AJ Over the past decade, digital technology has undergone unprecedented development. The Internet, which originally served as a mean of communication among academics, has become the main communication mechanism used throughout the world. The way people can communicate with each other is much easier now. As a result, the attention of governments and secret agencies has also been focused on cyberspace, with the aim of controlling it as much as possible. Following the Snowden revelations in 2013, the debate on the international scene regarding the feasibility of mass surveillance as a tool in the fight against terrorism began. Since the events of September 11, the powers of the secret services in the field of communication of persons have been extended. This practice has brought up some interesting and unresolved issues. Are such activities permissible at all? If so, under what conditions? This diploma thesis analyzes the legitimacy of massive electronic surveillance and data collection in international law in the context of the protection of human rights, especially the right to privacy. It focuses on electronic surveillance conducted by the American National Security Agency (NSA) and the British Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). Since these are foreign monitoring programs, the work...

" L’image est la représentation symbolique du vivant ». Il s’agit d’une notion difficile à qualifier juridiquement étant donné que le droit notamment en France ne consacre pas de manière textuelle la liberté de l’image qu’il convient de rattacher à la fois à la libre création artistique, à la liberté d’information, à la liberté de communication (dont le terme n’est pas défini par le droit) ou plus largement à la liberté d’expression garantie par la D.D.H.C de 1789 à l’article 11 mais aussi en droit européen (article 10 de la C.E.D.H). L’image comme l’écrit est un véritable moyen d’expression et de communication dont la plupart des médias se servent aujourd’hui à travers ce qu’il convient d’appeler le « siècle de l’image ». La construction d’un statut juridique de l’image passe par l’intervention des juges. Cela a lieu au niveau européen (C.E.D.H, C.J.U.E) mais aussi en droit interne français avec, par exemple, la consécration du droit à l’image confronté au droit à l’information limitant celui-ci. L’image a donc de plus en plus besoin de droit, alors que ce dernier semble la délaisser ou l’ignorer. Cela tient au fait qu’elle est fondée en partie sur l’imaginaire donc sur l’irrationnel, alors que le droit prétend être une discipline rigoureuse et objective. Pourtant, l’image est un formidable outil de communication qui a toujours fasciné l’Homme et de tout temps ce dernier a cherché à contrôler les images, à les censurer voire à les utiliser à des fins de propagande, comme outil politique mais aussi comme outil économique. En effet, le pouvoir politique a longtemps eu le contrôle des images comme en atteste la pratique de la censure administrative des films en France ou le monopole de l’Etat sur l’audiovisuel public. Les écrits ont été mieux protégés grâce à l’importante loi de 1881 sur la presse. Les juges ont joué un rôle crucial dans l’émancipation de l’image et pour promouvoir sa libre circulation dans l’ « espace public » tout en protégeant les individus des dérives que celles-ci peuvent entrainer si elles ne sont pas convenablement régulées. Par ailleurs, l’avènement des nouvelles technologies de l’information principalement l’Internet, a contribué à libérer l’image des contraintes liées aux supports permettant sa circulation : l’apparition du numérique a favorisé sa fragmentation et donc sa démocratisation dans une perspective pluraliste. L’image est désormais à la portée de tous, elle est vulgarisée et circule sans considération de frontières, ce qui soulève à la marge un problème d’harmonisation du droit et des jurisprudences. Une régulation apparait cependant nécessaire dès lors que nous passons progressivement de la logique de l’image-pouvoir (contrôle) à la logique de l’image-savoir (démocratie). L’objet est rationnalisé alors que l’idée est vulgarisée. La thèse se propose de dresser une typologie des images existantes dans l’espace public démocratique, à l’aune des différents contentieux abordés, tout en recherchant chemin faisant, les solutions qui sont raisonnablement envisageables, en vue de favoriser ce processus de démocratisation du savoir par l’image (droit aux images), quitte à s’inscrire, pour ce faire, dans le cadre d’un champ disciplinaire nouveau que nous proposons d’appeler le « droit de l’environnement multi-communicationnel ». Ces propositions ont été formulées à la fin de l’ouvrage. / “The image is the symbolic representation of the alive”. It is about a notion difficult to qualify legally given that the law in particular in France does not dedicate in a textual way the freedom of the image which it is advisable to connect at the same time with the free artistic creation, with the freedom of information, with the freedom of communication which the term is not defined by the law or more widely in the freedom of expression guaranteed by the D.D.H.C of 1789 in the article 11 but also in European law (article 10 of the C.E.D.H). The image as the paper is a real way of expression and communication which most of the media use through what today what it is advisable to call "century of the image ".The construction of a legal status of the image passes by the intervention of the judges. It takes place at the European level (C.E.D.H, C.J.U.E) but also in French internal law with, for example, the consecration of the law for the image that, competitor, of a law for the information limiting this one. The image thus has more and more need for law, while the latter seems to abandon her or to ignore it. It is due to the fact that she is partially established on the imagination thus on the irrational, while the law claims to be a rigorous and objective discipline. Nevertheless, the image is a great communications tool which always fascinated the Man, which always tries to control the images, to censor them even to use them for purposes of propaganda, as political tool but also as economic tool. Indeed, the political power was in control for a long time images as gives evidence of the practice of the administrative censorship of movies in France, for example, or of the State monopoly about the public broadcasting. The papers were protected thanks to the important law of 1881 on the press. The judges played a crucial role in the emancipation of the image its emancipation and to promote its free circulation in the "public place" while protecting the individuals of the drift that these can entrained if they are not suitably regulated. Besides, the succession of the new information technologies mainly the Internet, contributed to release the image of the constraints bound to supports favoring its traffic: the appearance of the digital technology favored its fragmentation and thus its democratization in a pluralistic prospect. The image is from now on within the reach of all, it is popularized and circulates regardless of borders, what raises marginally a problem of harmonization of the law and the jurisprudences. A regulation seems however necessary since we pass gradually of the logic of the image and power (control) in the logic of the image and knowledge (democracy). The object is rationalize while the idea is popularized. The thesis suggests raising a typology of the existing images in the democratic public place, in the alder of the various approached disputes, while looking for on the way, the solutions which are reasonably possible, to favor this process of democratization of the knowledge by the image (right collective in the image), even if it means joining, to do it, within the framework of a new disciplinary field which we suggest calling the " right of the environment multi - communicationnel ". These proposals were formulated at the end by the work.

