Plus de 130 espèces de Vibrio, bactéries ubiquitaires des milieux marins et estuariens sont décrites, dont certaines sont des pathogènes d’organismes marins (poissons, coraux, coquillages, …). Douze espèces sont pathogènes pour l’homme, parmi lesquelles V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus et V. vulnificus. Les cas d’infections humaines sont essentiellement liés à la consommation de produits de la mer crus ou à l’exposition de plaies cutanées à l’eau de mer. En France, ce risque est faible mais pourrait s’accentuer en raison de la consommation croissante de produits de la mer, de l'augmentation de la part des individus immunodéprimés dans la population, de l'impact des activités anthropiques et du réchauffement climatique sur le milieu marin. Une meilleure compréhension de l'écologie de ces bactéries (distribution, abondance et diversité) est un pré-requis à la mise en place d’une surveillance environnementale de ce risque. L’étude menée au cours de ma thèse en zone Manche-Mer du Nord, dans le cadre du programme Vibrio Manche (2009-2012, partenariat EDFR&D/Ifremer/Institut Pasteur de Lille), avait pour objectif d'évaluer la diversité et la distribution spatio-temporelle côtière des vibrions, dont des espèces potentiellement pathogènes pour l’homme et les animaux, et leur relation avec les paramètres environnementaux biologiques (phytoplancton et zooplancton) et physico-chimiques. La stratégie de suivi a reposé sur le dénombrement et l’isolement de souches de Vibrio, à 22°C et 37°C sur milieu sélectif, à partir d’eau de mer et de sédiments superficiels collectés au cours de neuf campagnes d’échantillonnage et associés à la mesure de paramètres environnementaux. Le développement et la validation d’outils d’identification des souches environnementales par PCR en temps réel et le séquençage de marqueurs génétiques discriminants ont conduit à mettre en évidence une grande diversité d’espèces parmi les isolats à 22°C, celle-ci étant composée principalement de pathogènes d’organismes marins dont l’espèce V. splendidus. Les isolats à 37°C, marqués par la prédominance de deux espèces, V. alginolyticus et V. harveyi, et la rareté des pathogènes humains détectés dans les conditions d’analyses retenues pour cette étude. Au terme de l’étude, nous avons mis en évidence la présence de 20 et 17 espèces de vibrions respectivement à 22°C (deux campagnes) et 37°C (neuf campagnes) sur la zone étudiée, et l’influence probable de conditions environnementales contrastées sur la structure de ces populations. En termes d’abondance, les vibrions cultivables à 37°C ont montré une forte saisonnalité, et une relation significative à la température de l’eau et à l’abondance totale du zooplancton. La saisonnalité des vibrions cultivables à 22°C a été moindre, et leur abondance a pu être reliée de façon significative à la concentration en chlorophylle a totale et également à l’abondance totale en zooplancton. Ces éléments de connaissance et la stratégie d’identification développée pourront, à terme, contribuer au développement d’outils de surveillance microbiologique environnementale et ouvrent des perspectives pour mieux comprendre l’écologie des vibrions et les facteurs structurant non seulement leur abondance, mais aussi leur diversité. / One hundred and thirty species of vibrios, ubiquitous bacteria of marine and estuarine environments have been described, some of them being pathogenic for marine organisms. Twelve species are classified as human pathogens, Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus being the most frequently reported in cases of infection. Human infections are linked mostly to raw seafood consumption or to the exposure of skin wounds to contaminated seawater. In France, the risk is low but it is expected to increase in the future due to the increase of raw seafood consumption, the part of immuno-compromised people, but also the impact of anthropic activities and global warming on the marine environment. A better understanding of the ecology of these bacteria (distribution pattern, abundance and diversity) is a prerequisite for the monitoring of the Vibrio-risk in the environment. The 2-year study carried out in the Eastern English Channel during my PhD was part of the Vibrio Manche program (2009-2012, funding EDF R&D/Ifremer/Institut Pasteur de Lille), which main objective was to characterize the spatio-temporal distribution of the vibrios, among which the potentially pathogenic species for human and animal, and their relations with the biotic(phytoplankton and zooplankton) and abiotic environmental parameters. The strategy consisted in the enumeration and isolation of Vibrio strains, at 22°C and37°C on a selective medium, from seawater and superficial sediments collected during nine sampling campaigns and associated with the recording of environmental parameters. The protocol developed in this study provides an appropriate and rapid screening tool to identify a large number of bacterial strains routinely isolated from the environment. This was based on real-time PCR assays and the sequencing of discriminant genetic markers. We highlighted the important diversity of species among the 22°C isolates, represented mainly by species pathogenic for marine organisms such as V. splendidus. Contrastingly, the 37°C isolates were mainly represented by two species, V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi, and the potentially pathogenic species for humans were rarely detected using this experimental approach. We detected 20 and 17 species of vibrios among the 22°C (two sampling campaigns) and 37°C(nine sampling campaigns) isolates, respectively, and highlighted the probable influence of contrasted environmental conditions on these populations structure. These two populations presented different seasonal dynamics, as the seawater temperature and the zooplankton abundance showed to be the main drivers for the 37°C population. The 22°C population seemed to be linked to the chlorophyll a concentration and zooplankton abundance. These data and the approach developed in this study could contribute to the development of tools for the monitoring of coastal environment and they give perspectives to better understand the ecology of the vibrios and the environmental factors driving their abundance and diversity.

