When the Government of National Unity took office in 1994, it inherited a country with severe inequalities in resource distribution and land ownership. In particular, it inherited a housing crisis which was, to a large extent, caused by apartheid legislation and policies. This research focuses on the housing crisis post-1994 by considering the impact and effect of the constitutional right to have access to adequate housing, especially for those living in intolerable conditions. It does so by utilising a social-scientific approach to the law. This approach acknowledges that the housing right must exist alongside other social phenomena and as a part of everyday life in South Africa. Accordingly, the implementation of the housing right by three local municipalities in the Eastern Cape is examined. Following an initial overview of the history of housing and local government in South Africa, the study focuses on the current legislative framework for housing and theinterpretation of the housing right (and other socio-economic rights) in certain court decisions. These decisions are discussed, not only because of the impact they have had on communities living in intolerable situations, but, as importantly, because they have developed standards against which policy and planning should be measured. These standards are used in the study to evaluate housing provision in three municipalities. The evaluation (by means of interviews and assessment of planning documentation) demonstrates that the recognition of the housing right in the Constitution and by the courts does not necessarily translate into effective recognition and implementation by the state. The research shows that the failure to plan proactively, lack of co-operative governance and inadequate controls over financial and human resources thwart the realisation of the housing right by local government. It is recommended that, in order to make the housing right a reality, research into the housing right (and indeed other socio-economic rights) should scrutinise the management of financial and human resources of the state in the context of the policy, planning and implementation environment. Where research is able to show evidence of unspent budgets, insufficient planning and mismanagement of resources, courts would be able to focus on the implementation aspect of the housing right, and ensure that it may yet have a meaningful impact on the lives of millions of some of the most vulnerable people in society.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ana_carolina_cavalcanti_erhardt.pdf: 34696479 bytes, checksum: d449f315396f5c452727215397ca82f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-09 / Search back to the analysis of the Special Appeal No. 556 721 - DF and its repercussions in other judged the Superior Court of Justice. The relevance of this study stems from the great crisis of effectiveness of the right to adequate housing in Brazil and the judiciary may be exploited to meet financial interests, rather than turning to achieve fundamental social rights. This crisis of effectiveness of the right to housing in Brazil led to the creation and development of mechanisms, at the legislative level, to ensure the legal security of tenure. Given the need to effect, in terms of facts, not only through abstract textual previous, the fundamental right to adequate housing, some legal institutions were created in order to ensure legal security of tenure. Among these mechanisms of regularization, we highlight the real right of special use for housing aimed at ensuring the social function of public areas. There is a large distortion between the theory and practice of realization of the right to housing which is evidenced by the use of critical discourse analysis of the judicial precedents method. According to the method of critical discourse analysis, applied to the context of the Supreme Court of Justice, it appears that lack of concretization of social law in question stems from linguistic strategies influenced by rationalistic conceptions of the phenomenon legal incompatible with the current stage of the Brazilian Constitutionalism. / A pesquisa volta-se à análise do Recurso Especial nº 556.721 DF e de suas repercussões em outros julgados do Superior Tribunal de Justiça. A relevância desse estudo decorre da grande crise de efetividade do direito à moradia adequada no Brasil, podendo o Judiciário ser instrumentalizado para atender interesses patrimoniais, em vez de voltar-se a concretizar direitos sociais fundamentais. Essa crise de efetividade do direito à moradia no Brasil ensejou a criação e o desenvolvimento de mecanismos, a nível legislativo, que garantem a segurança jurídica da posse. Em face da necessidade de efetivar, no plano dos fatos, e não somente através da previsão textual abstrata, o direito fundamental à moradia adequada, alguns institutos jurídicos foram criados no intuito de garantir a segurança jurídica da posse. Dentre esses mecanismos de regularização fundiária, destaca-se o direito real de uso especial para fins de moradia que visa assegurar a função social de áreas públicas. Existe uma grande distorção entre a teoria e a prática de efetivação do direito à moradia o que é evidenciado mediante a utilização do método da análise crítica do discurso judicial. Segundo o método de análise crítica do discurso, aplicada ao âmbito do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, verifica-se que a ausência de concretização do direito social em questão decorre de estratégias linguísticas influenciada por concepções racionalistas do fenômeno jurídico incompatíveis com o atual estágio do Constitucionalismo brasileiro.

