I explore the relationships between hate group activity, community factors, and the likelihood of hate crime occurrence within a county area. I integrate considerations raised by Routine Activity and Social Control theorists as well as current hate crime literature to frame my concept of the hate manager, an agent of social control that utilizes hate crimes as a means of enacting extralegal self-help for hate groups. I explore the relationship between hate managers and hate crime by testing a model relating hate group activity and hate crime occurrences by location. Next, I correlate hate crime occurrences with hate group activity at the county level for the state of Virginia using public data. I find that a hate group's presence holds greater predictive power than nearly any other factor for hate crime likelihood. My findings illustrate the nature of hate crime as a means of social control; whereby hate groups act as a parochial order and maintain hierarchical relations between offenders and victims through means of disciplinary crimes. I conclude by outlining suggestions for future research into the role of the hate manager. / Master of Science / In my thesis, I ask the question of how hate groups methodically encourage where hate crimes occur. I do this by creating the concept of the hate manager. Hate managers are figures which influence would-be criminals into their illegal acts. They do this by stoking the fears necessary for them to act outside legal boundaries in reaction to some feeling of threat, an act known as self-help. Hate crimes, I argue, are a form of self-help where the feeling of threat is directed towards individuals belonging to some marginalized group. By looking at data collected by various agencies in the state of Virginia, I discover that the presence of a hate group in a county is a stronger predictor for such acts than any other factor for hate crime likelihood. By doing so, I demonstrate that hate crimes are a form of social control. That is, I argue that hate groups maintain a sense of order or ranking by means of illegal and disciplinary self-help in the form of hate crimes. I conclude my thesis by outlining suggestions for future exploration of the hate manager’s role.

Malmskillnadsgatan i Stockholm har trots sitt centrala läge mitt i Stockholm där mycket folk är i rörelse runtom, blivit synonymt med kriminella aktiviteter och blivit en gata som folk anser vara dyster och oattraktiv. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur aspekter inom den bebyggda miljön påverkar aktivitet och trygghet i gatumiljöer samt hur de påverkar människors upplevelse av gatumiljön. Fokus kommer att ligga på Malmskillnadsgatan och det upprustningsprojekt som Vasakronan, tillsammans med Stockholms stad, har utfört. För att uppfylla syftet har en fallstudie av Malmskillnadsgatan gjorts i form av dokumentanalys, platsbesök och intervjuer med brukare samt en anställd på Vasakronan. Arbetet har utgått från ett teoretiskt ramverk där kopplingen mellan bebyggd miljö, attraktivitet och aktivitet samt bebyggd miljö och trygghet har analyserats. De teorier som använts är Gehls perspektiv på attraktiva gatumiljöer. Ewing och Handys fem kvaliteter för ett aktivt gatuliv, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), Broken window theory samt Routine activity theory.  Dokumentanalysen visade att en kombination av brist på utbud av aktivitet, oattraktiv och stängd arkitektur och gatans läge jämfört med omkringliggande gator bidrog till att skapa låg naturlig genomströmning och lågt flöde på gatan. Platsbesöket visade att gatan har förbättrats utifrån flera av de teorier som nämnts i det teoretiska ramverket. De tidigare stängda fasaderna har öppnats upp och införandet av aktivitet i bottenvåning, främst i form av restaurangverksamhet, har bidragit till ett större flöde. Brukarintervjuerna visade att en klar majoritet tyckte att Malmskillnadsgatan blivit mer attraktiv och trygg efter ombyggnationen, dock främst enbart vid fastigheten Hästskon 12. Flera respondenter tycker att övriga delar av gatan fortfarande är oattraktiva och otrygga och bilden av att gatan dör ut på kvällar och helger finns fortfarande kvar. Arkitekturen och införandet av restaurangverksamhet nämndes främst som faktorer som fått gatan att bli mer attraktiv. Flödet av människor som dessa skapat var den främsta orsaken till att flera av respondenterna kände sig trygga. Förslag på ytterligare förbättringar var större variation i aktivitetsutbudet, mer aktiva bottenvåningar på övriga delar av gatan samt bättre belysning. / Malmskillnadsgatan in Stockholm, despite its central location in the heart of Stockholm with a lot of people moving around, has become synonymous with criminal activities and has been perceived as a gloomy and unattractive street. This study aims to investigate how aspects of the built environment affect activity and safety in urban environments, as well as how they influence people's perception of the street environment. The focus will be on Malmskillnadsgatan and the redevelopment project carried out by Vasakronan, in collaboration with the City of Stockholm. To fulfill the purpose, a case study of Malmskillnadsgatan has been conducted through document analysis, site visits, and interviews with users and an employee of Vasakronan. The study is based on a theoretical framework that analyzes the connection between the built environment, attractiveness, and activity and between the built environment and safety. The theories used include Gehl's perspective on attractive street environments, Ewing and Handy's five qualities for vibrant street life, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), the Broken Window theory, and the Routine Activity Theory. The document analysis revealed that a combination of a lack of activity offerings, unattractive and closed architecture, and the street's location compared to surrounding streets contributed to the low natural flow and low activity on the street. The site visit showed that the street has improved according to several of the theories mentioned in the theoretical framework. The previously closed facades have opened up, and the introduction of activities on the ground floor, mainly in the form of restaurants, has contributed to increased flow. User interviews indicated that a clear majority felt that Malmskillnadsgatan had become more attractive and safer after the redevelopment, primarily in the vicinity of Hästskon 12. However, several respondents still found other parts of the street unattractive and unsafe, and the perception that the street dies out in the evenings and on weekends persists. The architecture and the introduction of restaurant activities were primarily mentioned as factors that made the street more attractive. The flow of people they created was the main reason several respondents felt safe. Suggestions for further improvements included greater variety in the range of activities, more active ground floors in other parts of the street, and better lighting.

