Spatialization of audio in the vertical plane has historically been limited. Instead, sound designers have used basic DSP to create pseudo height effects to explain the positions of corresponding objects. In recent years, binaural synthesis has become more widespread following an increase in the use of software rendering methods. With these advancements, uncertainty seems to be present around best practices when combining sound design with binaural synthesis for vertical placement of audio cues in games. This thesis compares the vertical localization performance between head related transfer functions (HRTFs) and stereo interaural level difference (ILD), when sounds have been designed with basic DSP to have auditory spatial schema (ASC). A sort of embedment of positional information. It was found that there was no significant time difference between the conditions, while hitcount, the number of correct directions selected, displayed a significant difference in some of the comparisons.

With the continuation of Swedish Armed Forces personnel deployed in international service and the increase of national defence focus with new units being created, the average age of cadets enrolling in officers school is decreasing. Studies have previously shown that ethics and morals are linked to cognitive development, and cognitive development linked to age and education. The Neo-Kohlbergian Schema theory defines three general schemas of ethical and moral decision making. Where Postconventional schema is considered most beneficial for military officers, but the military culture seems to promote the Maintaining norms schema. This study is examining the regulating documents from the statute from the government, the program directions from the university, to individual courses programs and descriptions. In order to examine how the ethics and moral education in the Swedish officers school relates to the Neo-Kohlbergian schema theory. The study concludes that the education promotes both the Maintaining norms and Postconventional schemas rather equally with some aspects tending more to the maintaining norms schema while other tends more to the postconventional schema. Meaning that the cadets are given multiple tools to combat ethical and moral dilemmas, but by not focusing on one schema the speed in decision making is halted.

Bakgrund: Skiftarbete innebär roterande nattpass, dagpass och kvällspass, vilket är vanligt förekommande arbetsvillkor för sjuksköterskor. Detta kan leda till stora påfrestningar hos sjuksköterskan som till exempel sömnstörningar. Omvårdnad är sjuksköterskans ansvarsområde. För att patienter ska få en god omvårdnad krävs det att sjuksköterskan är utvilad och fokuserad. Omvårdnadsarbetet och patientsäkerheten kan påverkas på grund av sömnbrist hos sjuksköterskor. Patientsäkerhet kan påverkas om sjuksköterskan är trött och oengagerad. Patientsäkerheten innebär att minska risker och negativa händelser som kan inträffa för patienten i samband med vård.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskans uppfattning av skiftarbete och dess påverkan på omvårdnaden. Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ ansats baserat på elva vetenskapliga artiklar. Artiklarna har analyserats med hjälp av Fribergs (2017) beskrivning av en analysmodell.  Resultat: I den här allmänna litteraturöversikten identifierades två kategorier och sex subkategorier. Första kategorin är Fördelar med skiftarbete & Långa arbetspass med tillhörande subkategorier: Sjuksköterskans uppfattning av arbetssituationen, Relationer & Kontinuitet och Överrapporteringar. Andra kategorin är Nackdelar med skiftarbete & Långa arbetspass med tillhörande subkategorier: Sjuksköterskans uppfattning av arbetssituationen, Misstag & Patientsäkerhet och Sömn & Utmattning. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskors hälsa blir negativt påverkad av att arbeta skift. Långa arbetspass och skiftarbete kan leda till sömnstörningar, trötthet och minskad uppmärksamhet hos sjuksköterskor. Långa arbetspass förbättrar dock kontinuiteten i vården och patient och sjuksköterska får en bättre relation.    Nyckelord: Arbetstillfredsställelse, Omvårdnad, Patient, Patientvård, Påverkan, Schema med skiftarbete, Skiftarbete, Sjuksköterska, Tolerans av arbetsschema, Tolvtimmars skift, Uppfattning

abstract: Reasoning with commonsense knowledge is an integral component of human behavior. It is due to this capability that people know that a weak person may not be able to lift someone. It has been a long standing goal of the Artificial Intelligence community to simulate such commonsense reasoning abilities in machines. Over the years, many advances have been made and various challenges have been proposed to test their abilities. The Winograd Schema Challenge (WSC) is one such Natural Language Understanding (NLU) task which was also proposed as an alternative to the Turing Test. It is made up of textual question answering problems which require resolution of a pronoun to its correct antecedent. In this thesis, two approaches of developing NLU systems to solve the Winograd Schema Challenge are demonstrated. To this end, a semantic parser is presented, various kinds of commonsense knowledge are identified, techniques to extract commonsense knowledge are developed and two commonsense reasoning algorithms are presented. The usefulness of the developed tools and techniques is shown by applying them to solve the challenge. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Computer Science 2019

