Licensiering utgör ett viktigt verktyg inom upphovsrätten och har en stor praktisk betydelse för såväl upphovsmän som rättighetsutnyttjare och andra. Avtalslicensen är en nordisk rättsfigur som framtagits för att klarera rättigheter vid massutnyttjanden av upphovsrättsligt skyddade verk och ger möjlighet att utnyttja verk av utanförstående upphovsmän utan att inhämta tillstånd. Upphovsmännens rättigheter tillvaratas genom rätt till ersättning och erforderliga skyddsregler. Nyligen genomförda nationella lagändringar tillsammans med lagstiftningsprojekt på EU-nivå har aktualiserat avtalslicenskonstruktionen och dess funktion. De nationella lagändringarna har utvidgad avtalslicensbestämmelserna som nu omfattar fler tillgängliggöranden, fler verkstyper och fler rättssubjekt än tidigare, något som ger såväl positiva som negativa effekter på marknadens parter. Inom EU har direktiv om kollektiv rättighetsförvaltning och andra lagstiftningsprojekt såsom en gemensam EU- rättslig upphovsrättslagstiftning föranlett frågor om avtalslicensens framtid. Avtalslicenser har funnits i Sverige sedan 1960-talet och fortsätter att utvecklas och utvidgas i takt med att nya tekniska lösningar uppstår. Ett mer globalt, gränsöverskridande samhälle skapar nya förutsättningar och nya möjligheter men kan även ge upphov till nya problem. De upphovsrättsliga organisationerna är välfungerande i Sverige vilket är en förutsättning för att konstruktionen skall fungera på ett tillfredställande sätt. Stor kollektiv anslutning och transparens kan identifieras som anledningar till konstruktionens framgång i Sverige. Utvidgningen av avtalslicenserna tyder också på ett stort förtroende för rättsfiguren från samtliga parter. Vidare ger nya avtalslicenser möjligheter att utveckla nya innovativa tjänster där strömmade tjänster kommer att spela en central roll i framtiden. Avtalslicensens framtid är beroende av många faktorer, bland annat utvecklingen inom EU där det sker ett kontinuerligt arbete för att harmonisera medlemsstaternas upphovsrättsliga lagstiftning. Idéer om gemensam EU- registrering av upphovsrätt och en harmoniserad EU-rättslig upphovsrättslagstiftning kan komma att bli avgörande för avtalslicensernas framtid.

El principal objetivo de éste proyecto de investigación es la definición de una arquitectura que permita la protección y gestión de los derechos digitales en un entorno de gestión de contenido multimedia, siguiendo estándares abiertos siempre que sea posible. A fin de conseguir dicho objetivo, se analizarán y considerarán múltiples estándares e iniciativas relacionados.En primer lugar se aborda la definición de una arquitectura preliminar basada en MPEG-21 que permite la protección y gestión de los derechos digitales (DRM) aplicables a contenido multimedia. Más adelante, se presenta una arquitectura genérica y se describen diferentes implementaciones desarrolladas en proyectos nacionales y europeos, como AXMEDIS, VISNET II, Linked-Work y GILDDA. El análisis incluye casos de uso, aspectos de seguridad y la propuesta de una metodología de prueba o test. En el caso de Linked-Work, se detalla una implementación específica, resaltando los conceptos clave que la hacen diferente de otros sistemas de DRM. / The main goal of this research project is to define a generic architecture for the protection and management of digital rights in a multimedia content management scenario following open standards as much as possible. In order to achieve this goal, several standards and initiatives will be analysed and taken into account.First, a MPEG-21-based preliminary architecture for the protection and management of digital rights for multimedia content is tackled. Later on, a more general architecture is defined. Several implementations are described such as those in several Spanish and European projects such as AXMEDIS, VISNET II, Linked-Work and GILDDA. The focus in made on use cases, security features and a testing methodology. Linked-Work details a specific implementation, emphasising on the key concepts that make it different from other kind of DRM systems.

Zugl.: München, Universiẗat, Diss., 2008.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiẗat Köln, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 243-265).