This thesis makes two contributions to environmental criminology. The first contribution is a rational choice event model for mobile phone thieves. This is based on interviews with 40 mobile phone thieves. In addition, the deterrent effects of 23 designs of phone are assessed. Comparisons are made between the responses of offenders and non-offenders; and between experienced offenders and less experienced offenders. The results show that mobile phone thieves make discerning choices about which model of phone to steal at the point of theft. The factors affecting handset choice reflect Clarke s (1999) CRAVED characteristics. Mobile phone thieves are differentially deterred by a variety of design solutions, the most effective of which reduce the resale value of stolen handsets. In contrast with offenders, non-offenders are more easily deterred, and statistically significantly more deterred for five of the 23 designs presented in this thesis; do not appreciate the importance of resale value; and are not so aware of the possibilities for circumventing or neutralising security technology. The differences between offender and non-offender responses mean that offenders are arguably best placed to assess product use and misuse in the process of designing-out crime. The second contribution of this thesis is a Mobile Phone Theft Index which controls for phone availability in the absence of handset sales data. Mobile phone theft is arguably a form of pollution (Roman and Farrell, 2002) and can, therefore, be controlled using traditional pollution control instruments (Farrell and Roman, 2006). Informing the public of their risk of victimisation according to handset ownership would make security a marketable aspect of handset design, incentivising industry to decrease theft rates. Industry action to date shows evidence of obstructionism and pre-regulatory initiatives (Newman, 2004) meaning that a novel instrument such as the Index is necessary to alter the current status quo where industry costs UK society an estimated £1.2 billion per year (Mailley and Farrell, 2006).

Humans are creatures of habit, often developing a routine for their day-to-day life. We propose a way to identify routine as regularities extracted from the context data of mobile phones. We choose Lecroq et al.'s existing state of the art algorithm as basis for a set of modifications that render it suitable for the task. Our approach searches alignments in sequences of n-tuples of context data, which correspond to the user traces of routine activity. Our key enhancements to this algorithm are exploiting the sequential nature of the data an early maximisation approach. We develop a generator of context-like data to allow us to evaluate our approach. Additionally, we collect and manually annotate a mobile phone context dataset to facilitate the evaluation of our algorithm. The results allow us to validate the concept of our approach.

