Cette thèse étudie les dynamiques touristiques, contemporaines des réformes, dans les espaces ruraux de la mégalopole du delta du Yangzi. Le processus du tourisme dans les espaces ruraux est étudié au regard des politiques de modernisation rurale (encadrées par l'État central, décentralisées aux échelons locaux, en lien avec des acteurs privés) d'une part, et des mutations des perceptions des citadins de la classe moyenne, bénéficiant de temps libre, de moyens économiques et matériels d'autre part. Les pratiques touristiques ont été envisagées du point de vue de l'expérience des touristes et des motivations de départ. Les campagnes constituent une forme originale de tourisme, dont les aménagements se déclinent selon quatre types : bourg, village, parc à thème et parc naturel. Les lieux touristiques dans les campagnes ont ensuite été analysés selon trois entrées : modernisation rurale, construction identitaire et outil d'aménagement local. Finalement, les espaces ruraux touristiques, circonscrits à des lieux balisés, contribuent aux dynamiques spatiales et économiques de la région du delta du Yangzi, dominée par la métropole de Shanghai. Par ailleurs, le tourisme dans les campagnes participe à la construction de territorialités des provinces et des municipalités. / This thesis examines the tourist dynamic, contemporary of reforms, in rural areas of the megalopolis of the Yangzi Delta. The tourism process in rural areas is studied with regard to rural modernization policies (supervised by the central government, decentralized to local levels, in conjunction with private actors) on the one hand, and urban perceptions mutations of the middle class, enjoying free time, economic resources and the other materials on the other band. Tourist practices have been considered from the perspective of the experience of tourists and starting motivations. The countryside is an original form of tourism; the facilities are divided into four categories: village, town, ù1eme park and natural Park. The tourist places in the countryside were then analyzed according to three inputs: rural modernization, construction of identity and local planning tool. Finally, rural tourism areas, conscripts marked places, contribute firstly to spatial and economic dynamics of the Yangtze Delta region, dominated by the metropolis of Shanghai and the other in territorialities construction of provinces and municipalities.

The aim of the thesis is to compare the financial inflows from EU to Czech republic in 2004 -- 2006 and 2007 -- 2013. The thesis focuses at the inflows from structural funds with more focus at the current period. Special attention is put at the experiences from 2004 -- 2006 and their incorporation into programs of 2007 -- 2013. It doesn't cover pre-accession finantial support, European regional cooperation a iniciatives of EU, which are mentioned for completeness' sake.

Em todo país, áreas de diferentes comunidades têm sido atingidas por grandes obras de infraestrutura, em função do Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC) do Governo Federal. Arqueólogos responsáveis por parte do licenciamento ambiental têm se deparado com o desafio de trabalhar com essas comunidades e, geralmente, em um curto espaço de tempo. A presente pesquisa busca compreender, face aos conflitos entre comunidades e empreendimentos ocorridos no âmbito do Sítio Arqueológico Fazendinha (Estado de Pernambuco) e do Sítio Arqueológico Rio Bezerra III (Estado do Tocantins), em que medida os trabalhos de Arqueologia podem trazer outras valorações no trabalho de licenciamento ambiental que não seja somente a econômica. Da mesma forma, procura identificar o espaço das comunidades, a partir de análises contradiscursivas, no contexto de uma ciência que nasceu colonialista. Para tal, propõe contribuições metodológicas e de atuação em áreas de conflito em que há uma arena de disputa entre mercado, comunidades, patrimônio e ciência, que possibilitem espaços de diálogos a serem construídos em conjunto com as questões locais, incorporando narrativas e formas de trabalho. / All over the country, areas of different communities have been affected by major infrastructure projects, according to the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) of the Brazilian Federal Government. Archaeologists responsible for part of the environmental licensing have faced the challenge of working with these communities and generally, in a short period of time. This research aims to comprise, given the conflicts between communities and infrastructure works occurring within the Archaeological Site Fazendinha (State of Pernambuco) and the Archaeological Site Rio Bezerra III (Tocantins), the extension of the infuence of archaeology work bringing other valuations at te study of environmental licensing, besides the economic one. Similarly, attempts to identify the space of the community, from contra-discursive analysis in a context of a science that was born colonialist. It therefore suggests methodological contributions and forms of acting in conflict areas where there is a dispute between capital market, communities, heritage and science, enabling spaces for dialogue to be built in conjunction with the local questions, incorporating narratives and ways of working.