NoSQL databases are becoming increasingly more popular due to their undeniable advantages in the context of storing and processing big data, mainly horizontal scala- bility and the lack of a requirement to define a data schema upfront. In the absence of explicit schema, however, an implicit schema inherent to the stored data still exists and can be inferred. Once inferred, a schema is of great value to the stakeholders and database maintainers. Nevertheless, the problem of schema inference is non-trivial and is still the subject of ongoing research. We explore the many aspects of NoSQL schema inference and data modeling, analyze a number of existing schema inference solutions in terms of their inner workings and capabilities, point out their shortcomings, and devise (1) a novel horizontally scalable approach based on the Apache Spark platform and (2) a new NoSQL Schema metamodel capable of modeling i.a. inter-entity referential relation- ships and deeply nested JSON constructs. We then experimentally evaluate the newly designed approach along with the preexisting solutions with respect to their functional and performance capabilities. 1

No description available.

This master's thesis deals with problems of effective storage and querying of XML documents in A relational database. In the first part of this thesis XML and related technologies are described, with emphasis on languages for XML Schema definition and it's querying. Then an XML mapping method based on Hybrid method and XML Schema is described here. Hereafter the design and implementation of a native XML database front-end for object-relational database is described. Designed front-end allows storing and querying of XML documents into the underlying database. The last part contains results and evaluation of performance tests of the implemented system.

[pt] Esquemas são estruturas mentais que organizam informações e influenciam processos cognitivos como a atenção e a recordação. Os esquemas que dizem respeito às próprias pessoas são chamados de autoesquemas. Informações relevantes para os autoesquemas podem ser mais facilmente recordadas. Assim, quando pessoas observam comportamentos característicos do seu autoesquema, elas tendem a recordar em maior grau essas informações. Dessa forma, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar relações entre traços pessoais de personalidade e traços de personalidade recordados de terceiros. Participaram da pesquisa 4.488 pessoas, sendo 66,4 por cento mulheres e 33,6 por cento homens e com média de idade de 27,8 anos (DP = 9,17). Foi realizado um experimento com duas condições em que as pessoas liam a descrição de uma pessoa e, posteriormente, eram solicitadas e recordar as características dessa pessoa. A diferença entre as condições era o gênero da pessoa descrita. Os resultados indicaram que a maior parte dos efeitos encontrados ocorreram nas condições em que o gênero das pessoas foi compatível com o da personagem. Para os fatores extroversão e socialização verificou-se o efeito de autorreferência na recordação. Na condição em que os participantes leram sobre uma pessoa do mesmo gênero, verificou-se que uma proporção maior de homens baixos em extroversão recordou de características de extroversão; e uma proporção maior de mulheres altas no fator socialização recordou de características de socialização. Esses achados permitem concluir que, para contextos complexos, o efeito de autorreferência se sobressai para os traços diretamente relacionados à interação social. / [en] Schemas are mental structures that organize information and influence cognitive processes such as attention and recall. Schemas that concern people themselves are called self-schemas. Information relevant to self-schemas can be more easily recalled. Thus, when people observe behaviors characteristic of their self-schema, they tend to recall this information to a greater degree. Thus, this research aimed to verify the relationships between personal personality traits and personality traits remembered by others. Participated in the research 4,488 people, 66.4 percent women and 33.6 percent men, with a mean age of 27.8 years (SD = 9.17). An experiment was carried out with two conditions in which people read a person s description and were later asked to recall that person s characteristics. The difference between the conditions was the gender of the person described. The results indicated that most of the effects found occurred in conditions in which the people s gender was compatible with the character s. For the extraversion and socialization factors, the effect of self-reference on recall was verified. In the condition where the participants read about a person of the same gender, it was found that a greater proportion of men who were low in extraversion recalled characteristics of extraversion; and a greater proportion of women high in the socialization factor recalled socialization characteristics. These findings allow us to conclude that, for complex contexts, the self-reference effect stands out for traits directly related to social interaction.