Prostitution är ett komplext, världsomfattande samhällsproblem som kan leda till flertalet negativa konsekvenser för den utsatta. I Sverige har köp av sexuella tjänster varit kriminaliserat sedan år 1999 och den svenska regeringen lägger stor vikt vid bekämpandet av prostitution. Trots detta är prostitution ett utbrett problem i Sverige. Flertalet kartläggningar indikerar att fenomenet ökar, framförallt via internet, samt att det tycks gå ner i åldrarna. Tidigare forskning inom området visar att svårigheter med att motverka problemet bland annat beror teknologins framväxt, attityder och normer i samhället och brist på resurser inom rättsväsendet. Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka svårigheter med att förebygga prostitution ur yrkesverksammas perspektiv, samt vad som kan göras för att förbättra det förebyggande arbetet. Genom kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer och en tillämpning av rutinaktivitetsteorin besvaras studiens frågeställningar. Resultatet visar att bristen på personal och kompetens, den ökade tillgängligheten via internet samt porrens påverkan på attityder och normer försvårar motverkandet av prostitution. Därtill visas att ytterligare åtgärder krävs, bland annat tidiga insatser gällande utbildning samt en omarbetning av sexköpslagen. / Prostitution is a complex, worldwide societal problem that can lead to several negative consequences for the victim. In Sweden, the purchase of sexual services has been criminalized since 1999, and the Swedish government allocates great importance to combat prostitution. Despite this, prostitution is a widespread problem in Sweden. Various studies indicate that the phenomenon is increasing, primarily via the internet, and that prostitution seems to be declining with age. Previous research in the field shows that difficulties in counteracting the problem are partly due to the development of technology, attitudes and norms in society and a lack of resources in the judicial system. The purpose of the present study is to investigate difficulties in preventing prostitution from the perspective of professionals, as well as what can be done to improve the preventive work. Through a qualitative method with semi-structured interviews and an application of the routine activity theory, the research questions are answered. The results show that the lack of personal with relevant skills, the increased accessibility via the internet and the impact of porn on attitudes and norms make it more difficult to counteract prostitution. In addition, it is shown that further measures are required, including early efforts regarding education and a adjustment of the Sex Purchase Act. / <p>2021-01-13</p>

L'homme, de manière générale apprécie ses habitudes. Nous proposons une méthodologie d'identification des activités de routine depuis des régularités extraites des données de contexte, acquises sur téléphone portable. Notre choix algorithmique se base sur l'algorithme d'alignement proposé par Lecroq et al. L'algorithme cherche à aligner des séquences de n-uplets de données du contexte. Les séquences algorithmiques correspondent aux traces d'utilisation régulières. Notre contribution technique consiste à l'amélioration de l'algorithme afin qu'il puisse exploiter la nature séquentielle des données se basant sur une approche d'optimisation locale. Les deux apports rendent la solution adaptée aux données dont la volumétrie compatibles avec les données de contexte.Afin d'évaluer notre approche, nous présentons un générateur de données simulées et une campagne d'acquisition de données réelles. Ces données sont utilisées pour valider notre approche. / Humans are creatures of habit, often developing a routine for their day-to-day life. We propose a way to identify routine as regularities extracted from the context data of mobile phones. We choose Lecroq et al.'s existing state of the art algorithm as basis for a set of modifications that render it suitable for the task. Our approach searches alignments in sequences of n-tuples of context data, which correspond to the user traces of routine activity. Our key enhancements to this algorithm are exploiting the sequential nature of the data an early maximisation approach. We develop a generator of context-like data to allow us to evaluate our approach. Additionally, we collect and manually annotate a mobile phone context dataset to facilitate the evaluation of our algorithm. The results allow us to validate the concept of our approach.

Internet has become a great part of our daily routines giving us the ability to perform various actions in many aspects of our personal and social life. The new available opportunities provided with the Internet enhancement have opened a great space for improvement in our lives but they have also provided space for new types of criminal behaviour to occur. Cyberbullying and cyberstalking are part of the wide range of criminal behaviors performed through an online device. The presence of online criminal behavior is accompanied by the increase on the online victimization rates. The aim of this paper is to explain online victimization performed through cyberbullying and cyberstalking based on the theories of routine activity, social learning and victim precipitation.The results show that online victimization is closely connected with the daily routines that individuals have accompanied by the interactions and associations that are performed during our social life who also influence the practise of online victimization. Anonymity is a commonly found factor almost always present and plays an important role on explaining the behavior itself for both the offender and the victim's side. Overall the findings show that both online offenders and online victims of cyberbullying and cyberstalking are given more engagement opportunities in the criminal act due to the constant usage and the inclusion of online devices in theor daily routines. The above accompanied with the anonymity and opportunity provided by cyberspace ease the " performance" of cyber victimization.