This diploma thesis analyzes the senior tourism, its development, status, structure and perceptions of accommodation facility owners. We used leisure development and the evolution of older people (55 years and 65 years) for the theoretical framing theory. We also used development funds and the theory of subjective and real age for better explaining the actual trends. The methodology of thesis was based on a survey, informal interviews and email survey. A questionnaire survey was conducted on two levels. The first aims directly at senior citizens (240 respondents) and the second at the owners of accommodation facilities. An important source of information was informal conversation among the elderly. These interviews helped to clarify and to explain phenomena that were discovered in surveys. Another source of information was planned as a telephone poll of travel agents. However, for fear of misuse of data and retaining its "know-how" there were no results and this method of information obtaining was avoided. A very important source of information were reviews of Czech and foreign literature. Finally, I used and Internet sources. The objectives of work include efforts to determine how the senior tourism is structured, whether it helps to balance the marginal tourist season. An additional goal was to try to...

Seasonality influences life history through its effect on the availability of essential resources, with birds timing breeding to occur during peak food availability. Due to density-dependence, investment in breeding is determined largely by the seasonality of food availability, with an increased investment being traded-off against adult survival. A bird's mass acts as an index of a species' foraging environment, because a bird bases its foraging decisions on a trade-off between the risk of predation and the risk of starvation. Under constant predation risk a bird increases its mass as insurance against increased foraging unpredictability. In tropical savannahs day length and temperature remains relatively constant, and there is not a season of increased density-dependent mortality which acts across all species. Thus species have evolved a broad range of life history traits under the same environmental conditions, although how a species experiences seasonality depends largely on its foraging niche. This thesis shows that most savannah species varied their mass across the year, having a reduced mass in the non-breeding season which suggests that foraging remained predictable. Independent of gonad or egg growth they then increased their mass as they started to breed, with the timing of breeding coinciding with peak food availability. Across species in the same foraging niche mass acts as an index of breeding investment, with females increasing their mass more than males. While across species in different foraging niches an increased mass response was associated with higher adult survival, probably because breeding strategy and subsequently adult survival are governed by food limitation. This thesis shows that birds adaptively manage their mass during breeding and that mass is not a result of energetic stress, thus under constant predation risk a bird's mass is a result of foraging predictability as a function of competition for available food and investment in breeding.

O presente estudo listou e analisou a composição e a estrutura da comunidade de saturnídeos atraídos por luz da Estação Biológica de Boraceia (EBB), Salesóplis, São Paulo, Brasil. A EBB pertence ao Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) e compreende uma área de 96 ha, por sua vez localizada dentro do maior remanescente brasileiro de Mata Atlântica da atualidade. A fauna de Saturniidae foi levantada através de exemplares da coleção de Lepidoptera do MZUSP, sendo estes dados complementados com 13 meses de coletas recentes, entre 2012 e 2013, quando foram realizadas coletas noturnas de 12 horas, por quatro noites em cada mês. Adicionalmente, foi produzida uma lista de 114 espécies de Saturniidae coletados no bioma Mata Atlântica, para muitas das quais foram gerados registros fotográficos in situ e de exemplares montados. Os dados oriundos deste levantamento foram comparados com outros estudos sobre Saturniidae realizados no Brasil e demonstraram número elevado de espécies para EBB (119 espécies) quando comparado aos dados disponíveis de outros levantamentos, como os de Saturniidae do Rio Grande do Sul, do Paraná e do bioma (ou ecótono) Cerrado. Os dados das coletas recentes (2012-2013) foram comparados com a assembleia destes lepidópteros amostrada em 25 meses consecutivos durante os anos de 1948 a 1950. Esta comparação demonstrou que a riqueza e a uniformidade das espécies registradas recentemente (2012-2013) é significativamente próxima daquela registrada no período histórico (1948-1950). Alguns exemplares