O trabalho consiste em um estudo do conflito existente nas cidades pela disputa do espaço urbano, em que a efetivação do direito à cidade e a moradia colidem o direito de propriedade e interesses econômicos. O cenário desta disputa é a globalização, que intensifica as relações humanas em escala mundial e pressiona o direito à atender uma lógica imposta pelo mercado, gerando uma padronização nas relações jurídicas. Para a pesquisa foram realizados trabalhos de campo em ocupações urbanas no centro de Porto Alegre nos anos de 2016 e 2017, com a coleta de dados primários. A parte final da dissertação apresenta pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema da globalização e do solo urbano, com a avaliação das possibilidades de atuação do direito econômico. / This work consists of a study of the existing conflict in the cities for the dispute of the urban space, in which the realization of the right to the city and the housing collide the right of property and economic interests. The scenario of this dispute is globalization, which intensifies human relations worldwide and puts pressure on the right to comply with a logic imposed by the market, generating a standardization in legal relations. For the research, fieldwork was carried out in urban occupations in the center of Porto Alegre in the years 2016 and 2017, with the collection of primary data. The final part of the dissertation presents bibliographic research on the theme of globalization and urban soil, with the evaluation of the possibilities of economic law. / El trabajo consiste en un estudio del conflicto existente en las ciudades por la disputa del espacio urbano, en que la efectividad del derecho a la ciudad y la vivienda colisionan con el derecho de propiedad e intereses económicos. El escenario de esta disputa es la globalización, que intensifica las relaciones humanas a escala mundial y presiona el derecho a atender una lógica impuesta por el mercado, generando una estandarización en las relaciones jurídicas. Para la investigación se realizaron trabajos de campo en ocupaciones urbanas en el centro de Porto Alegre en los años 2016 y 2017, con la recolección de datos primarios. La parte final de la disertación presenta una investigación bibliográfica sobre el tema de la globalización y del suelo urbano, con la evaluación de las posibilidades de actuación del derecho económico.

Under urban neoliberal policies, housing has become a vehicle for wealth accumulation, detached from its social function, leading to a shortage of adequate and affordable housing. The lack of adequate housing is perceived as an issue of availability. This prevailing perspective dismisses the systematic character of the housing issue and fails to take into account greater questions about power, inequality, and justice in capitalist societies. The purpose of this case study of Malmö is to problematize the access to housing for marginalized groups in the broader frame of the political and economic structures of Sweden’s housing market. The research adopts a qualitative case study design based on 22 semi-structured interviews. The findings answer the research question how is access to the housing market in Malmö limited for marginalized groups? and will be placed within the framework of The Radical Right to Housing and the context of Sweden’s political-economy. Based on the results this research argues that despite limited accessibility mostly shows in economic disadvantage for the marginalized groups, it is caused by Sweden’s social, political and economic structures. Highlighting that housing is a political-economic problem, deeply embedded within class structures, gender, age, ethnicity and other power dimensions. In the broader context of demanding a radical right to housing, the results show that it requires a transformation of Sweden’s political-economic structures. Regarding a decommodification of housing, a transformation of capitalism and transformative changes in state action concerning immigration, education, and active gender equality policies. Thereby, housing could serve as a tool to create more equality in cities by addressing and fighting the structures of class society, gender, age, ethnicity and other power dimensions.

Ontario’s current regulatory approach to low-income housing lies between two primary challenges: the human right to housing, and political/fiscal constraints. This thesis draws on legal theory and economic analysis of law to articulate the proper goals of housing access policy. A structural theory is proposed to explain the normative relationship between efficiency, communitarianism and justice in housing. An array of regulatory options are compared and considered in light of the features that characterize Ontario’s low-income rental housing markets. This analysis favours demand-side housing subsidies to low-income households, combined with supply-side tax expenditures to improve elasticity in the low-income rental market. Further reform of rent and covenant controls, social and affordable housing supply, and land use planning is recommended to ensure an efficient residential tenancy market. These reforms are offered as a framework for the implementation of the human right to housing in Ontario.

Ontario’s current regulatory approach to low-income housing lies between two primary challenges: the human right to housing, and political/fiscal constraints. This thesis draws on legal theory and economic analysis of law to articulate the proper goals of housing access policy. A structural theory is proposed to explain the normative relationship between efficiency, communitarianism and justice in housing. An array of regulatory options are compared and considered in light of the features that characterize Ontario’s low-income rental housing markets. This analysis favours demand-side housing subsidies to low-income households, combined with supply-side tax expenditures to improve elasticity in the low-income rental market. Further reform of rent and covenant controls, social and affordable housing supply, and land use planning is recommended to ensure an efficient residential tenancy market. These reforms are offered as a framework for the implementation of the human right to housing in Ontario.

No description available.