Thesis (M. Com. (Business Management)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of the financial bootstrapping strategies used by rural based small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs). The study was guided by the following objectives, (1) To investigate the financial bootstrapping strategies used by rural entrepreneurs, (2) To examine the effect of the education of the owners on the financial bootstrapping strategies used by rural entrepreneurs, (3) To determine the effect of the age of the owners on the financial bootstrapping strategies used by rural entrepreneurs and (4) To investigate the effect of the gender of the owners on the financial bootstrapping strategies used by rural entrepreneurs. The research followed a quantitative research method with a descriptive research design. A sample of 104 rural SMMEs participated in the survey. Data was collected through the use of self-administered questionnaires in a survey. The participants in the study were rural SMME owners in Fetakgomo Municipality in the Limpopo province of South Africa. The study utilised the convenience and snowball sampling techniques to obtain data from the respondents. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, factor analysis, T-test and regression analysis. The Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure reliability. The results indicated that rural SMMEs have a low usage and adoption rate of bootstrapping finance. The research also found that rural SMMEs mainly utilised owner’s finance as the primary bootstrapping method. The results of the T-test showed significant differences between gender and bootstrapping methods as well as between the level of education and the bootstrapping methods used by rural SMMEs. However, there was no significant difference between age of the owners and bootstrapping methods used by rural SMMEs. Recommendations were ii proposed for the government to create an enabling environment for rural SMEs by embarking on a variety of strategies to raise awareness on the importance of bootstrapping finance. Rural SMME owners were recommended to enrol for a certificate course in financial management to sharpen their skills. Keywords: entrepreneurs’ characteristics, financial bootstrapping, rural area, SMMEs, South Africa.

Children in early childhood are still suffering from burdens of malaria-related morbidity and mortality. There have been insufficient studies on how family-level factors may predict the prevalence of malaria (PoM), and negatively impact the control of malaria in rural areas, especially among children. In this study, potential family factors were explored to address the challenges associated with the increase in PoM among the children in rural areas of Nsukka. Socioecological framework guided this study at the interpersonal level. The quantitative cross-sectional study used secondary data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 2015 in Nsukka rural communities. Data were analyzed using chi-square analysis and multinomial logistic regression. The result showed a statistically significant relationship (P<0.05) between the age group susceptibility among children. There were statistically significant relationships between the family’s ownership of land for agricultural use, the family’s choice of a treatment facility and socioeconomic status. The couple’s extent of effective communication and whether the children in early childhood slept under the mosquito net showed statistically significant results. Positive social change implications depicted organizational level benefit that may help UNICEF and WHO by recruiting representatives in the distribution of preventive, control and treatment of malaria to the rural areas. Empowerment of women in the household to attend to their children during an emergency and standard housing policy initiative such as Family in Children (FIC) address both individual and societal levels, respectively.