representaram novos registros de espécies para EBB, e algumas espécies foram coletadas exclusivamente em algum momento de todo o período histórico. A área de coleta demonstrou grande densidade de espécies do gênero Hylesia Hübner, 1920 com pelo menos 15 espécies (sendo destas 3 morfoespécies) coletadas em 1.158 exemplares. Estes resultados asseguram a importância do remanescente de Mata Atlântica da Serra do Mar para manutenção de espécies de Saturniidae e ainda, demonstram a significância da EBB para estudos faunísticos de insetos da Mata Atlântica. Algumas avaliações sobre as distribuições sazonal e circadiana dos exemplares coletados em 2012-2013 apontaram padrões que poderão ser utilizados para testar hipóteses de comportamento e biologia das espécies. As espécies apresentaram tanto distribuição restrita ao longo do ano, quanto foram mais amplamente distribuídas. Da mesma forma algumas espécies apresentaram altos picos de abundâncias em períodos restritos da noite, enquanto outras ocorreram em distintos horários. A avaliação da alternância de espécies ao longo do ano e ao longo da noite indicou que há alta alternância de espécies para ambos os ciclos, ressaltando a importância de um levantamento que se ocupe com coletas durante todos os meses do ano e durante todo o período noturno. Demonstrou ainda, que a flutuação de abundância das espécies agrupadas em cada uma das cinco subfamílias representadas nas amostras, seguem padrões tanto semelhantes, quanto contrastantes. / This study evaluated and summarized the composition and structure of the saturniid community attracted to light trapping in a remnant of Atlantic Rainforest of the Boraceia Biological Station (EBB), Salesópolis, São Paulo, Brazil. The EBB belongs to Zoological Museum of University of São Paulo (MZUSP) and comprises a 96 ha area located inside the largest Brazilina remananent of the Atlantica Rain Forest. The Saturniidae fauna of this reserve was inventoried based on the specimens deposited at the MZUSP, and it was complemented with 13 months of recently field samplings between 2012 and 2013. Complementary field sampling was based on nocturnal collections of 12 hours along four nights on each of the 13 months. As a result we listed 114 species of the family Saturniidae. Many species were photographed in situ, for illustration of the dorsal and ventral habitus of each species we used the pinned specimens of the collection. Comparisons with other inventories of Saturniidae conducted in different Brazilian localities were performed and demonstrated an elevated number of species in EBB when compared to the data available from other inverntories, from Rio Grande do Sul state, Paraná state and the Savana bioma. Recent field samplings (2012-2013) were compared with the assemblage of saturniids from 25 consecutive months between 1948 and 1950. This comparison demonstrated that the richness and the uniformity of the species recentelly registered (2012-2013) is similar to that from the historical period (1948-1950). Few specimens constituted new record for EBB and other few were sampled exclusively on the whole range of the historical period. The studied area indicated high density of species of Hyleisa Hübner, 1920 with at least 15 species (with three morphospecies) collected, distributed in 1.158 specimens. The results stress the importance of the Serra do Mar Atlatic forest remanent to the conservation of the species of Saturniidae and yet, demonstrate the importance of EBB for the study of insects from the Atlantic Rain Forest. The analysis related to the seasonality and circadian pattern of the recently collected specimens (2012-2013) can be further used to test hypothesis of behavior and biology of the species. The abundance of species showed distinct fluctuation along the year, while some had concentrated distribution, others were broadly sampled along several months. Similarly, some species presented high pics of abundance on restricted periods during the night, while other speces were sampled in several distinct periods. The evaluation of the interchange of species during the year and during the night indicated hight interchanging of species for both cicles, sazonal and cyrcadina, stressing the importance of inventories of Saturniidae with effort along the entire year and along the hole night period. The same evaluation also demonstrated that the fluctuation of the abundance of species grouped by subfamilies follow similar and contrasting patters depending on the subfamilies that are being compaired.