No description available.

Syftet med denna fallstudie har varit att, med hänsyn till rådande försämrat säkerhetsläge, granska hur anställda inom försvarsindustrin beskriver företags brottsutsatthet. Vidare har syftet varit att diskutera hur brottsutsattheten kan förklaras utifrån kriminologisk teori. Detta har gjorts med semistrukturerade intervjuer, där anställda inom försvarsindustrin varit intervjudeltagare. Intervjudatan relaterades sedan till rutinaktivitetsteorin samt strainteorin. Av studiens huvudresultat har det framgått att anställda på företag i försvarsindustrin upplevde att företagens brottsutsatthet i huvudsak bestod av verkstadsstölder, cyberbrott, IP-intrång samt otillåten informationsspridning. Denna brottsutsatthet kunde förklaras av rutinaktivitetsteorin i vissa fall, samt i kombination med strain i andra fall. Brottsutsattheten upplevdes ha ökat i samband med att landets säkerhetsläge försämrades samt det huvudsakliga företaget expanderade personellt. Studiens viktigaste slutsatser var att brottsutsattheten i stort upplevdes ha ökat gällande samtliga ovan nämnda brott, men att orsaken till ökningen skiljde sig åt och att endast för cyberbrott upplevdes det föreligga ett samband med säkerhetsläget. / This case study examined how defense industry employees perceive crimes against their companies, in the context of a deteriorating security situation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with employees, and the data was analyzed in relation to routine activity theory and strain theory. The main findings show that employees perceived the companies' exposure to crime mainly as a result of workshop thefts, cybercrime, IP infringement, and unauthorized dissemination of information. This crime exposure can be explained by routine activity theory in some cases and strain theory in others. The crime exposure increased as the country's security situation deteriorated and the main company expanded its personnel. The most important conclusions of the study were that crime exposure was generally perceived to have increased for all the above-mentioned crimes, but that the reason for the increase differed and that only for cybercrime was there perceived to be a connection with the security situation.

Syftet med studien var att få ökad förståelse och kunskap om smugglingsbrottsligheten i Sverige. Vi studerade likheter och skillnader gällande nivå och utveckling av anmälda smugglingsbrott samt varor som smugglades i Stockholms kommun, Göteborgs kommun och Malmö kommun mellan år 2016-2023. Vi studerade även myndighetsdokument för att förstå vilka faktorer som enligt dem inverkade på smugglingsbrottsligheten i Sverige. Studien kombinerade beskrivande statistik över anmälda brott med en tematisk innehållsanalys av myndighetsdokument. Att dra tydliga slutsatser angående anmälda smugglingsbrott var komplext då smuggling är ett brott där anmälningar påverkades av myndigheternas satsningar. Trots detta fann vi likheter och skillnader mellan kommunerna där narkotika och en hög nivå av anmälda brott i Malmö var de mest dominerande dragen. Vår tolkning av de svenska myndigheternas dokument var att de ansåg att kontroller och geografisk plats hade en central betydelse för smugglingsbrottsligheten. / The purpose of the study was to gain increased understanding and knowledge of smuggling crimes in Sweden. We examined the similarities and differences in the level and development of reported smuggling crimes, as well as the types of goods smuggled, in the municipalities of Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö between 2016 and 2023. We also analyzed government documents to understand which factors, according to them, influenced smuggling crime in Sweden. The study combined descriptive statistics on reported crimes with a thematic content analysis of government documents. Drawing clear conclusions regarding reported smuggling crimes was complex, as smuggling is a crime where reports are influenced by government efforts. Despite this, we found similarities and differences between the municipalities, with drugs and a high level of reported crimes in Malmö being the most dominant features. Our interpretation of the Swedish government documents was that they considered controls and geographical location to be of central importance for smuggling crime.