Land of freedom or land of surveillance? Right to privacy in the U.S. after 9/11 Abstract The United States of America has been always perceived as a land of freedom. The U.S. citizens are very proud of their Constitution that became model for other constitutions in the world. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 not only brought a change in the U.S. foreign policy as the war on terror was launched, but also influenced the domestic political development and caused creation of a complex network of security legislative. These antiterrorism measures have been criticized, as the programs arising especially from the Patriot Act are controversial, challenging the civil rights and especially the right to privacy. In 2013, Edward Snowden revealed secret spying programs of the National Security Agency. This thesis examines the discrepancies between the proclaimed freedom and the reality, in which the United States is ranked among endemic surveillance societies. Keywords: USA, Patriot Act, Snowden, NSA, surveillance, antiterrorism legislative

No description available.

Yes / Digital health twins (DHTs) have been evolving with their diverse applications in medicine, specifically in older care settings, with the increasing demands of older adults. DHTs have already contributed to improving the quality of dementia and trauma care, cardiac treatment, and health care services for older individuals. Despite its many benefits, the optimum implementation of DHTs has faced several challenges associated with ethical issues, quality of care, management and leadership, and design considerations in older care settings. Since the need for such care is continuously rising and there is evident potential for DHTs to meet those needs, this review aims to map key concepts to address the gaps in the research knowledge to improve DHT implementation. The review aims to compile and synthesize the best available evidence regarding the problems encountered by older adults and care providers associated with the application of DHTs. The synthesis will collate the evidence of the issues associated with quality of care, the ethical implications of DHTs, and the strategies undertaken to overcome those challenges in older care settings. The review will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology. The published studies will be searched through CINAHL, MEDLINE, JBI, and Web of Science, and the unpublished studies through Mednar, Trove, OCLC WorldCat, and Dissertations and Theses. Studies published in English from 2002 will be considered. This review will include studies of older individuals (aged 65 years or older) undergoing care delivery associated with DHTs and their respective care providers. The concept will include the application of the technology, and the context will involve studies based on the older care setting. A broad scope of evidence, including quantitative, qualitative, text and opinion studies, will be considered. A total of 2 independent reviewers will screen the titles and abstracts and then review the full text. Data will be extracted from the included studies using a data extraction tool developed for this study. The results will be presented in a PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews) flow diagram. A draft charting table will be developed as a data extraction tool. The results will be presented as a "map" of the data in a logical, diagrammatic, or tabular form in a descriptive format. The evidence synthesis is expected to uncover the shreds of evidence required to address the ethical and care quality-related challenges associated with applying DHTs. A synthesis of various strategies used to overcome identified challenges will provide more prospects for adopting them elsewhere and create a resource allocation model for older individuals. DERR1-10.2196/51153. / A publishing grant has been received from Linnaeus University as part of the University Library’s research support.