Der wichtigste Bestimmungsfaktor für die Produktivität in der Herdenhaltung kleiner Wiederkäuer unter semi-ariden Weidebedingungen ist die klimatisch bedingte Saisonalität im Futteraufwuchs. In pastoralen Produktionssystemen gibt es nur wenige Alternativen zur Mobilität als effiziente und angepaßte Strategie zur Überwindung von Nährstoffdefiziten. Eine denkbare Intervention bestünde darin,, den saisonalen Nährstoffbedarf der Herde über ein kontrolliertes Anpaarungsmanagement zu steuern. Eine derartige Strategie wird jedoch von pastoralen Produzenten üblicherweise nicht durchgeführt. Restriktives Anpaarungsmanagement als ein Mittel zur Synchronisation der Nährstoffansprüche pastoraler Ziegenherden mit dem saisonalen Futterangebot hat bisher in der Forschung nur wenig Beachtung gefunden. Um die Vor- und Nachteile einer kontrollierten saisonalen Anpaarung zu untersuchen, wurde über einen Zeitraum von vier Jahren (1984-1988) im Isiolo Distrikt im Norden Kenias ein systematisches Anpaarungsprogramm in einer Herde kleiner Ostafrikanischer Ziegen durchgeführt. Ziel der Studie war es, (1) den Effekt einer saisonalen Anpaarung auf wichtige Leistungsmerkmale von Ziegenherden zu untersuchen, und (2) diese Daten für den Test der Hypothese zu verwenden, daß ein restriktives saisonales Anpaarungsmanagement die Produktivität pastoraler Ziegenherden zu steigern vermag. Es wurden 145 Muttertiere auf 18 aufeinander folgende Anpaarungsgruppen mit jeweils ca. 18 Tieren verteilt und für insgesamt 381 Anpaarungen verwendet. Jeder dieser 18 Gruppen wurde über einen Zeitraum von 2 Monaten der gleiche Zuchtbock zugeführt. Aus dem experimentellen Design ergaben sich 6 Anpaarungsperioden pro Jahr, die jeweils dreimal im Verlauf des Experiments wiederholt wurden. Es wurden 8547 Messungen bezüglich der Mortalität, der Gewichtsentwicklung und Milchleistung der Muttertiere erhoben; 9337 Messungen wurden zur Mortalität und Wachstumsleistung der Jungtiere erhoben. Statistische Analysen wurden für alle relevanten Leistungsmerkmale durchgeführt. Dazu zählen die Überlebensleistung von Jung- und Muttertieren, die Reproduktionsleistung der Muttertiere, die Wachstumsleistung der Jungtiere, sowie die Gewichtsentwicklung und Milchleistung der Mütter. Für die Ermittlung der Herdenproduktivität in den sechs Anpaarungsperioden wurde ein neues steady-state Herdenmodell entwickelt. Dieses Verfahren basiert auf einer zustandsstruktierten Beschreibung der Populationsdynamik und verwendet einen nicht linearen Optimierungsansatz zur simultanen Bestimmung der steady-state-Herdenstruktur und der Merzpolitik, die die energetische Effizienz auf Herdenebene maximiert. Die Anpaarungsperiode hatte keinen signifikanten Effekt auf Reproduktionsmerkmale, was höchstwahrscheinlich auf die hohe Variabilität in den Produktionsbedingungen zwischen den drei Wiederholungen einer Periode zurückzuführen ist. Die Unterschiede in der Überlebensleistung der Jungtiere zwischen den Anpaarungsperioden waren stark ausgeprägt. Die Ergebnisse belegen, daß restriktive Anpaarung ein effektives Mittel zur Reduzierung der Jungtiersterblichkeit sein kann. Ähnliche Schlußfolgerungen gelten in Bezug auf die Milchleistung. Die anfänglichen Unterschiede in der Wachstumsleistung zwischen den Anpaarungsperioden verschwanden weitestgehend bis die Tiere das Jährlingsstadium erreicht hatten. Daher kann man davon ausgehen, daß eine saisonale Anpaarung per se keinen nennenswerten Vorteil bezüglich der Wachstumsleistung von Jungtieren verschafft. Die ermittelten steady-state-Produktivitäten verdeutlichen, daß unter den gegebenen Bedingungen Reproduktionsleistungsmerkmale weitaus weniger bedeutsam für die biologische Herdenproduktivität sind, als dies häufig angenommen wird. Mit Hilfe von Sensitivitätsanalysen wurde gezeigt, daß die Jungtiersterblichkeit mit Abstand der wichtigste Bestimmungsfaktor für die energetische Effizienz auf Herdenebene ist. Restriktive Anpaarung kann aufgrund des positiven Einflusses auf die Überlebensleistung der Lämmer als Strategie zur Steigerung der biologischen Produktivität genutzt werden. Milch- und Wachstumsleistung sind von untergeordneter Bedeutung, nachdem ihre positiven Effekte auf die Überlebensleistung der Jungtiere berücksichtigt wurden. Eine Anpaarung auf dem Höhepunkt der langen Trockenzeit (Juli bis August) stellte die optimale Managementstrategie dar. Ob eine restriktive Anpaarung einer kontinuierlichen Anpaarung überlegen ist, konnte jedoch nicht zweifelsfrei festgestellt werden. Die Ergebnisse eines simulierten asaisonalen Managements deuten darauf hin, daß der durch saisonale Anpaarung erzielbare Effizienzzuwachs deutlich geringer ausfallen dürfte, als bisher angenommen wurde. Bezüglich der Methode zur Ermittlung der steady-state Herdenproduktivität ist festzuhalten, daß der Verwendung eines Optimalitätsansatzes für die Schaffung einer gemeinsamen Vergleichsbasis eine herausragende Bedeutung zukommt. Der entwickelte Bewertungsansatz erlaubt die Durchführung standardisierter Effizienzvergleiche auf Herdenebene und Kann zugleich ein wertvolles Hilfsmittel für ein besseres Verständnis von Produktionssystemen, bzw. für deren Optimierung sein.

