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本研究旨在探討新北市國民小學體育教師角色壓力與組織承諾之關係。研究目的有： 一、了解新北市國小體育教師角色壓力與組織承諾的現況。 二、探討不同背景變項新北市國小體育教師在角色壓力、組織承諾二者的知覺差異。 三、探究新北市國小體育教師角色壓力與組織承諾之間的關係。 四、根據以上的研究結果提出因應新北市國小體育教師角色壓力及強化組織承諾的具體建議，提供有關單位及作為進一步研究之參考。 研究採用問卷調查法為主，以新北市204所公立國民小學（含分校）的體育教師為對象，共抽取125所學校，575位體育教師為受試者進行調查，並以改編之「國民小學體育教師角色壓力量表」與「國民小學體育教師組織承諾量表」進行施測，共回收490份，有效問卷為474份，問卷回收率85％，可用率82％。資料以SPSS/PC 17.0統計套裝軟體進行描述性統計、t 考驗、單因子變異數、積差相關、多元逐步迴歸分析與討論，所得主要結論如下： 一、新北市國小體育教師知覺角色壓力程度偏低。 二、新北市國小體育教師具有較高的組織承諾。 三、新北市國小體育教師所覺知的角色壓力在年齡變項上，平均差異達顯著水準。 四、新北市國小體育教師知覺組織承諾在年齡變項上，平均差異達顯著水準。 五、國民小學體育教師角色壓力與組織承諾之間具有負相關。 六、國民小學體育教師角色壓力對教師組織承諾具有顯著預測力。 最後，根據研究結果與結論，提出具體建議，以供教育行政機關、學校、國民小學體育教師與未來研究之參考。 / A Study on PE Teachers’ Role Stress and Organization Commitment in Elementary Schools of New Taipei City Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between PE teachers’ role stress and organization commitment in elementary schools of New Taipei City. The purpose of this study is as followed: 1. To understand the current status of PE teachers’ role stress and organization commitment in elementary schools of New Taipei City. 2. To explore the cognition difference between PE teachers’ role stress and organization commitment in elementary schools of New Taipei City based on the variances of their different backgrounds. 3. To discuss the relationships between PE teachers’ role stress and organization commitment in elementary schools of New Taipei City. 4. To provide a concrete suggestion to respond to PE teachers’ role stress and organization commitment to the related units for reference of future further study. This study adopted questionnaire survey aimed at PE teachers in 204 public elementary schools of New Taipei City, and the sampling taken from 125 schools and 575 PE teachers as interviewees, using modified questionnaires of “Evaluation Form of PE Teachers’ Role Stress in Elementary Schools” and “Evaluation Form of PE Teachers’ Organization Commitment in Elementary Schools” to conduct the survey. It issued 490 copies with 474 valid copies and the return rate was 85%with 82% useful rate. The data was analyzed by SPSS/PC17.0 package software to proceed descriptive statistics, and also adopted t-test, single factor variances, related accumulated difference, multiple stepwise regression analysis and discussions. The major conclusions are as followed: 1. Cognition on PE teachers’ role stress and organization commitment in elementary schools of New Taipei City is relatively lower. 2. On the variance of age, the PE teachers’ role stress in elementary schools in New Taipei City has achieved a significant level. 3. On the variance of age, the PE teachers’ organization commitment in elementary schools in New Taipei City has achieved a significant level. 4. It has negative relationship between PE teachers’ role stress and organization commitment in elementary schools. 5. PE teachers’ role stress in elementary schools has a significant prediction on organization commitment. Finally, based on the result of the study and its conclusion, some concrete suggestion is provided to education administrative institutes, schools and PE teachers in elementary schools for future study.

