical or clinical ED) increased from 22.8% (Time 1) to 30.1% (Time 2). The athletes, both as active competitors and retired, reported using exercise and dieting/fasting as the most frequent forms of weight control, but to a much lesser degree when retired. The full model explained 14.9% to 21.1% of the variance in disordered eating categories, and correctly classified 73.6% of the athletes in the sample. Dietary intent and sadness significantly predicted their being classified in the disordered eating group. Early intervention efforts that address eating, body image concerns, proper nutrition, and how to eat healthfully when athletes are competing are important and may help to alleviate future distress. Additional clinical implications and limitations are discussed.

This diploma thesis deals with the normative requirements on the activities of restraint systems. It includes biomechanical limits of the human body, restraint systems, description of the principle of their action and legislation. Legislation, particularly regulations of ECE and EC directives defines the normative requirements on the activity of restraint systems in the context of the approval process. There are described two types of restraint systems: seat belts and airbags in details. There are created simulations of crashtests and reviewed influence of using restraint systems on elimination of negative phenomenon of car accidents.

Background: The human Aldoketoreductase 1B10 gene (AKR1B10) encodes one of the enzymes belonging to the family of aldoketoreductases and may be involved in detoxification of nutrients during digestion. Further, AKR1B10 mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) expression was diminished in brain regions potentially involved in the regulation of eating behavior in rats which are more sensitive to cocaine and alcohol. We hypothesized that the human AKR1B10 gene may also play a role in the regulation of human eating behavior.

Legal and Extralegal Factors in Argumentation and Decision-making of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic Abstract The thesis deals with the influence of legal and extralegal factors on the decision-making of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic. Particularly, it focuses on the questions of which preconditions for decision-making of the Constitutional Court are created by the external political and social environment, how this decision-making reflects the different attitudes and approaches of individual judges and how it is influenced by the composition of the judicial panels. The author first summarizes a wide range of factors whose influence on court decisions has been observed. These include not only the content of legislation, but also judicial philosophy, including activism and self-restraint, and various extralegal factors observed by the attitudinal and strategic model of judicial decision-making, but also by psychological and economic studies. Subsequently, the thesis focuses on the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic. First, it deals with the preconditions for the influence of various factors on its decision-making and argues that the Constitutional Court can be considered a strong court due to its external conditions and its own decision-making activities. Then, with the...