A associação entre latitude e o tamanho corporal dos seres vivos é um fenômeno discutido por muitos pesquisadores. Foi observado que os corpos tendem a ser maiores em locais mais distantes do Equador e a temperatura ambiental já foi considerada a causa principal desse aumento corporal. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é verificar a relação entre altura e variáveis climáticas no Brasil, seguido dos objetivos específicos: i) construir cartogramas representativos das variáveis climáticas no Brasil; ii) verificar a existência de relação entre altura e latitude na população brasileira; iii) determinar, utilizando métodos estatísticos, quais elementos climáticos influenciam no crescimento das pessoas e iv) discutir a influência da sazonalidade dos elementos climáticos nas respostas fisiológicas do organismo humano. Para contemplar os objetivos colocados, este trabalho utilizou dados antropométricos, geográficos e climáticos previamente publicados por institutos de pesquisa brasileiros para investigar a existência e possíveis causas da correlação entre latitude e estatura de adolescentes de 12 anos de idade do sexo feminino e 14 anos de idade do sexo masculino. A variação latitudinal é seguida pela variação de diversos elementos climáticos, os aqui estudados foram: temperatura, insolação, radiação solar global e duração efetiva do dia. Os modelos matemáticos e de regressão linear múltipla mostram que o peso corporal juntamente a alguma variável climática são os melhores estimadores da estatura nas idades analisadas e a duração efetiva do dia acima de determinada intensidade luminosa é a variável climática que mais vezes mostrou-se estatisticamente relevante. Uma resposta para a existência da variação clinal na estatura dos seres humanos pode estar relacionada com a influência ambiental, que é dada em função da localização geográfica e da sazonalidade sobre a fisiologia humana. / The association between latitude and body size of living beings is a phenomenon discussed by many researchers. It was observed that the bodies tend to be larger in places more distant from the Equator and the environmental temperature has already been considered the main cause of this corporal increase. The general objective of this work is to verify the relationship between height and climatic variables in Brazil, followed by the specific objectives: i) to construct cartograms representative of climatic variables in Brazil; ii) verify the existence of a relationship between height and latitude in the Brazilian population; iii) determine, using statistical methods, which climatic elements influence the growth of people, and iv) discuss the seasonal influence of climatic elements on the physiological responses of the human organism. In order to contemplate the objectives, this work used anthropometric, geographic and climatic data previously published by Brazilian research institutes to investigate the existence and possible causes of the correlation between latitude and height of 12-year-old female and 14-year-old adolescents male. The latitudinal variation is followed by the variation of several climatic elements, the ones studied here were: temperature, insolation, global solar radiation and effective day length. The mathematical and multiple linear regression models show that body weight together with some climatic variable are the best height estimators in the analyzed ages and the effective day length above a determined luminous intensity is the climatic variable that has shown to be statistically more relevant . An answer for the existence of clinal variation in human stature may be related to environmental influence, which is given by geographic location and seasonality on human physiology

In the Diploma thesis called "Research of seasonality in the animal dental cement and the use of this method in archaeology", I devote myself to one of the most reliable methods for determining the age cementochronology, or the analysis of increments of the dental cement. By using the method, it is possible to relatively accurately evaluate the age of an individual and to determine the death season, and thus we penetrate deeper not only to problems of palaeoecological conditions of archaeological situations, but also to economical-social relationships of then populations. Cementochronology also allows trace hunting and settlement strategies, i. e. when and for a what purpose the specific site was settled. The Diploma thesis summerizes previous knowledge about the method and compares it with the results obtained by the analysis of increments of the dental cement, which was applied on referential zoological and archaeozoological material.

O gênero Erythroxylum P. Browne pertence a família Erythroxylaceae Kunth e é principalmente conhecido devido as espécies E. coca e E. novogranatense, as “plantas da coca”. O gênero é a única fonte natural da cocaína e de outros alcaloides com núcleo ecgonina, principais responsáveis pelos efeitos tóxicos e biológicos originados pelo consumo de suas espécies. A presença da cocaína é amplamente aceita para as plantas de coca, porém a sua biossíntese por outras espécies apresenta divergência, o que pode estar relacionada ao período de coleta. Além destas particularidades fitoquímicas, as espécies do gênero também apresentam importantes atividades como antioxidante e antimicrobiana, além de toxicidade a humanos e a ovinos. O Brasil é o centro da diversidade e do endemismo do gênero e no sul do país, nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina, as carcaterísticas fitoquímicas e potencialidades tóxicas e farmacológicas das espécies apresentam um campo aberto para estudos. Desta forma, foram avaliadas características fitoquímicas e potencialidades tóxicas e farmacológicas de espécies nativas dos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina, coletadas em dois períodos climáticos distintos, verão e inverno, além de revisão bibliográfica sobre as espécies produtoras de cocaína e as implicações segundo a legislação brasileira vigente. Foram utilizadas metodologia de planária, disco-difusão em ágar, microdiluição em caldo, medida da extinção da absorção do cátion 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil e procedimentos preconizados pelas Nações Unidas para a investigação fitoquímica de espécies produtoras de cocaína. Foi verificado que 24 espécies apresentam o aparato enzimático para a produção da cocaína. Embora E. novogranatense origina rendimentos apropriados ao tráfico, segundo a legislação Brasileira vigente, apenas E. coca encontra-se proscrita, o que torna necessário a inclusão de E. novogranatense na lista de plantas proscritas. Para o estudo toxicológico desenvolvido com E. deciduum sobre modelo de planária, foi necessário adaptar a metodologia existente. O extrato da espécie ocasionou aumento significativo da velocidade de locomoção (p= 0.016) e comportamentos estereotipados