Magister Commercii - MCom / In recent years, there has been a proliferation in research on work-family conflict which has become more prevalent in recent years due to the economic climate in which increasingly large numbers of women are entering or returning to the labour market. Finding equilibrium in work and family arenas has also become more important to South African employees. Traditional gender roles have evolved and the role of females as homemakers is no longer the norm. However, an alternative set of social standards have not yet been established as a substitute to new patterns of work and family life. As a result, it is important to focus on concerns relating to female experiences in the workplace to try and overcome the effects of work-family conflict on females.Job stress and role stress have increased dramatically in work and family life, as more women attempt to balance responsibilities at home whilst simultaneously trying to overcome challenges faced with at the office. Typically role ambiguity, role overload and role interference arises and ultimately produces two forms of conflict: time-based conflict and strain-based conflict. Self-efficacy and implementing coping strategies are means to overcome this.The objective of this study was to explore and add to existing research done on work-family conflict amongst females in the workplace. More specifically the study is to determine whether relationships exist between the variables: job stress, role stress, role overload, inter-role conflict, spousal support, coping behaviours; job, family and life satisfaction, emotional exhaustion; the nature of the relationships and the causal impacts between these variables.Two hundred questionnaires were administered and 150 were returned to women employed in a service oriented organisation in the Western Cape.The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was utilized to analyze and present data in this research with frequency tables and graphical illustrations to provide information on key demographic variables in this study. The results reveal that there are statistically significant relationships amongst work overload and work-family conflict (WFC). There was also a significant relationship between parental overload and WFC. Moreover, the strongest relationship emerged between WFC and family-to-work conflict (FWC). Females experiencing WFC showed a tendency to rely on problem-focused coping strategies. In addition, there was an inverse relationship between job satisfaction and WFC. There was a significant difference in WFC based on age, tenure, number of children, income and tenure. There was no significant difference in WFC on the basis of marital status. There were statistically significant differences in FWC based on some of the biographical characteristics of the respondents. There was a significant difference in FWC based on age, tenure, income and occupation.Approximately 35% of the variance in WFC can be explained by age, education, income, work overload, parental overload and spousal support. These variables account for 33.53% of the variance in WFC, and suggest that other unexplored variables could explain the variance in WFC levels experienced by respondents. Approximately 38% of the variance in role stressors can be attributed to age, education, income, work overload, parental overload and spousal support in relation to FWC. The results which emanated from the current study assist in furthering an understanding of WFC and FWC. Individual and organisational implications are discussed and recommendations are made to further enhance this study with additional research into this area being warranted.

En écho aux enjeux démographiques des sociétés postmodernes, les générations au travail font l’objet de nombreux écrits dans les médias grand public, la presse managériale et les revues académiques. Dans la majorité de ces travaux, les effets générationnels sont envisagés comme un phénomène de société qui s’impose aux organisations, sommées de s’adapter aux comportements des Générations Y et bientôt Z. Cette vision occulte les effets de la socialisation organisationnelle sur les nouveaux entrants. A partir des travaux de Joshi et al (2010, 2011), notre thèse croise les cadres théoriques des générations et de la socialisation organisationnelle pour explorer empiriquement le thème des générations organisationnelles. En effet, si les générations sont enracinées dans la temporalité, les entreprises ont une temporalité propre, avec des événements fondateurs, des tendances d’évolution et des modes de reproduction sociale. Dans cette thèse CIFRE en recherche-action, nous étudions la situation particulière d’ERDF qui fait face à un renouvellement générationnel massif. Nous combinons un pré-diagnostic qualitatif, une ethnographie de 17 mois dans une base technique renouvelée et un questionnaire (1182 répondants) pour comprendre en profondeur les effets de ce renouvellement massif. D’un point de vue managérial, nous proposons que les conditions particulières expérimentées par les jeunes recrutés à leur entrée dans l’entreprise conduisent à la naissance d’une nouvelle génération organisationnelle. Nous accompagnons l’entreprise dans la prise en compte de la durabilité des effets de cette expérience sur les attitudes au travail, au delà des effets Génération Y. D’un point de vue théorique, nous introduisons le concept d’empreinte générationnelle organisationnelle en tant que marque distinctive d’une génération organisationnelle. Nous définissons ainsi les conditions du travail qui marquent cette empreinte ; les mécanismes par lesquels l’empreinte se forme en soulignant la part des tensions de rôle ; et les antécédents qui engendrent une nouvelle génération organisationnelle. Dans ce cheminement, nous mettons à jour certains effets non anticipés du renouvellement, notamment sur les agents socialisateurs et sur la culture organisationnelle. A travers nos actions, nous contribuons à la reconnaissance de l’effort exigeant que représente l’intégration des jeunes recrutés par le corps social. / Much is written down about generations at work in general media, managerial press and academic journals in connection with demographic stakes in postmodern societies. In most writings, generational effects are considered as a social phenomenon that imposes itself upon organizations, compelling them to adapt to Generation Y (and Z coming up) behaviors. This approach doesn’t take into account organizational socialization effects on newcomers. Building up on Joshi et al (2010, 2011) work, we bring together theoretical frameworks on generations and organizational socialization to empirically investigate organizational generations. Indeed, if generations are rooted in temporality, organizations have their own temporality, including founding events, trends and social reproduction modes. In this PhD dissertation, using action-research, we study the particular situation of ERDF (Electricité Réseau Distribution de France) which faces a massive generational renewal. We combine a qualitative pre-diagnosis, an ethnographic observation during 17 months and a survey (1182 respondents) to deeply understand the effects of this massive arrival. From a managerial point of view, we propose that the particular conditions that newcomers experiment at their entry in the company lead to a new organizational generation. We help the company to understand that this first experience of newcomers durably marks their attitudes at work, beyond Generation Y effects. From a theoretical point of view, we introduce the concept of organizational generational imprint as a distinctive mark of an organizational generation. We define the work conditions which mark the imprint; the mechanisms by which the imprint forms itself, underlying the part of role stress in them; and the antecedents that generate a new organizational generation. On the way, we reveal unanticipated effects of the renewal on insiders and organizational culture. Through our actions, we contribute to recognize the demanding effort required from insiders to integrate newcomers.