Der öffentliche Verkehr in ländlichen Räumen beruht mehr denn je auf dem Schülerverkehr. Allerdings wird es zunehmend schwieriger, die vorhandenen Mobilitätsbedürfnisse mit herkömmlichem Linienverkehr zu befriedigen. Zudem gelingt es immer weniger, die gesetzliche Verpflichtung zur Schülerfreifahrt bzw. teilentgeltlichen Beförderung zur Schule mit vertretbarem Aufwand einzulösen. Schuld ist die demografische Entwicklung, die außerhalb der wachsenden Agglomerationen vor allem Süddeutschlands zu einer weiteren Ausdünnung der Bevölkerung in ländlichen Regionen sowie zu Schließungen bzw. Zusammenlegungen von Schulen führt. Je weniger Schüler und Auszubildende jedoch überhaupt gefahren werden müssen, desto stärker wächst der Druck, zu neuen Angeboten und Finanzierungsformen zu kommen. „Mobilitätsgutscheine“ können ein innovatives Modell sein, um durch finanzielle Anreize für die Selbstorganisation von Mobilitätslösungen den Linienverkehr von Umwegfahrten zu entlasten und so gleichzeitig die Attraktivität des gestrafften Angebots zu verbessern. Doch wie sehen Modelle für Mobilitätsgutscheine aus und welche rechtlichen Voraussetzungen müssen dafür gegeben sein? Klar ist, dass die Umsetzung einer „Subjektförderung durch Mobilitätsgutscheine“ die (teilweise) Umstellung der Finanzierung des ÖPNV von der bisherigen Förderung der Betreiber bzw. des Angebots hin zu einer Unterstützung des förderungswürdigen Personenkreises erfordert. Beispiele für die Subjektförderung gibt es im deutschen ÖPNV bisher nicht, jedoch lassen sich Anknüpfungspunkte in Form von Taxi-Gutscheinen oder Fahrradpauschalen finden. Hier zeigt sich bereits, dass das Genehmigungsrecht des Personenbeförderungsgewerbes, die Finanzierungsbedingungen des ÖPNV und des Schülerverkehrs, die bisherige und mögliche zukünftige Interpretation der (Umsetzung der) Daseinsvorsorge im ÖPNV sowie versicherungs- und angrenzende rechtliche Fragen zu berücksichtigen sind. Schon Pilotversuche bedürfen der Klärung der finanziellen Kompensation von bisherigen Busanbindungen und der haftungsrechtlichen Absicherung für selbstorganisierte Alternativen, um die Akzeptanz bei Eltern und Schülern zu erreichen. Unter den gegenwärtigen Rahmenbedingungen ist die Subjektförderung zumindest als freiwillige Lösung grundsätzlich zwar umsetzungsfähig. Für eine allgemeine und langfristige Lösung bedarf es jedoch mindestens der Änderung der kommunalen Schülerbeförderungs-Satzungen. Für mehr Rechtssicherheit ist mittel- und langfristig auch die Anpassung von gesetzlichen Grundlagen auf Bundes- und auf Landesebene nötig. Anpassungen sind vor allem im Personenbeförderungsrecht zu leisten, wo die restriktiven Genehmigungsbedingungen des Personenbeförderungsgesetzes geändert werden müssen. Außerdem sind die Schulgesetze der Länder bzw. Satzungen der Aufgabenträger hinsichtlich der gesetzlichen Verpflichtung zur kostenfreien bzw. ermäßigten Schulbeförderung zu ändern. / Public transport in rural areas is based on school pupils’ transportation more than ever. But it is becoming difficult to meet these mobility needs using traditional scheduled traffic. At the same time it is becoming increasingly hard to fulfil the legal obligations of providing free transport for pupils with reasonable budget. The cause for this dilemma mainly lies in ongoing demographic development: With the exception of the growing agglomerations in the south of Germany, the rural population of other parts of Germany is expected to shrink leading to the closure and merging of schools. The less pupils and apprentices utilise the transport services, the stronger the pressure will be to create new offers and to renew forms of funding of rural public transport. “Mobility vouchers” may be an innovative model to provide financial incentives for self-organisation in regard to mobility. This model allows scheduled services detours to be avoided and makes the remaining services more attractive. But how do such models look like? Which legal frameworks must be fulfilled? Obviously, an implementation of “a subject promotion by mobility vouchers” needs a transformation of funding methods for public transport. It is necessary to change the focus of promotion from operating companies to specified persons who need support. Examples for subject promotion cannot yet be found in the current German public transport system. Ways in which such a system could be introduced include taxi vouchers or flat rates for bikes. These examples indicate that certain framework conditions have to be taken into account: licensing law in public transport sector, funding structures in public transport (especially in school pupils’ transportation), a modified interpretation of the concept of basic public services, and last but not least convincing answers to questions of insurance and other legal issues. Already pilot projects have to deal with problems of compensation to previous bus lines. They also need legal accountability to gain the support and acceptance of parents and pupils. Under the current terms, the subject promotion is basically convertible on a voluntary basis. In a general and long term perspective, at least changes in local statutes for school pupils’ transportation are required. In order to ensure legal security the relevant preconditions of both the federal and state level must be adjusted. Above all, adjustments in law of carriage of passengers are overdue. Restrictive conditions of authorisation in the Public Transportation Law must be dropped. Also, school laws and statutes of the public transport plan have to be modified – with regard to the legal commitment for free or rather reduced fares for pupils.

The present paper describes the research of the students’ online learning readiness in a rural university in Bolivia. In particular, it examines through a quantitative research the influences of some variables on the students’ attitudes toward online learning. These variables were established based on theoretical fundaments and selected and confirmed through a qualitative research based in semi-structured interviews with lecturers and directors of the university’s rural centers. This study also provides a way to predict the membership of a student in two groups: “Those who would participate in an online course” and “those who would not participate in an online course” depending on the influencing variables (technology access, technology skills, self-directed learning and online interaction). This analysis also reveals the most important factors to be considered by the university before introducing online courses. The results have shown that the perceived Internet access strongly affected the participation or the lack of participation of students in an online course. Moreover, the student’s attitude toward online learning is influenced mainly by the perception of the quality of his Internet access, by the perception about his capability to interact online (with other students, lecturers and content) and by the individual’s perception about his own computer skills. This study also provides a simple model to analyze the students’ online learning readiness based on their self-assessment.

Trends have shown an increasing interest of moving out of the city to live near the nature. Since the beginning of the industralization in the 19th century the population have decreased in rural areas. The ongoing pandemic has forced several humans to work from their homes. As humans have been spending more time in their homes new values have been discovered which hasn’t been recognized before. Teleworking is giving humans the opportunity to move further away from their offices, out to the countryside. The Swedish countryside consists in majority of villas which may only suit a certain type of people. To attract a variation of population in rural areas a solution could be building alternative residences. In this study an investigation has been made according to what kind of residences students finds attractive. Results have shown the majority of the students would wish to have open, common areas and live nearby service and nature. Further the students would prefer an assorted residential area containing residences in different colours and shapes. Using the results from the investigation a proposal was designed.