<p>The call centre industry has been one of the fastest growing industries in South Africa. Call centres have for most companies become a basic business requirement for servicing customers. Zapf, Isic, Bechtoldt and Blau (2003: 311) argue that there are high levels of stress amongst employees in call centres, which they believe to be the result of both the work tasks and the interactions with customers. The aim of this study was to establish whether call centre work design and structure contributed to role stress amongst client service representatives (CSRs). It was also the aim of this study to establish whether role stress affected the CSRs‟ levels of job satisfaction and their intentions to quit from their jobs.</p>

As a point of departure, this thesis is motivated by the big changes which have taken place in most Western European countries since the 1970s, with an increase in female labour market participation and, to some extent, men’s increased share of the domestic work. There is also a debate as to whether France, having a fairly extensive family support,should be categorised as closer to the Scandinavian countries or together with countries with more restrictive family policy such as Italy and Germany, and thus belonging to the conservative regime cluster as defined by Gösta Esping-Andersen. The major topic of this thesis concerns what expectations parents have on childcare and how they experience the combination of care of children and participation in paid work. Two studies, based on quantitative macro-data, analyse and compare differences in primarily women’s employment in relation to family policy measures. The studies concern in addition to France and Sweden, also Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom. The results indicate that the extensive family support system brings France closer to the Scandinavian countries. However, results based on 80 interviews made with 40 French and 40 Swedish families in the three following studies indicate that this may not be the case concerning factors like attitudes and values about the care of children and the reconciliation of work and family. Results indicate that values expressed in the French families point to a strong connection with values significant for countries in the conservative regime cluster. Major findings are that in the reconciliation of work and family, Swedes experience role stress more than French people, and in particular Swedish fathers. In France, on the other hand, mothers strongly express a feeling of dissatisfaction with their partner’s lack of participation in the household work. Regarding the attitudes to the paid parental leave (allocation parentale d’éducation- APE), French families’ arguments reflect that the policy does not promote fathers’ use of paid parental leave, and French mothers more than Swedish mothers refer to the weaker labour market situation as a reason for their use of the leave. Concerning expectations on childcare, French families more than Swedish families stress the importance of ‘upbringing,’ ‘learning’ and ‘socialisation,’ whereas Swedish families emphasise ‘pedagogy’ and that the staff recognises the individual child.

本研究旨在探討縣立完全中學兼職行政工作教師角色壓力、組織承諾及工作滿意之間的關係，以作為了解學校兼職行政工作教師的工作滿意度。本研究以台北縣為範圍，包括永平、明德、樹林、三民、清水、金山、雙溪、海山、秀峰、三重、錦和、安康與石碇等完全中學，共計十三所作為研究對象。各校兼職行政工作教師，共計314人作為樣本，進行問卷調查。所使用的研究工具為「台北縣立完全中學兼職行政工作教師角色壓力、組織承諾與工作滿意現況問卷」，內容包括角色壓力知覺量表、組織承諾量表、工作滿意量表。問卷回收情形，共計收回262 份，有效回收率為83.4％。本研究所使用的統計方法，包含單因子變異數分析、皮爾遜積差相關與多元迴歸分析等方法。 本研究結論如下： 一、兼職行政工作教師整體角色壓力感受程度屬中等。以「角色模糊」的壓 力感受度最高。 二、兼職行政工作教師整體組織承諾感受程度屬中上。以「努力意願」的感 受度最高。 三、兼職行政工作教師整體工作滿意感受程度屬中等。以「同事關係」的感 受度最高。 四、兼職行政工作教師個人背景變項在角色壓力、組織承諾與工作滿意各層 面感受有所差異 五、兼職行政工作教師知覺角色壓力、組織承諾與工作滿意相關有所差異 六、教師知覺角色壓力與組織承諾中以「組織認同」對工作滿意最具預測力 最後，本研究根據以上結論，分別針對教育行政機關、縣立高中校長、兼職行政工作教師以及未來研究者提出數點建議。 / The purposes of the study are to explore the relationship among role pressure, organizational commitment and job satisfaction of administrative teachers in Taipei county high schools and to further understand their job satisfactions. The subjects of the study include 314 administrative teachers in the 13 complete high schools in Taipei County. Questionnaires about role pressure, organizational commitment and job satisfaction were distributed to all the 314 teachers and a total of 262 questionnaires were compiled, the valid percentage being 83.4%. The research tools used in the study include ANOVA analysis, Pearson’s Product moment Correlations and multiple stepwise regressions. The results of the study are presented as follows： 1.The degree of role pressure among administrative teachers is average, with the feeling of role ambiguity the highest. 2.The degree of organizational commitment among administrative teachers is above the average, with the feeling of hardworking intention the highest. 3.The degree of overall job satisfaction among administrative teachers is average, with the feeling of colleague relationship the highest. 4.The variable of personal background of administrative teachers does influence the degree of their feelings of role pressure, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. 5.There are differences among administrative teachers’ awareness of role pressure, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. 6.The item of organizational identification is the most reliable predictor to the job satisfaction of administrative teachers. Finally, based on the above-mentioned results, the study would make some suggestions to the educational authorities concerned, county high school principals, administrative teachers and future researchers.