padronizados de posição tipo C e hipercinesia tipo parafuso, eventos característicos da neurotransmissão dopaminérgica em planárias. Os resultados, além de ampliar as possibilidades do uso destes vermes na busca por extratos ativos, demonstram que E. deciduum biossintetiza metabólitos ativos sobre este neurotransmissor, os quais podem estar relacionados com os efeitos ocasionados pelo consumo da espécie vegetal. A influência do período de coleta sobre as potencialidades farmacológicas e as características fitoquímicas foi investigada e os resultados demonstram esta infuência. Diferentes extratos de E. argentinum e E. deciduum, coletadas durante o verão, apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana superiores a verificada para os extratos obtidos de coletas realizadas no inverno. O extrato etanólico de E. argentinum, coleta verão, pode ser considerado um verdadeiro antimicrobiano, MIC= 0,78mg/ mL, e desta forma torna-se uma fonte promissora para a descoberta de novas moléculas antimicrobianas. Os extratos das espécies E. argentinum e E. deciduum demonstram pertinentes resultados sobre a atividade antioxidante. A influência do período de coleta, verão/ inverno, sobre a atividade foi identificada. A influência do período de coleta sobre as atividades tóxico-farmacológicas é corroborada pelo perfil alcaloídico obtido de noves espécies do gênero, coletadas durante o verão e o inverno, nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina. O perfil alcaloídico das espécies E. amplifolium, E. argentinum, E. cuneifolium, E. cuspidifolium, E. deciduum, E. microphyllum, E. myrsinites, E. pelleterianum e E. vacciniifolium demonstra a presença dos alcaloides: éster de metecgonidina, éster de metilecgonina, cuscohigrina e tropacocaína e dos intermediários da biossíntese: higrina, tropinona e tropanol. A identificação dos metabólitos éster de metilecgonina e éster de metilecgonidina também demonstra que as espécies do gênero Erythroxylum presentes no Sul do Brasil apresentam potencialidade econômicas, pois podem ser empregadas na produção de padrões toxicológicos. Os objetivos propostos foram cumpridos e permitem concluir que espécies do gênero Erythroxylum dos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina, Sul do Brasil, demonstram importância tóxica, farmacológica e química, sendo parte destas influenciada pelo período de coleta, verão/ inverno. / “Chemical and Biological Study of Erythroxylum P. Browne Species Collected in Southern Brazil”. Erythroxylum P. Browne genus belongs to the Erythroxylaceae Kunth family and is mainly known due to E. coca and E. novogranatense species, the "coca plants". The genus is the only natural source of cocaine and other alkaloids with ecgonine nucleus, mainly responsible for the toxic and biological effects caused by the consumption of their species. The presence of cocaine is widely accepted for coca plants, but its biosynthesis by other species shows divergence, which may be related to the collect period. Besides these phytochemical peculiarities, the species of the genus also present important activities such as antioxidant and antimicrobial, besides toxicity to humans and sheep. Brazil is the center of diversity and endemism of the genus and in the south of the country, in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, the phytochemical characteristics, toxic and pharmacological potentials of the species present an open field for studies. Thus, phytochemical characteristics, toxic and pharmacological potentials of native species of the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina were assessed, collected in two distinct climatic periods, summer and winter, as well as a bibliographical review on cocaine producing species and implications under current Brazilian law. Some methodologies were used such as planaria, disc-diffusion in agar, microdilution in broth, extinction measurement of the absorption of cation 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and procedures recommended by the United Nations for the phytochemical investigation of cocaine producing species. It was verified that twenty-four species present the enzymatic apparatus for the production of cocaine. Although E. novogranatense originate income appropriate to traffic according to current Brazilian legislation, only E. coca is outlawed, which makes it necessary to include E. novogranatense in the list of proscribed plants. For the toxicological study developed with E. deciduum on planaria model, it was necessary to adapt the existing methodology. The extract of the species caused a significant increase in locomotion velocity (p= 0.016) and standardized stereotyped behaviors of type C position and screw- type hyperkinesia, characteristic events of dopaminergic neurotransmission in planarians. The results, besides expanding the possibilities of the use of these worms in search for active extracts, demonstrate that E. deciduum biosynthesizes active metabolites on this neurotransmitter, which may be related to the effects caused by the consumption of the plant species. The influence of the collect period on pharmacological potentials and phytochemical characteristics was investigated and the results demonstrate this influence. Different extracts of E. argentinum and E. deciduum collected during summer showed higher antimicrobial activity than the extracts obtained from winter collect. The ethanolic extract of E. argentinum, summer collect, may be considered a true antimicrobial, MIC= 0.78mg/ mL, on Staphylococcus aureus, and in this way it becomes a promising source for the discovery of new antimicrobial molecules. The extracts of E. argentinum and E. deciduum species demonstrate relevant results on antioxidant activity. The influence of the collecting period, summer/ winter, on the activity was verified. The influence of collect period on toxic- pharmacological activities is corroborated by the alkaloid profile obtained from nine species of the genus, collected during summer and winter in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. The alkaloid profile of E. amplifolium, E. argentinum, E. cuneifolium, E. cuspidifolium, E. deciduum, E. microphyllum, E. myrsinites, E. pelleterianum and E. vacciniifolium species shows the presence of alkaloids: ecgonidine methyl ester, ecgonine methyl ester, cuscohygrine and tropacocaine and the biosynthesis intermediates: hygrine, tropinone and tropanol. The identification of the ecgonine methyl ester and ecgonidine methyl ester also shows that Erythroxylum genus species present in southern Brazil have economic potential because they can be used in the production of toxicological standards. The aims were met and allow the conclusion that Erythroxylum genus of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states, south of Brazil, show toxic, pharmacological and chemical importance, part of these being influenced by the collect period, summer/ winter.