Submitted by Ana Carolina Folgosi Bittar (anacarolinabittar@gmail.com) on 2015-05-06T18:22:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de mestrado - Ana Carolina Bittar.pdf: 3343316 bytes, checksum: 4927e39e001057b47dadccf5a22b513b (MD5) / Rejected by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde Ana Carolina, Por favor, tirar o acento do GETULIO e tirar o nome do curso abaixo da ESCOLA. obrigada. Suzi 3799-7876 on 2015-05-06T19:39:25Z (GMT) / Submitted by Ana Carolina Folgosi Bittar (anacarolinabittar@gmail.com) on 2015-05-06T19:50:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de mestrado - Ana Carolina Bittar.pdf: 3410988 bytes, checksum: 1e21cdf39eec3b1582c075cbb337f4de (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2015-05-06T19:52:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de mestrado - Ana Carolina Bittar.pdf: 3410988 bytes, checksum: 1e21cdf39eec3b1582c075cbb337f4de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-06T19:55:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de mestrado - Ana Carolina Bittar.pdf: 3410988 bytes, checksum: 1e21cdf39eec3b1582c075cbb337f4de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-10 / Os livros digitais facilitam o acesso aos livros, por meio de fatores como a diminuição de barreiras geográficas e financeiras, constituindo um importante instrumento para a promoção do acesso ao conhecimento no século XXI. Como forma de combater a pirataria na rede, os ebooks são protegidos por digital rights management (DRM), uma trava tecnológica que permite que os titulares de direitos autorais protejam seus direitos por meio do controle do que os usuários conseguem fazer com os arquivos digitais. O DRM pode determinar variáveis como em quais circunstâncias, quantas vezes, por quanto tempo e em quais plataformas o um arquivo pode ser acessado. Essa trava, por sua vez, é protegida por leis anticircunvenção que proíbem que os usuários a alterem ou a removam. Em regra, essas leis não exigem que a arquitetura dos sistemas de DRM observe os mesmos limites e exceções impostos ao direito autoral. Por conta disso, é possível que os sistemas de DRM estabeleçam novas regras para o uso de trabalhos artísticos, que ultrapassam a proteção conferida pelas leis de propriedade intelectual. No mercado de livros digitais, tais regras têm um impacto particular na concorrência. Uma vez que as livrarias usam diferentes sistemas proprietários de DRM em seus livros digitais, compatíveis com um número limitado de dispositivos de leitura, o leitor enfrenta problemas de interoperabilidade para adquirir e-books em uma loja diferente daquela em que seu dispositivo de leitura foi comprado. Essa baixa interoperabilidade vincula os leitores a um determinado ecossistema e aumenta os efeitos de rede, custos de mudança e barreiras à entrada nesse mercado, propiciando a concentração. Como resultado, as livrarias são capazes de exercer um grande poder sobre o fluxo de informações nesse mercado, minando o potencial dos e-books para difundir o conhecimento e promover a leitura. Assim, esta pesquisa examina como os sistemas de DRM e as normas anticircunvenção afetam a concorrência no mercado de livros digitais e como essa dinâmica concorrencial, por sua vez, impacta no acesso aos livros. A análise inicia-se com a descrição do mercado de livros digitais e avança à discussão teórica, consistente na revisão da literatura especializada sobre direito autoral, direito da concorrência e acesso ao conhecimento. Sob uma perspectiva de desenvolvimento como liberdade, conclui-se que a revisão das leis anticircunvenção é essencial para fomentar a concorrência nesse mercado, garantir a autonomia dos indivíduos e concretizar o potencial dos e-books para a expansão do acesso ao conhecimento. / Digital books facilitate access to books, through factors such as the reduction of geographical and financial barriers, serving as an important instrument for promoting access to knowledge in the XXI century. To prevent works from being pirated online, e-books are protected by digital rights management (DRM), a technological lock that allows copyright holders to protect their rights by controlling what users can do with their digital files. DRM can determine variables such as under what circumstances, how many times, for how long, and on which devices a file can be accessed. This lock, in turn, is protected by anti-circumvention laws that prohibit users from changing or removing it. As a rule, these laws do not require the architecture of DRM systems to comply with the same limits and exceptions that apply to copyright. As a result, it is possible for DRM systems to establish new rules on the use of artwork beyond the legal protection afforded by intellectual property laws. In the digital book market, such rules have a particular impact on competition. Since booksellers use different proprietary DRM schemes on their digital books, compatible with a limited number of reading platforms, readers face interoperability problems in acquiring e-books from a different store than the one in which the reading device was bought. This low interoperability locks readers into a particular ecosystem and increases network effects, switching costs and barriers to entry in this market, leading to concentration. As a result, bookstores are able to exercise great power over the flow of information in this market, undermining the potential of e-books to spread knowledge and promote reading. Thus, this research examines how DRM systems and anti-circumvention laws affect competition in the digital book market, and how this competitive dynamic, in turn, impacts access to books. The analysis begins with a description of the digital book market and advances to a theoretical discussion, consisting of a review of specialized literature on copyright, competition law, and access to knowledge. Under a development as freedom perspective, this research concludes that a review of anticircumvention laws is essential for promoting competition in this market, guaranteeing individual autonomy, and realizing the potential of e-books to expand access to knowledge.