<p>The call centre industry has been one of the fastest growing industries in South Africa. Call centres have for most companies become a basic business requirement for servicing customers. Zapf, Isic, Bechtoldt and Blau (2003: 311) argue that there are high levels of stress amongst employees in call centres, which they believe to be the result of both the work tasks and the interactions with customers. The aim of this study was to establish whether call centre work design and structure contributed to role stress amongst client service representatives (CSRs). It was also the aim of this study to establish whether role stress affected the CSRs‟ levels of job satisfaction and their intentions to quit from their jobs.</p>

INTRODUCTION: In Canada, the role of Telehealth Coordinator is relatively new. Provider institutions and telehealth networks developed the role to support implementation and use of videoconferencing technology in health care delivery. As telehealth usage grows, an increasing number of Canadian nurses, other regulated health care professionals and unregulated workers are being called upon to function as Telehealth Coordinators. However, in some organizations, this role remains poorly understood and generally, little is known about the demographics of Canada’s Telehealth Coordinator community of practice. PURPOSE: Using Role Theory concepts and the tenets of Nursing Informatics, the broad aim of this qualitative study was to gain a better understanding of the demographics and role that nurses, other regulated health professionals and unregulated workers play in sustainable telehealth technology implementation and use in Canada. This is important in the context of leveraging technology to meet the challenges of an ageing population and increasing burden of chronic illness. METHODS: Qualitative exploratory study design using mixed methods. Telehealth Coordinators from the Canadian Society of Telehealth (CST) and Ontario Telemedicine Network (OTN) were invited to take part in an online survey (33 items) and telephone interview (20 items). RESULTS: From two identified populations – a provincial sample from Ontario and a national sample from other Canadian provinces and territories, 47 Telehealth Coordinators provided responses that could be analyzed. Over half of the respondents (56%) reported being between the ages of 40 – 59 years and 75% were female. Nurses and other regulated health care professionals comprised 53% of the sample. Of the respondents, 66% reported working in a health care provider organization. Responses to the qualitative questions are presented within the context of Role Theory and Nursing Informatics. CONCLUSIONS: Canada’s Telehealth Coordinators are an eclectic community of practice with varying roles, responsibilities, educational backgrounds and experience. Although the role of Telehealth Coordinator varied across organizations and regions in Canada, important commonalities were also found. Participants expressed a need and desire for standards, ongoing professional education opportunities and credentialing – especially if the role involved patient care. Major factors contributing to Canadian Telehealth Coordinators work satisfaction were: 1. patient contact and knowledge that they were making health care more accessible 2. educating others in the use of videoconferencing technology and 3. autonomy. Organizational issues including a lack of resources and understanding of the role by senior executives provided the least satisfaction for Telehealth Coordinators. Strong organizational support for Telehealth Coordinators will increase the probability of successful videoconferencing technology implementation and use.