Betong är ett av våra idag absolut viktigaste och vanligaste byggnadsmaterial. Betong har väldigt låg draghållfasthet och på grund av detta spricker betongkonstruktioner oftast. Att helt förhindra att betong spricker är svårt och ofta kostsamt istället ställs krav för hur vida sprickorna får vara. Sprickviddsbegränsning görs genom att konstruktionerna armeras. Detta examensarbete granskar uppkomsten av sprickor i ung betong (ålder lägre än 28 dygn) som orsakas av förhindrad rörelse. Rörelser som förhindras kallas för tvång. När betongkonstruktioner utsätts för tvång uppstår spänningar i betongen. Dessa spänningar kan leda till sprickor. Tvångsfallet som studerats är när en ny betongvägg gjuts mot en platta av betong som redan uppnått dimensionerad hållfasthet. Examensarbetet fokuserar på tvångsspänningar som uppstår på grund av den värmeutveckling som sker när betong hårdnar samt uttorkningen som sker efter formrivning. I arbetet har 3D modeller i FE-programmet Atena arbetats fram. Dessa modeller simulerar fuktutvecklingen, värmeutvecklingen och avkylningen som sker under betongens hårdnande. De beräknar även de spänningar och sprickor som uppstår på grund av tvånget som uppstår mellan den nygjutna väggen och den befintliga plattan. Det finns sedan tidigare arbeten som studerat dessa fenomen men de har enbart modellerats som 2D problem. Ett antal fall med olika randvillkor har upprättats för att jämföras och nå en sprickbild som stämmer med verkligheten. Att begränsa sprickvidder är viktigt eftersom de påverkar betongens hållfasthet och livslängd. Hur breda sprickor blir är extra viktigt i täta konstruktioner, som exempelvis vattenmagasin. Vida sprickor leder till läckage, försämrad hållfasthet och livslängd. Rapporten tar upp regler från Eurokod gällande hur täta konstruktioner ska konstrueras. En handberäkningsmall för beräkning av sprickvidder orsakade av tvång har skapats. Denna mall har baserats på Eurokods regelverk. Då Eurokod saknar metod för att beräkna värmeutveckling har detta gjorts separat i FE-programmet ConTeSt R&D, som är utvecklat för att specifikt beräkna värme i ett 2D-tvärsnitt. Syftet med arbetet är att ta fram en fungerande metod för att modellera uppkomsten av sprickbildning orsakad av tvångsspänningar. Resultaten från FE-modelleringen ska jämföras med de resultat som fås från handberäkningar enligt eurokodmetoden. Rapporten visar att det är möjligt att simulera en förväntad utveckling i spänningar och sprickor, men åstadkommer ingen generell modell då rapportens lösningen är fallspecifik. Eftersom vi enbart nått fallspecifika lösningar och inga generella metoder har det inte gått att göra någon jämförelse mellan handberäkningar och sprickmodellering i Atena. / Concrete is one of the most important and common building materials today. Concrete has very low tensile strength and because of this some amount of cracking is to be expected. Completely preventing cracking in concrete is complicated and costly. This report examines cracks in concrete caused by restraint. When the natural movement in a construction is restrained this will cause stress. This stress might lead to cracking. This report examines cracks that appear in concrete that has yet to reach its full tensile strength. The case that is being studied is that of a new wall that is cast on a slab that has reached full maturity. The report focuses on stresses that appear because of the heat production during hardening, as well as the drying that occurs after the cast is removed. For this purpose 3D models in the finite element software application Atena have been developed. These models simulate the heat and moisture development as well as the cooling that will occur during the hardening of the concrete. These models are also used to simulate the stress and cracking that will occur because of the relationship between the newly cast wall and the slab in place. Studies have previously been published based on this subject, but only in a 2D context where the shrinkage is applied as a boundary condition. A number of cases with varying boundary conditions have been compared in order to reach a crack pattern that corresponds to actual behavior. Reducing crack widths is important as they affect the strength as well as the lifetime of the concrete. The width of cracks that appear is even more important in constructions that need to be impermeable, for example water containers. Wide cracks are a cause of leakage, as well as reduced strength and longevity. The study looks at rules from Eurocode for designing impermeable structures. A template for calculating crack widths has been produced. This template is based on the Eurocode rule set. Since Eurocode is lacking any formulas to calculate heat development this has been done in the FE-software ConTeSt R&D, which is specifically designed to calculate heat development in a 2D section. The purpose of the study is to achieve a working model for the simulation of crack widths due to restraint. These results are to be compared to the results of the Eurocode calculations. The study shows that we are able to simulate an expected development in stresses and cracks, but does not result in a general model as the solution becomes specific to the case. As we have only achieved case specific solutions and no general method we have been unable to compare modelled results with manually calculated results.

Contemporary conflicts are marked by support relationships between partners for the purpose of achieving common goals, namely partnered military operations. These have been seen to amplify positive or negative repercussions of conflict, like civilian harm and restraint from such. This study explores what influences restraint in partnered military operations by examining the effect of civilian casualty tracking, and asking how does the implementation of civilian casualty tracking mechanisms affect restraint in partnered military operations? This study builds on liberal internationalism, attributing restraint to external pressures. This thesis hypothesises that restraint in a partnered military operation will be higher, the more comprehensive the civilian casualty tracking. Using the method of within-case comparative analysis, resembling a structured focused comparison, the hypothesis is tested on the case of Afghanistan. Results indicate support for the theorized relationship, as low comprehensiveness of civilian casualty tracking is correlated with low restraint, while comprehensive civilian casualty tracking is correlated with higher restraint. The correlation is in line with the expected direction, yet not perfect, indicating that other variables may influence restraint in interaction effects. Further research is needed to determine causal factors and trace underlying mechanisms.