This master's thesis focuses on the argumentation of library organisations and European national libraries in their contributions to the European Commission's public consultation on the review of the EU copyright rules. This study aims to explain how the debate around copyright limitations and exceptions is constructed in library stakeholders' contributions. The construction is explained through argumentation analysis and a theoretical framework of the relations between structural, instrumental, and discursive power. The main findings are that library stakeholders in general are strongly supportive of a EU copyright reform, arguing that democratic values as well as the EU Single Market would benefit. There are also library stakeholders who argue against legislative change, either suggesting extended collective licences, or arguing that the Member States' sovereignity is more important than a pan-European copyright legislation. Furthermore, many library stakeholders propose either a general ”fair use” exception in EU copyright law, or adding several specific exceptions, e.g. for text and data mining, e-lending, publicly funded research openly available, and that contracts and technical protection measures cannot override limitations and exceptions. National libraries and library organisations from the Central and Eastern European Member States' are more supportive of a copyright reform than their Western European counterparts. They do not mention licences as a possible solution. In general, the library stakeholders agree that the interoperability, exchange and cooperation in activities and projects involving several EU Member States suffers from the current copyright legislation. / I den här masteruppsatsen utreds argumentationen som används av biblioteksorganisationer och europeiska nationalbibliotek i deras svar på Europeiska kommissionens samråd rörande en granskning av EU:s upphovsrätt. Studien ämnar besvara frågan om hur debatten kring inskränkningar och undantag i upphovsrätten konstrueras i biblioteksintressenternas samrådssvar. För att besvara denna fråga används argumentationsanalys, samt ett teoretiskt ramverk bestående av relationerna mellan strukturell, instrumentell och diskursiv makt. Resultatet av analysen är att biblioteksintressenterna generellt sett stöttar en reform av EU:s upphovsrätt, med argumenten att både demokratiska värden och EU:s inre marknad gagnas av detta. Andra biblioteksintressenter argumenterar mot en upphovsrättsreform och föreslår i stället kollektiva avtalslicenslösningar, eller så argumenterar de att medlemsländernas suveränitet är viktigare än en sameuropeisk lagstiftning. Dessutom föreslår många biblioteksintressenter antingen ett allmänt ”fair use”-undantag i EU:s upphovsrätt, eller att flera specifika undantag ska läggas till, t.ex. för text- och data-mining, e-bokslån, offentligt finansierad forskning ska publiceras öppet, och att kontrakt och tekniska skyddsåtgärder inte kan upphäva inskränkningar och undantag. Nationalbibliotek och biblioteksorganisationer från central- och östeuropeiska medlemsländer stöttar en upphovsrättsreform i större utsträckning än sina västeuropeiska motsvarigheter. De nämner inte alls licenser som en möjlig lösning. Överlag instämmer biblioteksintressenterna i att interoperabilitet, utbyte och samarbete i aktiviteter och projekt som involverar flera medlemsländer lider av upphovsrättens nuvarande skick.

Copyright is essentially the right of the rightsholder of an original work to prohibit others from making or distributing unauthorised copies of his or her work. More specifically for this dissertation, when an end user deals with digital content, one of the aims of copyright becomes the balancing of the conflicting interests in ‘exclusivity’ on the one hand, and in ‘access to information’ on the other. Exclusivity is achieved by the rightsholders through technological protection measures to protect their commercial interests. Access to information is achieved where works are available to the general public without payment and technological protection measures and where the digital content is not directly marketed for commercial gain. Exclusivity and access to information are two conflicting cultures surrounding copyright in the digital era. It is submitted that unless we find a socio-economic-legal way for the dynamic coexistence of these two conflicting cultures by means of fair dealing, the culture of exclusivity will eventually dominate fair access to information. The transient nature of digital content means that rightsholders have little or no control over their works once the end user has obtained a legal digital copy of the work. The right ‘to prohibit’ end users from copying and distributing unauthorised copies is, therefore, largely meaningless unless a legal or other solution can be found to discourage end users from the unauthorised reproduction and distribution of unauthorised copies of the work. Currently, technological protection measures are used to manage such digital rights because legal permissions within the doctrine of fair dealing for works in printed (analogue) format are inadequate. It is, however, submitted that a legal solution to discourage end users from copying and distributing unauthorised copies rests on two pillars. Firstly, the solution must be embedded in state-of-the-art digital rights management systems and secondly the business model used by publishers, and academic publishers in particular, should change fundamentally from a business-to-consumer model to a business-to-business model. Empirical evidence shows that the printing of e-content will continue to be relevant far into the future. Therefore, the management of fair dealing to allow for the printing of digital content will become increasingly important at educational institutions that use e-books as prescribed course material. It is submitted that although the origination cost of print editions and e-books correspond, the relatively high retail price of e-books appears to be based on the fact that academic publishers of digital content do not have the legal or digital rights management tools to manage the challenges arising from the fair dealing doctrine. The observation that academic publishers are reluctant to grant collecting societies mandates to manage the distribution of digital content, and/or the right to manage the authorised reproduction (printing) of the digital content, supports this hypothesis. Ultimately, with technologies at our disposal, the fair use of content in digital and print format can be achieved because it should simply be cheaper to comply with copyright laws than to make unauthorised digital or printed copies of content that our society desperately needs to make South Africa a winning nation. / Mercantile Law / LL. M.

Univ., Diss.--Köln, 2006. / Literaturverz. S. 243 - 265.

Diss. Univ. Luzern, 2006. / Buchhandelsausg. der Diss. Luzern, 2006. Bibliogr.

Die Arbeit umfasst die Synthese von lipophilen Inositolen und Glycerollipiden, welche auf ihre Raftophilie getestet wurden. Des weiteren wurden eine Reihe neuer Ceramide synthetisiert und diese in Bioassays auf ihre Wirksamkeit gegenüber diversen Krankheiten wie Influenza getestet.