A importância do Eucalyptus na conjuntura atual da silvicultura brasileira tem incitado significativos investimentos em pesquisa, o que tem proporcionado o desenvolvimento da propagação vegetativa. A propagação vegetativa de Eucalyptus spp permite a rápida multiplicação de genótipos selecionados, alcançar altos ganhos mesmo com características de baixa herdabilidade (como por exemplo: crescimento e conteúdo de celulose), aumento imediato de produtividade, além de apresentar sucesso com a aplicação de técnicas de estaquia. Existem evidências da existência da correlação entre a concentração de carboidratos, enraizamento de estacas e sobrevivência das mudas. Apesar de não possuírem função reguladora no enraizamento, os carboidratos são fontes de energia e de carbono para a síntese de substâncias essenciais para formação do corpo da planta. O manejo silvicultural e ambiental do minijardim podem alterar as concentrações de carboidratos na planta, portanto, o manejo possibilita alterações no teor endógeno dos açúcares, resultando em ganhos na sobrevivência das mudas jovens. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no viveiro da Aracruz Celulose S. A., que é a maior produtora de mudas de clones de eucalipto, localizada no município de Aracruz, Estado do Espírito Santo, Sudeste do Brasil. A empresa é também a maior produtora de celulose branqueada de fibra curta de eucalipto. Foram avaliados diversos parâmetros biométricos e bioquímicos de miniestacas de dois clones da empresa, em duas épocas sazonais (inverno e verão), coletados em três periodicidades de coleta. Os parâmetros biométricos avaliados foram: percentual médio de sobrevivência, biomassa seca e produtividade. Bioquimicamente, foram caracterizados e quantificados os teores de carboidratos através do método de hidrólise ácida e cromatografia (HPAE-PAD e GC-MS). Através do Teste t de comparação de médias a 95% de confiança, não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas significativas entre as condições testadas. Entretanto, pela análise por componentes principais (PCA), comprovou-se que, biologicamente essas diferenças ocorrem e que existem uma época sazonal e periodicidade de coleta ótimas para cada clone, estando também relacionadas ao teor endógeno de carboidratos. Avaliando-se o feito da sazonalidade nos teores de açúcares para os dois clones, observou-se um aumento de 9.10% no verão em relação ao inverno. O ganho em açúcares propiciou um incremento de 138.00% e 143.00% em biomassa; em termos de sobrevivência ocorreram ganhos de 2.60% e 1.69% e, em termos de número de estacas produzidas/cepa os ganhos foram de 212.80% e 145.48%, para os clones A e B, respectivamente. De forma geral, para todos os parâmetros avaliados, a estação verão é a mais indicada para coleta de estacas, uma vez que se trata da estação mais produtiva. Em termos de periodicidade de coleta, para todos os parâmetros avaliados, a coleta a cada 9 dias mostrou-se a mais indicada. / The importance of the Eucalyptus in the current conjuncture of Brazilian forestry has stirred up significant investments in research, which has leaded to the development of the improved methods of vegetative propagation. The clonal propagation of Eucalyptus spp. allows the fast multiplication of selected genotypes, allowing high gains even with characteristics of low heritability (i.e., growth and cellulose content), immediate increase in productivity, in addition to success with the application of cutting techniques. There are evidences on the existence of correlation between carbohydrate concentration, rooting of cuttings and steckling survival. Although carbohydrates do not have regulatory role in the rooting process, they are an important source of carbon and energy for the synthesis of essential substances in the formation of plant body. The silvicultural and environmental management of the miniclonal garden can alter carbohydrate concentrations in the plant, thus, this management makes it possible the alteration of the endogenous content of sugars, resulting in increases of the survival of young plants. This research was carried out at the nursery of Aracruz Celulose S.A., which has the largest prodution of clonal eucalypt stecklings, located in Aracruz, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. The company is also the worldwide leader in the production of bleached eucalypt cellulose fiber. Two clones were evaluated in two seasons (winter and summer). Plants from stem cuttings were evaluated by several biometrical and biochemical parameteres. The biometrical parameters were survival rate, dry biomass and productivity. The biochemical parameteres were separation, characterization and quantification of several structural carbohydrates and their seasonal variation. It was not found significant statistical differences between the tested conditions through the t-Test for comparison of averages with 95% confidence. However, using another method of principal components analysis (PCA), it was demonstrated that are biological differences among treatments, evidencing an optimum season and periodicity of hedging of cuttings for each clone, which could be related to the endogenous content of carbohydrates. Among the main results obtained, it was observed a 9.10% increase in carbohydrates during summer in relation to winter. The gain in sugar content in the summer was 138.00% and 143.00%, respectively, for clones A and B, compared to winter. The increment in survival rate of stecklings was increased 2.60% and 1.69%, respectively, for clone A and B; also, productivity of harvested cuttings from stock plants increased 212.80% and 145.48%, respectively, clone A and B. In general, the summer is the most indicated season for collection of cuttings, for all the evaluated parameters, because it is the most productive season. In terms of periodicity of hedging of cuttings, the collection at each 9 days was shown to be the more indicated for all the evaluated parameters.