本研究旨在探討新北市國小教師兼任行政人員角色壓力、幸福感與組織承諾之關係，並分析不同個人背景變項在角色壓力、幸福感與組織承諾上的差異情形，進而探討角色壓力、幸福感與組織承諾的相關性及角色壓力、幸福感對組織承諾的預測力。透過問卷調查法，以新北市國小教師兼任行政人員為對象，共發出576份問卷，問卷內容包括背景變項問卷、角色壓力問卷、幸福感問卷與組織承諾問卷。回收有效問卷518份，可用率為89.93％。資料統計分析上使用描述性統計、獨立樣本t 檢定、單因子變異數分析、皮爾遜積差相關、逐步多元迴歸分析等方法。 本研究結論如下： 一、新北市國小教師兼任行政人員在整體角色壓力之感受為中等，三層面 中以角色過度負荷感受最大，角色模糊感受最小。 二、新北市國小教師兼任行政人員在整體幸福感之感受為中上程度，四層 面中以樂觀表現感受最大，身心健康感受最小。 三、新北市國小教師兼任行政人員在整體組織承諾之感受相當高，三層面中以努力意願感受最大，留職傾向感受最小。 四、新北市國小教師兼任行政人員個人背景變項在角色壓力、幸福感與組織承諾各層面感受有所差異。 五、新北市國小教師兼任行政人員知覺角色壓力、幸福感與組織承諾相關 有所差異。 六、新北市國小教師兼任行政人員知覺角色壓力與幸福感中以「工作成就」對組織承諾最具預測力。 最後，本研究根據以上結論，分別針對教育行政機關、市立國小行政主管、教師兼任行政人員以及未來研究者提出建議。 關鍵詞：教師兼任行政人員、角色壓力、幸福感、組織承諾 / The purposes of the study are to explore the relationship among role pressure, sense of well-being and organizational commitment of administrative teachers in New Taipei City elementary schools, to analyze the difference among role pressure, sense of well-being and organizational commitment of varied personal backgrounds, and to further examine the relativity among role pressure, sense of well-being and organizational commitment and how significantly organizational commitment can be predicted via role pressure and sense of well-being. Questionnaire survey is adopted and personal background questionnaire, role pressure questionnaire, well-being questionnaire and organizational commitment questionnaire are included. The questionnaires were distributed to 576 administrative teachers in New Taipei City elementary schools, and 518 valid questionnaires were retrieved, with 89.93% of availability. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation and multiple stepwise regression analysis. The results of the study are as follows: 1. The overall degree of role stress among administrative teachers in New Taipei City elementary schools was at the average level, with the feeling of ‘role overload’ the highest, and the feeling of ‘role ambiguity’ the lowest. 2. The overall degree of sense of well-being among administrative teachers in New Taipei City elementary schools was above the average, with the feeling of ‘positive preference’ the highest, and the feeling of ‘mental and physical health’ the lowest. 3. The overall degree of organizational commitment among administrative teachers in New Taipei City elementary schools was very high, with the feeling of ‘hardworking intention’ the highest, and the feeling of ‘tendency to retain the job’ the lowest. 4. The variables of personal background of administrative teachers in New Taipei City elementary schools do influence the degree of their feelings of role stress, sense of well-being and organizational commitment. 5. There are differences among administrative teachers’ awareness of role pressure, sense of well-being and organizational commitment. 6. ‘Working achievement’ is the most reliable predictor to the organizational commitment of administrative teachers. Finally, based on the above-mentioned results, the study would be provided assuggestions for the educational authorities concerned, New Taipei City municipal elementary school administrators, administrative teachers and future researchers. Key words: administrative teachers, role stress, sense of well-being, organizational commitment

The Gender Role Stress paradigm asserts that individuals experience distress when they cannot or do not want to live up to the roles prescribed to their gender, and this stress is related to Gender Role Ideology. Within American Christian culture, gender roles are socialized and shaped according to tradition and the Bible. To investigate the intersection of these factors, Christian adults will respond to questionnaires about their Gender Role Ideology, Gender Role Stress, and religiosity. Significant positive correlational relationships between Gender Role Ideology and Gender Role Stress, between religiosity and Gender Role Ideology, and between religiosity and Gender Role Stress are expected for both men and women. However, Gender Role Ideology is expected to partially mediate any relationship found between religiosity and Gender Role Stress. This will imply that for Christian individuals, religiosity and Christianity are related to Gender Role Stress but this relationship is dependent on an individual’s beliefs about gender roles. Implications and further directions are discussed, including spiritual gender role negotiation and the sanctification paradigm.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / The call centre industry has been one of the fastest growing industries in South Africa. Call centres have for most companies become a basic business requirement for servicing customers. Zapf, Isic, Bechtoldt and Blau (2003: 311) argue that there are high levels of stress amongst employees in call centres, which they believe to be the result of both the work tasks and the interactions with customers. The aim of this study was to establish whether call centre work design and structure contributed to role stress amongst client service representatives (CSRs). It was also the aim of this study to establish whether role stress affected the CSRs' levels of job satisfaction and their intentions to quit from their jobs. / South Africa