Practitioners have proposed that Digital Natives prefer graphics while Digital Immigrants prefer text. While Instructional Design has been extensively studied and researched, the impact of the graphical emphasis in instructional designs as it relates to digital propensity has not been widely explored. Specifically, this study examined the performance of students when presented with text-only and graphic-only instructional formats. The purpose of this study was to test the relationship between Digital Propensity Index scores of individuals and their performance when interpreting online instruction. A sample of students from the population of a large metropolitan university received the Digital Propensity Index questionnaire, which is a measure of an individual's time spent interacting with digital media. Each student was randomly assigned varying formats of a computer-based instructional unit via a public survey. The instructional unit consisted of the DPI questionnaire and six tasks related to the Central Florida commuter rail system. Participants were asked to answer the DPI questionnaire on a website by clicking on a link in an emailed invitation. Following the DPI questionnaire, participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Group One saw three instructional tasks shown in text and shuffled in random order. Each task was displayed on its own webpage. By submitting an answer to the task, the group progressed through the website to the next task. Group Two saw graphic tasks first, again, shuffled in random order. After the first three tasks, the groups swapped instructional formats to view the opposing group's initial questions. Participants were timed on how many seconds they spent reviewing each task. Each task had an assessment question to evaluate the learning outcomes of the instructional unit. Finally, the DPI score of the participant was matched with the time spent viewing each presentation format. The findings indicate that DPI score had a statistically significant prediction of time spent navigating each type of instruction. Though the link between DPI score and time spent navigating instruction was statistically significant, the actual measurable time difference between navigating text and graphic formats was only a fraction of a second for each increment in DPI score. Limitations and potential future research related to the study are discussed as well.

I den här studien undersöks schemaläggningsprocesser i gymnasieskolan. Schemaläggning i skolan är en komplex verksamhet som har stor påverkan på lärares arbetsvillkor och elevers förutsättningar för lärande. Därför är det av stor betydelse att schemaläggningen håller hög kvalitet. Till följd av skolreformer på 1990-talet decentraliserades beslutsfattandet över schemaläggningen. Decentraliseringen ställer stora krav på enskilda skolors ansvarstagande, vilket innebär att lokala förutsättningar får stor betydelse för schemaläggningens resultat. Det är därför av intresse att undersöka vilka faktorer som främjar skolors schemaläggning. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka villkor som behöver uppfyllas för attschemaläggningsprocessen i en gymnasieskola ska vara effektiv. Effektiva schemaläggningsprocesser definieras med utgångspunkt från tidigare schemaläggningsforskning. Studien har genomförts i form av en flerfallsstudie där två komparativt utvalda gymnasieskolor undersökts och jämförts. Intervju användes som datainsamlingsmetod och data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Faktorer som påverkar och begränsar schemaläggningsprocesserna kunde på så sätt identifieras. Med utgångspunkt ifrån en jämförelse av resultaten från de båda fallen föreslogs fyra villkor som möjliggör effektiva schemaläggningsprocesser i gymnasieskolan. Två av dessa villkor behandlar hur schemaläggarens arbete bör struktureras: Schemaläggaren bör använda strategier för att hantera begränsande faktorer i schemaläggningen och schemaläggningsarbetet bör fokuseras på dess kärnuppdrag. De övriga två behandlar de strukturella förutsättningarna för schemaläggning: Skolan behöver ha stabilt elevunderlag och undervisningsgrupperna på skolan bör vara utformade på ett sätt som stödjer schemaläggningen. / In this study, timetabling processes in Swedish upper secondary schools were examined. School timetabling is a complex activity, with a great impact on working conditions for teachers and pupils’ learning conditions. Hence, it is of great importance that the timetabling is of high quality. As a result of the Swedish educational reforms in the 1990’s, timetabling decision-making was decentralized. This places great demands on responsibility of individual schools, which implies that local conditions are of great significance for the outcomes of timetabling. It is therefore of interest to examine the factors that promote school timetabling. The purpose of this study is to investigate the conditions that need to be fulfilled to ensure the efficacy of the timetabling process in an upper secondary school. Effective timetabling processes are defined based on previous research on school timetabling. The study has been conducted as a multiple case study, in which two comparatively chosen upper secondary schools were examined and compared. Interviews were used for data collection and data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. In this way, factors that influence and constrain the timetabling processes could be identified. Based on a comparison of the results from both cases, four conditions were suggested that render timetabling processes effective. Two of the conditions deal with work structure of timetablers: Timetablers should apply strategies to handle timetabling constraints and the timetabling should be focused on its main task. The other two conditions deal with structural features necessary for effective timetabling: The school needs a stable pupil population and the class composition should be organized in a way that supports timetabling.