Rapporter från fackorganisationer och vetenskapliga studier visar att bibliotekarier är en stressad yrkesgrupp. Denna studie undersöker hur folkbibliotekarier beskriver sina upplevelser av stress främst i möten med användare och hur denna stress hanteras av folkbibliotekarierna. Åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med folkbibliotekarier genomfördes, varpå det empiriska resultatet analyserades utifrån rollstressteorin som myntat sav Kahn et al. (1964). Syftet med studien är att bidra till en djupare förståelse för folkbibliotekariers stress, och hur dessa upplevelser och hantering av stress kan förstås utifrån rollstressteorin. De mest framträdande stressfaktorerna i användarmöten är kommunikationssvårigheter, gränssättning i service och när många användare efterfrågar hjälp samtidigt. Studiens resultat visar även att arbetsuppgifter utanför användarmöten såsom arbete med bibliotekens uppdrag, planering av aktiviteter och program, beståndsarbete pekas av över hälften av folkbibliotekarierna ut som mer stressande än användarmöten. Resultatet visar även att folkbibliotekarierna har flera metoder för att hantera stress. Analysen av det empiriska resultatet visar på indikationer av rollstress i form av rollkonflikt, rolloklarhet och rollöverbelastning. / Reports from trade unions and scientific studies show that librarians are a stressed professional group. This study examines how public librarians describe their experiences of stress when meeting patrons and how this stress is managed by the public librarians. Eight semi-structured interviews with public librarians were conducted, after which the results was analyzed based on the role stress theory coined by Kahn et al. (1964). The purpose of the study is to contribute to a deeper understanding of public librarians' experiences of stress, and how this can be understood by using role stress theory. The results of the study show that the most prominent stress factors in relation to patrons are communication difficulties, setting boundaries in service and when many patrons request help at the same time. The results of the study also show that, for example, work regarding planning and the library's missions is experienced by many of the public librarians as more stressful than working with patrons.The results also show that the public librarians use several methods to manage stress. The analysis of the empirical material also shows indications of role stress in terms of role conflict, role ambiguity and role overload.