of the Thesis This thesis deals with a problem of surveillance in public spaces. In the introduction it was specifies that the main aim of the thesis is to give a complex view on the topic of surveillance cameras in public areas from the constitutional law perspective. In the Czech republic, no further discussion has developer and legislatively, the issue is only regulated by the personal data protection law. And this regulation is not even complex, it only deals with CCTV kind of cameras, excluding the ones without storing the data. In the beggining of the thesis I explai right to privacy and under which conditions it can be limited. The core of the paper deals with camera systems themselves, their use, pros, cons and effecitivity. Later I describe opinions of some offices and states on the topic. Proportionality test of the constitutional court and the ECHR to balance right to privacy with the state responsibility for public safety was conducted in the last part of the thesis. The advantage of CCTV is that thez provie impression of security to the citizens. They discourage potential perpetrators and help to maitain security of individuals, property and public interests, as well as detection, prevention and conviction of criminals. It helps securing proofs for future trials. On top of that, CCTV...

Submitted by PPG Direito (ppgdir@pucrs.br) on 2018-04-19T13:11:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDO_ INGLEZ_DE_ SOUZA_ MACHADO_DIS.pdf: 1618591 bytes, checksum: 0d335e9f36d6f5985dc6c8b50f83f0ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-08T14:27:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDO_ INGLEZ_DE_ SOUZA_ MACHADO_DIS.pdf: 1618591 bytes, checksum: 0d335e9f36d6f5985dc6c8b50f83f0ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-08T14:31:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDO_ INGLEZ_DE_ SOUZA_ MACHADO_DIS.pdf: 1618591 bytes, checksum: 0d335e9f36d6f5985dc6c8b50f83f0ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / The present paper seeks to face the thematic of the right to personal data protection on the scope of the Brazilian legal system, emphasizing on the profiling figure. The paper starts on the construction of the right to privacy and its mutations in face of technological advances, especially on the information and communication technologies. With that it faces from the firsts formulations of the right to privacy, as a right to be let alone, until it?s most recent formulations, as a right of each individual to control its own private information. After that, it analyses the north-american personal data protection system, housed on the figure of right to privacy, as well as the European personal data protection system, based on laws of European Union level. This analysis suits so that both systems can be used as reference for the study of the thematic on the Brazilian legal system, observed the due alterations to fit this legal system. In the end, the present paper faces the thematic of personal data protection on the Brazilian legal system, focusing on the profiling, with consists in a personal data treatment tool that figures between the ones that offers the hirer risk. Recognizing the fundamental character of the right to personal data protection, including in the Brazilian juridical system, the paper demonstrates the importance of the observation of personal data protection principles ? as the transparency, the purpose and the consent ? on the utilization of profiling mechanisms. Only this way it?s possible to conform the treatment of personal data with the rights of the data subject. / O presente trabalho busca enfrentar a tem?tica do direito ? prote??o de dados pessoais no ?mbito do ordenamento jur?dico brasileiro, enfocando a figura do profiling. O trabalho inicia na constru??o do direito ? privacidade e nas suas muta??es em raz?o dos incrementos tecnol?gicos, notadamente no que toca ?s tecnologias da informa??o e da comunica??o. Com isso, ele enfrenta desde as primeiras formula??es do direito ? privacidade, enquanto um direito a ser deixado s?, at? suas formula??es mais recentes, enquanto um direito de cada indiv?duo controlar suas pr?prias informa??es privadas. Depois, ele analisa o sistema norte-americano de prote??o de dados pessoais, albergado pela figura do right to privacy, bem como o sistema europeu de prote??o de dados pessoais a partir das normativas em n?vel de Uni?o Europeia. Tal an?lise serve para que ambos os sistemas sirvam de amparo para o estudo do tema no ordenamento jur?dico brasileiro, observadas as devidas adequa??es para este sistema jur?dico. Por fim, o presente trabalho enfrenta a tem?tica da prote??o de dados pessoais no ordenamento jur?dico brasileiro sob o prisma do profiling, o qual consiste em uma ferramenta de tratamento de dados pessoais que figura entre as que ostentam o maior potencial lesivo. Reconhecendo o car?ter fundamental do direito ? prote??o de dados pessoais, inclusive no sistema jur?dico brasileiro, o trabalho evidencia a import?ncia da observ?ncia dos princ?pios da prote??o de dados pessoais ? como o da transpar?ncia, o da finalidade e o do consentimento ? na utiliza??o de mecanismos de profiling. Somente assim ? poss?vel conciliar o tratamento de dados pessoais com o respeito aos direitos do titular dos dados.