Bakgrund: Globalt sett är trauma en av de ledande orsakerna till dödlighet. I Sverige är trauma den vanligaste dödsorsaken bland unga människor i åldern 15-44 år. Dödlighet på grund av trauma är högre i glesbygden och utgör en utmaning för jämlik och kvalitetssäker traumavård. Alltför hög ambitionsnivå kan leda till ökad dödlighet och sämre resultat på grund av tidsförlust enligt nyare studier. Motiv: Trauma är ett komplext ämne och kräver kunskap och erfarenhet av sjuksköterskan. För att identifiera dessa erfarenheter och förstå detta fenomen behövs forskning. Resultatet kan ge förståelse och stöd för arbetssituationen för dessa sjuksköterskor. I förlängningen skulle detta kunna medföra ett förbättrat omhändertagande för patienter som utsatts för trauma i glesbygd.  Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter i samband med akut omhändertagande av traumapatienter i glesbygd. Metod: Då syftet med studien var att belysa upplevelsen av ett fenomen, valdes kvalitativ metod. Datainsamlingen bestod av intervjuer som analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Metodens syfte är att studera personers erfarenheter av ett fenomen och därmed skapa ny kunskap. Resultat: Resultatet visar att sjuksköterskorna presterar på gränsen till det möjliga i en svår balansgång mellan egna känslor och krav och att sjuksköterskorna behöver starka ben att stå på genom kollegor, erfarenhet, utbildning och kunskap.  Konklusion: Resultatet i studien tyder på att det finns utmaningar och svårigheter med akut omhändertagande av traumapatienter i glesbygd. Svårigheterna består av långa avstånd, begränsade resurser och vädermässiga förhållanden. Tid till definitiv vård beskrivs som avgörande och utmanande. Arbetet beskrevs även som stimulerande. I resultatet framgår vidare att det finns en stor kunskap och en mängd strategier som sjuksköterskan använder i sitt arbete för att bemästra de situationer som arbetet medför. / Background: Globally, trauma is one of the leading causes of mortality. In Sweden, trauma is the most common cause of death among young people aged 15-44. Mortality due to trauma is higher in rural areas and poses a challenge for equal and quality-assured trauma care. Too high level of ambition can lead to increased mortality and poorer results due to loss of time, according to recent studies. Motive: Trauma is a complex subject and requires knowledge and experience of the nurse. By identifying the nurse's experiences of caring for trauma patients in sparsely populated areas, this could lead to improved care of these patients by adding new knowledge in the subject. Aim: The purpose of the study was to describe nurses' experiences in connection with emergency care of trauma patients in rural areas.  Methods: Since the purpose of the study was to shed light on the experience of a phenomenon, a qualitative method was chosen. The data collection consisted of interviews that were analysed through qualitative content analysis. The purpose of the method is to study people's experiences of a phenomenon and thereby create new knowledge. Result: The results show that the nurses perform at the limit of what is possible in a difficult balance between their own feelings and demands and that the nurses need strong legs to stand on through colleagues, experience, education and knowledge. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that there are challenges and difficulties with emergency care for trauma patients in sparsely populated areas. The difficulties consist of long distances, limited resources and weather conditions. Time for definitive care is described as crucial and challenging. The work was also described as stimulating. Furthermore, the results show that there is a great deal of knowledge and a variety of strategies that the nurse uses in her work to master the situations that the work entails.

Rural energy access has been a persistent issue in India causing the country to become one of the most energy poor nations of the world. Despite the launch of several heavily funded programs for the provision of electricity and modern fuels to rural areas, majority of the country‘s village households remain neglected and deficient in energy. Calls have been made for the reconstruction of policies, programs and institutional frameworks that engage in dispersion of energy to the rural poor. Such policies, programs and institutional frameworks vary across different states within India. These differences need to be understood in depth to formulate suitable mechanisms for energy access. In particular, social and economic aspects of energy access need to be studied to overcome barriers in providing energy to the rural poor. This study discerns how different states are performing in terms of providing sustainable energy access to rural people. It conducts an analysis of the socio-economic sustainability of energy access to the rural household in six states of the country (Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan and West Bengal) over the course of two time periods(1996-2002, 2005-2011), with the aid of key performance indicators. Results indicate that all the states have improved their energy access conditions over the past few decades. However, the rates of growth are vastly different and some states still continue to remain highly inadequate in their performances. Punjab has consistently been the most successful state while West Bengal continues to be the most energy-poor state despite a reasonable growth in energy sustainability. The possible reasoning behind these disparities could be dissimilarity in economic development between the states, size and population density of the states, isolation of villages and ineffectiveness and inequity of subsidy schemes. These needs further exploration at individual state level. Transition to less-expensive and easily installable renewable technologies, communicating benefits of modern energy to rural population and channeling subsidies towards lower income groups can improve reach of modern energy towards the rural poor of India.