Within the health care, many medical professionals know about the critical time restraints for provisions of care within their discipline, but do not know the term "The Golden Hour". The Golden Hour is a term indicating the universal time restraint found within every area of health care and more specifically, every area of nursing. The term and concept represented by it should be recognized to better the outcomes of our patients. Although the Golden Hour typically indicates a 60-minute period of time, various settings recognize shorter and longer periods during which specific actions must be taken to assure positive patient outcomes. To meet this aim, this thesis will review studies related to outcomes as associated with time critical interventions that could be categorized by "The Golden Hour". To meet the goal, a search of CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and ScienceDirect databases was conducted. Findings of the search revealed that while the term is not widely used, the concept of time sensitive care is found in many areas of Health Care and, specifically, within multiple sub-disciplines of nursing.

No description available.

No description available.

The most used widely material in the construction and industrial industry is concrete. Concrete is a material that has been used for a long time and will remain to do so. Therefore, it is especially important to obtain knowledge of the material’s properties and how it is affected by various conditions. A major problem with concrete is cracking that occurs when its shrinkage is prevented. When a concrete wall is cast against ground, shrinkage occurs. The cracks that develop due to this can cause leaks and reinforcement corrosion that not only reduces the lifespan of the concrete, but are also making it aesthetically ugly. One solution to reduce the restraint is to divide the casting into stages. This study contains investigation whether a thoughtful stage casting is a method that can theoretically and practically affect the shrinkage restraint and thereby the cracking in concrete walls. This report observes the tensile stresses in a 15 meter long concrete wall with strength class C30/37. The wall is exposed for two different relative humidity circumstances, indoor environment which gives 50% and outdoor environment which gives 80%. The analysis comprises four different casting methods for a wall; casting in one piece and three casting methods according to thoughtful stage casting. The contemplated time range between the casting stages is normal production time, 30 days, and extended production time, 60 days. At first the calculations for shrinkage and creep of the concrete had to be done according to Eurocode 2. The results from the calculations are thereafter used in the finite element program FEM-Design from the company Strusoft. The results in the report demonstrates the tensile stresses that arise in a 15 meter long wall without the stages and when the casting is done with thoughtful stages. A variation of the foundation depth consisting of non-cohesive soil is also presented for one of the casting methods. The conclusion of the results is that stage casting is a solution to reduce restraint and thereby stresses in concrete walls. The results reveal that the tensile stresses are reduced with the highest value of approximately 80%. The efficiency of casting into stages is possible and practicable within a normal production time. / Det mest använda materialet i anläggnings- och industribranschen är betong. Betong är ett material som har använts länge och kommer fortsätta att användas. Därför är det främst viktigt att ha kunskap om materialets egenskaper och hur det påverkas av olika förhållanden. Ett stort problem med betong är sprickbildning när dess krympning förhindras. När en betongvägg gjuts mot ett underlag förekommer krymptvång. Sprickorna som uppstår på grund av detta kan orsaka läckage och armeringskorrosion som minskar betongens livslängd och är dessutom estetiskt fula. Ett sätt att minska tvånget är att dela in gjutningen i etapper. I detta arbete undersöks om en genomtänkt gjutetappsindelning är en metod som teoretiskt och praktiskt kan påverka krymptvånget och därmed sprickbildningen i betongväggar. Denna rapport betraktar dragspänningarna i en 15 meter lång betongvägg med hållfasthetsklassen C30/37. Väggen utsätts för två olika relativa luftfuktighetsförhållanden, inomhusmiljö samt utomhusmiljö vilket ger ett värde på 50% och 80%. Analyserna omfattar fyra olika gjutningsmetoder för väggen; gjutning utan etappindelning samt gjutning utförd enligt tre genomtänkta etappindelningar. Tiden som betraktas mellan gjutetappsindelningarna begränsas till normal produktionstid, 30 dagar, och en förlängd produktionstid, 60 dagar. Först utförs handberäkningar enligt Eurokod 2 på betongens krympning och krypning för att sedan sätta in resultaten i finita element programmet FEM-Design från Strusoft. Resultaten i rapporten redovisar de maximala dragspänningarna som uppstår i en 15 meter lång vägg utan etappindelning och då gjutning genomförs av genomtänkt etappindelning. Även en variation av friktionsjordens djup analyseras för en utav etappindelningarna. Slutsatsen av resultaten är att gjutetappindelning är en lösning till reduktion av tvång och därmed minskad spänning i betongväggar, då de maximala dragspänningarna reducerades med som högst ca 80%. Effektiviteten av gjutetappindelning är möjlig inom en normal utförandetid.