無論在企業組織中的任何工作情境下，當一個人的角色產生衝突、模糊、及過荷時，會使得個人產生工作壓力，連帶影響其工作滿足及工作績效。所謂角色衝突(role conflict)，係指預期的行為彼此間產生衝突與摩擦；角色模糊(role ambiguity)，係指員工不確定或不明白如何執行工作，不確定或不明自工作的期望是什麼，不確定或不明自工作績效及期望結果間的關係。而角色過荷(role overload)，係指員工承受過多的工作責任和活動績效。 　　內部稽核人員係組織內的幕僚人員，其職務之範圍，可涵蓋整個組織，所涉及的層面，包括人與事，廣泛而複雜。內部稽核人員在企業中同時對高階管理、受查核單位及自己的稽核專業負責，因此，內部稽核人員往往因為身兼多重角色，而且角色間又相互衝突，而承受角色壓力。本研究探討國內企業內部稽核人員不同構面的角色壓力、工作滿足，及內部稽核工作品質間之問題。在研究過程中，為了解我國內部稽核人員的角色壓力對工作滿足，工作滿足對內部稽核工作品質，以及角色壓力與工作滿足對內部稽核工作品質之關係，本研究發展了四個假說，分別為：假說一：內部稽核人員的角色壓力對工作滿足呈負相關。假說二：內部稽核人員的工作滿足對內部稽核工作品質呈正相關。假說三：內部稽核人員的色壓力對內部稽核工作品質呈負相關。假說四：內部稽核人員的角色壓力會透過工作滿足而對內部稽核工作品質產生間接效果。 　　根據實證分析，本研究之研究結論為，一、內部稽核人員的角色壓力對工作滿足呈負相關。當內部稽核人員受到越大的角色壓力，其工作滿足就越低；反之，當內部稽核人員受到越小的角色壓力，其工作滿足就越高。二、內部稽核人員的工作滿足對內部稽核工作品質呈正相關。當內部稽核人員獲得越高的工作滿足，則內部稽核工作品質就越佳；反之，當內部稽核人員無法獲得越高的工作滿足，則內部稽核工作品質就不佳。三、內部稽核人員的角色壓力對內部稽核工作品質呈負相關。當內部稽核人員的角色壓力大，則內部稽核工作品質就越不佳；反之，當內部稽核人員的角色壓力小，則內部稽核工作品質就越佳。四、內部稽核人員的角色壓力會透過工作滿足而對內部稽核工作品質產生間接效果。本研究以Baron and Keny(1986)之中介模式加以驗證，結果得知內部稽核人員的角色壓力對內部稽核工作品質並不直接產生效果，角色壓力會透過工作滿足，以工作滿足作為中介，而對內部稽核工作品質產生間接效果。 / Employees, under whatever working environment, are facing role conflict, role ambiguity as well as overload in a business organization, which inevitably will affect their job satisfaction and performance. "Role conflict" in this paper refers to the disagreement and friction resulting from an expected behavior. And role ambiguity means the employees are not clear or un-known as how to do the work, what is to expect from the work, nor what is the relationship between work performance and the expected results. Whereas "role overload" indicates that the employees take too much responsibility from the job and activity performance. 　　This study tries to examine the relationship among the role stress, the job satisfaction and the internal audit quality of the internal auditors in Taiwan. The research models established in Bron and Kenny's study are adopted. The four regression models explicitly incorporate efficient and effective measures, and reflect the interactive nature of outcome-generating activities for the internal auditors. Forty-one pair questionnaires are included in the sample. 　　The results of this study are as following: Firstly, a role stress is negatively related to job satisfaction, implying that higher role stress reduces job satisfaction; and vice versa. Secondly, there is an obvious positive relationship between auditor's job satisfaction and the internal audit quality; the more of job satisfaction, the better of the internal audit quality. Thirdly, the relationship between auditor's role stress and the internal audit quality is reverse; noting their role stress decreases the internal audit quality. Finally, the effect of auditor's role stress against the internal audit quality probably is indirectly generated through their job satisfaction.

When recently graduated psychologists leave the profession, it can have a negative impact on the quality and continuity of care as well as resulting in socioeconomic costs. This study set out to investigate what personal and contextual factors affect newly graduated psychologists' intention to leave the profession (ITLP) over time. Longitudinal data was collected using a survey over three waves: 2017, 2018 and 2019. The participants were newly graduated psychologists in Sweden (n=346) who had answered two consecutive surveys. Logistic regressions were made, with the dependent variable ITLP. The independent variables were: sector (public or private), occupational self-efficacy, work related psychological flexibility, role stress. emotional demands, job satisfaction, social support (from colleagues, supervisor and family), transition between studies and internship, transition between internship and employment and sickness absence. Results showed that job satisfaction, social support from supervisors and the transition between internship and employment had a significant effect on the newly graduated psychologists’ ITLP over time. Due to data limitations some hypothesized relationships might not have been detected. Further research is needed to clarify what affects psychologists’ ITLP over time. / Att psykologer väljer att lämna yrket kan påverka vårdkvalitet och kontinuitet, dessutom innebär det samhällsekonomiska kostnader. Denna studie undersöker vilka faktorer det är som påverkar huruvida psykologer har en intention att lämna yrket (ITLP) eller inte. Longitudinell data samlades in i tre omgångar: 2017, 2018 och 2019. Deltagare var nyligen examinerade psykologer i Sverige (n=346) som hade svarat på två efterföljande enkäter. Logistiska regressioner genomfördes med den beroende variabeln ITLP. De oberoende variabler var: sektor (offentlig eller privat), arbetsrelaterad self-efficacy, arbetsrelaterad psykologisk flexibilitet, rollstress, emotionella krav, arbetstillfredsställelse, socialt stöd (från kollegor, överordnad och familj), övergång mellan studier och praktisk tjänstgöring, övergång mellan praktisk tjänstgöring och arbete samt sjukfrånvaro. Resultatet visade att arbetstillfredsställelse, socialt stöd från överordnad och transitionen mellan praktisk tjänstgöring och arbete hade en signifikant effekt på ITLP över tid. Begränsningar i data kan ha gjort så att vissa av de samband som hypotiserats inte kunde identifieras. Mer framtida forskning behövs för att klargöra vilka faktorer som påverkar psykologers ITLP över tid.