Diatomáceas são importantes constituintes do epifíton em ambientes costeiros. Estratégias de fixação conferem a estas algas vantagem adaptativa, no entanto, as mesmas estão sujeitas às variações ambientais, podendo responder com alterações da composição e estrutura da comunidade. Embora a relação entre epifíton e substrato seja pouco compreendida, a arquitetura do substrato parece influenciar na comunidade aderida. A composição, estrutura e variação sazonal de diatomáceas epifíticas foram avaliadas em ambientes de marismas no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos, sul do Brasil. Três sítios foram amostrados, Saco do Silveira, Ilha da Pólvora e São José do Norte, distantes 36, 18 e 9 km do oceano Atlântico, respectivamente. O epifíton aderido à Spartina alterniflora Loisel., Spartina densiflora densiflora Brogn., Scirpus maritimus L. e Juncus kraussii Hochst. foi removido dos substratos com lâmina metálica, oxidado e montado em lâminas permanentes para a análise das diatomáceas. Ao total cento e vinte e sete táxons foram encontrados, destacaram-se pelo maior número de espécies os gêneros Navicula Bory, Nitzschia Hassall e Tryblionella W. Smith. A sazonalidade, espacialidade, salinidade e tipo de substrato tiveram influência na composição e estrutura da comunidade. A maior distância da desembocadura do estuário proporcionou uma maior influência de águas continentais no sítio Saco do Silveira, resultando na formação de uma comunidade caracterizada pela presença de táxons dulciaquícolas. O período de inverno se caracterizou por maiores valores dos atributos da comunidade (riqueza, diversidade e equitabilidade). A maior complexidade da superfície de Scirpus maritimus proporcionou a formação de uma comunidade epifítica mais rica. A investigação taxonômica de Nitzschia e Tryblionella foi aprofundada, analisando-se também o microfitobentos da região. A espécie Nitzschia papillosa Bertolli et al. foi registrada pela primeira vez para a ciência, ocorrendo no epifíton e microfitobentos dos sítios Ilha da Pólvora e São José do Norte. A espécie possui formato linear-lanceolado, ápices cuneados e fíbulas irregularmente distribuídas como várias espécies do gênero, sua característica diagnóstica é a presença de excrecências de sílica arredondadas a quadradas situadas na costa transapical interna das valvas. O estudo do gênero Tryblionella revelou a presença de 11 espécies, duas foram registradas pela primeira vez para o Rio Grande do Sul e uma para o sul do Brasil. Além disso, duas espécies novas para a ciência são propostas, Tryblionella Bertolli et Torgan, espécie semelhante a T. debilis Arnott ex O’Meara em microscopia óptica, mas que apresenta costelas transapicais assimétricas em microscopia eletrônica, e Bertolli et al., espécie que apresenta um padrão de ornamentação na face valvar semelhante à trama de uma renda. As espécies de Tryblionella e N. papillosa ocorreram concomitantemente no epifíton e no microfitobentos, evidenciando a interação entre as duas comunidades, promovida pela dinâmica do ambiente. / Diatoms are an important component of the epiphyton in coastal environments. The strategies of attachment provide adaptive advantages to these algae; however, they are susceptible to the environmental fluctuations, responding to them with changes in the community composition and structure. Although the relationship between epiphyton and substrate is poorly understood, the architecture of the substrate seems to influence the attached community. The composition, structure and seasonal variations of the epiphytic diatoms were evaluated in Patos Lagoon salt marshes. Three sampling sites were defined, Saco do Silveira, Ilha da Pólvora and São José do Norte, distant 36, 18 and 9 km from the Atlantic Ocean, respectively. The epiphyton attached to Spartina alterniflora Loisel., Spartina densiflora densiflora Brogn., Scirpus maritimus L. e Juncus kraussii Hochst. was scraped with metal blade, oxidized and mounted on permanent slides for the analysis of the diatoms. A total of a hundred and twenty seven taxa were found. The genus Navicula Bory, Nitzschia Hassall e Tryblionella W. Smith showed the highest number of species. The seasonality, spatiality, salinity and substrate influenced the composition and structures of the community. The higher distance of the estuary mouth provided a higher influence of continental waters in the site Saco do Silveira, resulting in a community characterized by freshwater taxa. The winter was characterized by higher values of the community attributes (richness, diversity and evenness). The more complex structure of S. maritimus surface provided the establishment of a richer community. The taxonomic investigation of Nitzschia and Tryblionella was more detailed, including the analysis of the microphytobenthos of the sites. The species Nitzschia papillosa Bertolli et al. was registered for the first time to science in Ilha da Pólvora and São José do Norte. The species has linear-lanceolate outline, cuneate apices and fibulae irregularly distributed, as many other species of the genus. Its main feature is the presence of rounded to squarer silica excrescences, situated on the transapical costae in the internal valve view. The study of the genus Tryblionella showed 11 species, two of them were registered for the first time in Rio Grande do Sul State and one in Southern Brazil. Besides that, two species new to science were proposed, Tryblionella Bertolli et Torgan, which is similar to T. debilis Arnott ex O’Meara in light microscopy, but present asymmetrical transapical ribs in scanning electron microscopy, and T. Bertolli et al. which presents an ornamentation pattern similar to a lace texture in the valve face. The species of Tryblionella and N. papillosa occurred concomitantly in the epiphyton and microphytobenthos, evidencing the interaction between both communities, promoted by the environment dynamics.