Submitted by Paulo André Nassar (paulo.nassar@gvmail.br) on 2012-01-24T19:26:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 NASSAR - JDMTC - BKAB - final.pdf: 4839362 bytes, checksum: 527a7cf0c0a74ce36854726d39768c25 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão (vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2012-01-24T19:57:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 NASSAR - JDMTC - BKAB - final.pdf: 4839362 bytes, checksum: 527a7cf0c0a74ce36854726d39768c25 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-01-26T10:58:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NASSAR - JDMTC - BKAB - final.pdf: 4839362 bytes, checksum: 527a7cf0c0a74ce36854726d39768c25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-09 / In this dissertation, I aim to assess Courts’ transformation performance on housing rights issues. I begin making reference to transformative constitutionalism theory, presenting its main thesis, and then I point out the transformative features of 1988’s Brazilian Constitution and make the distinction between dirigiste constitutionalism and transformative constitutionalism. Then I present and comment both the housing problem in Brazil and the Brazilian legal doctrine on housing rights. After that, I propose a multidisciplinary methodology developed to assess Courts’ transformation performance on housing rights issues. Finally, I present an empirical study that makes a systematic content analysis of 50 'class action' filled by the 'Defensoria Pública do Estado de Sao Paulo against the Municipality of São Paulo, which aims to modify the municipal housing policies to accommodate the interests of marginalized groups. I conclude that in these issues, Courts has a limited transformation capacity, since social change occurs only when political, social and economic agents are also engaged "out of court" and when there is political will of the government. / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo avaliar o desempenho transformador do Poder Judiciário em questões relacionada ao direito à moradia. O estudo tem como referência teórica o constitucionalismo transformador, razão pela qual apresenta-se suas as principais teses, aponta-se as características transformadoras da Constituição brasileira de 1988, e propõe-se uma distinção entre constitucionalismo transformador e constitucionalismo dirigente. Faz-se apresentação e crítica do problema habitacional brasileiro e da doutrina jurídica brasileira sobre direito à moradia. Propõe-se uma metodologia multidisciplinar desenvolvida para aferir o desempenho transformador do Judiciário em questões sobre o direito à moradia. Feito isso, apresenta-se um estudo empírico que faz a sistematização e análise de 50 ações civis públicas propostas pela Defensoria Pública do Estado de São Paulo em face da Prefeitura de São Paulo, em que se pretende modificar as políticas habitacionais municipais para contemplar os interesses de grupos marginalizados. Conclui-se que, nessas questões, o Judiciário tem um desempenho transformador limitado, uma vez que a transformação social pleiteada ao Judiciário só ocorre se forças econômicas, sociais e políticas estiverem mobilizadas 'extra-judicialmente' para tanto e se houver vontade política do Administrador.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and explore the challenges and problems experienced by the residents of Braamfischerville, related to the provision of housing, including the provision of services such as adequate water and electricity and roads in the study area. The research focused largely on how the challenges and problems related to housing affect the lives of the residents, socially and economically. It seems these houses were designed for people who are single and young, and will never grow and have families of their own. When considering the size of these houses, it becomes clear that they do not cater for larger families. The quality of the housing units in this area is of very poor standard. The mixed research methods are used to collect the primary data for this study. The use of both quantitative and qualitative methods are deemed most appropriate for this research study, as most researchers regard them as best methods in answering the research questions. Mixed approaches are also important in identifying issues, factors and relevant questions which can become the focus of a quantitative. The use of mixed methods has the assumption that both approaches can complement each other and help in avoiding unnecessary shortcomings. The findings revealed that the size of the RDP houses was not suitable to accommodate most of the residents in this area. The problem was caused by poor housing designs which resulted in very small, overcrowded RDP houses. Most of the RDP housing units are defective, mainly caused by the use of poor building materials and it was also found out that unemployment was a major challenge in Braamfischerville. The state has not managed to create jobs for the community of this area. It has become very difficult for these people to make improvements to and maintain their RDP houses. Provision of basic services such as water and electricity was found to be in order. The roads in Braamfischerville were found to be in very poor conditions. And that has negatively affected the socio-economic activities in the area. Finally, the land where this settlement has been established, was found to be inadequate. The area is situated very far from the places of employment and other facilities. Several houses were built on damp areas, flooding areas and on the wetlands. These houses are said to pose a serious danger to the occupants. / Geography / M. Sc. (Geography)

A tension arises whenever the South African private law fails to meet constitutional right norms. To remedy a deficiency, two law-making options are available. The first is for the judiciary to develop or change private law principles and rules in order to provide protection for the implicated constitutional norm. The second is for the judiciary to enforce an obligation upon Parliament to enact legislation to amend or replace existing private law rights and obligations so as to safeguard the norm against interference from a private individual or entity. The former is the more conventional option, but, in recent years, the law reports record an increasing reliance on the legislative duty to protect constitutional right norms in private legal relationships. The thesis investigates the extent to which the latter phenomenon - which will be described as a 'pivot towards legislative remedies' - exists, and the circumstances in which the courts pivot towards legislative remedies rather than developing private law of their own accord. The thesis finds that legislative schemes that give effect to constitutional rights are likely to contain an array of benefits that are absent from or reduced in the judicial law-making process. The judicial pivot towards legislative remedies is thus a strategy to enhance the process through which conflicting rights are resolved, as it allows for the constitutional rebuilding of private law in a way that the judiciary is unable to do on its own. Importantly, however, theories of judicial deference do not explain the pivot. On the contrary, the courts have exercised a strict level of control over the legislative law-making pathway. Through either statutory interpretation or the review of legislation, the courts require legislation to contain the essentials of the judicial law-making framework. From this perspective, the judicial law-making process produces the floor of the rebuilding project and the legislative law-making process enhances that framework.