O estudo explora a questão de como o Direito do Trabalho brasileiro protege a informação pessoal do empregado perante o empregador e se essa proteção considera deliberadamente os riscos subjacentes ao uso da informação em ambiente de crescente processamento automático. No Capítulo I, apresenta-se no contexto internacional o problema da obtenção e do uso pelo empregador da informação relativa ao empregado em um ambiente de crescente automatização e justifica-se a necessidade de sua abordagem no Direito brasileiro. No Capítulo II é examinado o arcabouço da proteção de dados pessoais do empregado nas normas internacionais. No Capítulo III, buscam-se os fundamentos do conceito de dados pessoais no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, principalmente na órbita constitucional, sob a fórmula do direito à autodeterminação informativa. O Capítulo IV traça um quadro geral da proteção da informação relativa ao empregado no Direito do Trabalho brasileiro, considerando os limites à obtenção e ao uso da informação pessoal, os deveres do empregador como responsável pelo acervo de informações pessoais que mantém e os direitos diretamente relacionados à autodeterminação informativa. O Capítulo V investiga as potencialidades do quadro normativo brasileiro atual para oferecer uma proteção ao empregado que se aproxime das finalidades almejadas nas normas internacionais setoriais. / The study is concerned with the question of how the Brazilian Labor Law protects the employees personal information from collection and use by the employer and whether it considers the threats to the employee that arise from increasing automatic processing. Chapter I presents, in the international context, the problem of the employers collecting and using the employees personal information in a world of increasing automation and justifies the need for its approach in the Brazilian Law. Chapter II presents the employees data protection framework proposed in international agreements. Chapter III discusses the fundaments of the concept of personal data and its formulation as informational self-determination in the Brazilian Law and in the Brazilian Constitution. Chapter IV offers a general picture of the protection of the employees information in the Brazilian Labor Law, considering the limits to its collection and use, the obligations of the employer as responsible for the retrieval of the stored data, and the employee`s rights regarding informational self- determination. Chapter V investigates the possibilities of the present Brazilian Legal framework in offering protection to the employee on the same basis as proposed in sectorial international agreements.

<p>Most people would agree that privacy is a civil right, and that we should not be deprived of this civil right for other than legitimate reasons. The difficulty lies instead in how to decide where the legislative boundary should be drawn for the right to privacy, in order to protect the individual from an undue intrusion of his privacy. There are a number of areas where the right to privacy comes in conflict with opposite interests. One of these areas is credit report. In this master thesis the author discusses questions as, what is the meaning of the word privacy, and whether the protection of privacy is sufficient in the legislation concerning credit report? Also a comparative study of the Swedish and the English regulation is performed. The object of this thesis is to analyze to what extent the legislator takes the right to privacy into consideration in the legislation concerning credit report. The author also investigates the possibilities to change the legislation in effort to enhance the protection of privacy. The thesis shows, that today there is a protection of privacy in connection to the processing of personal data, but also points out the need to review this protection and also to extend it to other areas, which are not connected with processing of personal data.</p>

Most people would agree that privacy is a civil right, and that we should not be deprived of this civil right for other than legitimate reasons. The difficulty lies instead in how to decide where the legislative boundary should be drawn for the right to privacy, in order to protect the individual from an undue intrusion of his privacy. There are a number of areas where the right to privacy comes in conflict with opposite interests. One of these areas is credit report. In this master thesis the author discusses questions as, what is the meaning of the word privacy, and whether the protection of privacy is sufficient in the legislation concerning credit report? Also a comparative study of the Swedish and the English regulation is performed. The object of this thesis is to analyze to what extent the legislator takes the right to privacy into consideration in the legislation concerning credit report. The author also investigates the possibilities to change the legislation in effort to enhance the protection of privacy. The thesis shows, that today there is a protection of privacy in connection to the processing of personal data, but also points out the need to review this protection and also to extend it to other areas, which are not connected with processing of personal data.