This thesis examines the subprime crisis in a Kindleberger framework as well as how the major banks in Sweden were affected. The thesis ties different events to the framework of Kindleberger and follows the stages he sees in a financial crisis, from the origination of the crisis due to speculation to suggested structural changes in the financial market. The effects upon Swedish banks are followed through the crisis and the effects upon the banks. Conclusions drawn are that the Kindleberger model is applicable to the subprime crisis in terms of components and not always chronologically. Swedish banks have regarding the magnitude of the crisis faired well, the problems causing the crisis are related to Moral hazard problems, regulators and rating institution.

Syfte Vårt syfte är att undersöka hur de utvalda bankerna har kommunicerat externt via sin webbsida under pågående finanskris. Detta för att när det gäller ens privata och landets ekonomi är osäkerheten stor - och bankerna är människors naturliga val att vända sig till för att få svar i en sådan kris. Vi ämnar undersöka de utvalda bankernas webbsidor för att se hur bankerna beskrivit finanskrisen, vilka krishanteringsstrategier man kan urskilja samt hur de har skapat interaktivitet med allmänheten. Detta för att ta reda på de skillnader och likheter som bankerna kommunicerar under krisen. De utvalda bankerna är Handelsbanken, Nordea, SEB och Swedbank. Metod Studien har genomförts genom innehållsanalyser på de utvalda bankernas webbsidor. I det har även pressmeddelanden och övriga dokument på webbsidan granskas. Undersökningen var koncentrerad till en tvåveckors period, 29/9 - 12/10, 2008.   Resultat Studien visar att de skiljde en del mellan de utvalda bankernas sätt att använda sin webbsida för kriskommunikation. SEB och Swedbank hade överlägset bäst och mest information om finanskrisen. När det gäller användande av krishanteringsstrategier visar resultatet att Handelsbanken och SEB främst använde sig av strategin att bortförklara. Nordea använde sig främst av strategin minska händelsens anstötlighet, medan Swedbank använde sig av en blandning av dessa två strategier. Bankerna har inte utnyttjat de möjligheter till dialog med allmänheten som interaktivitet på webben erbjuder. Sammanfattningsvis borde samtliga banker ha varit mer proaktiva i sin kriskommunikation. Webben har som konstaterats flera gånger i denna studie en alltmer viktig del kriskommunikationsarbete. Webben är ingen synonym för interaktivitet utan man måste utnyttja de möjligheter som finns. Vi kan konstatera att bankerna inte utnyttjar sina webbsidors fulla potential då de inte erbjuder en hög grad av interaktivitet.

The technological progress the world is experiencing has also changed the way banking is done in Sweden today. One tough challenge for the banking industry is the moderately homogenous products and services they offer, which make banking particularly exposed and sensitive to customers and their switching behaviour. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate what the role of Facebook is in relationship marketing within banking, a case study in SEB, Sweden. The theoretical framework is focusing on three major parts for this paper. Bank marketing involves ways of marketing and segmenting a bank, furthermore relationship marketing includes theories on building long-lasting relations with customers, and finally service related technology contains technological developments and strategies of social media This thesis is done according to an explanatory technique as material has been collected by qualitative interviews and the findings have been textual data. The study has been designed into a single case study of SEB. Interviews has been conducted to understand the way a Swedish retailing bank is using social media to enhance their customer relation. It was found that SEB is seen as a personal and rather modern bank with good accessibility according to the respondents. Furthermore, customers are kept satisfied and maintained through trust, loyalty, and proactive acting. Also, the Facebook service is a good communication tool that gives fast replies and is available to use anytime. The role of Facebook within banking is multiple in association to relationship marketing. For instance, it brings along a fast communication tool and a great flexibility. SEB is rather innovative in their operation by rapidly adopting new means of technologies. The bank’s brand image as a personal and proactive bank can further be strengthened through Facebook. Additionally long term relations can be stimulated through the increased communication, collaboration, and trust that Facebook builds. SEB operates proactive relationship marketing and Facebook is one of their latest proactive approaches. What has been realised is the role of Facebook to enhance customer satisfaction and relations in the long run.

Denna studie är en kvantitativ undersökning av Swedbanks, SEB:s och Nordeas ersättningssystem och finansiella prestationer. Vi har utgått från följande syfte: Vårt syfte med studien är att undersöka om det finns något samband mellan ledningens ersättning och finansiella prestationer. För att kunna besvara vår problemställning och vårt syfte har vi använt oss av ersättningssystem, agentteorin, intressentteorin och finansiella prestationsmått. Vi har valt prestationsmått vilka visar ett företags operativa resultat (EBIT, ROA, ROE, kassaflöde/totala tillgångar) och multipelvärdering (P/E-tal och P/S-tal). I vårt fall med enbart en oberoende variabel testas om det finns något samband på den beroende variabeln ur resultaten från enkel regressionsanalys. Vi har använt Durbin-Watson:s värdet i samtliga fall för att undersöka om det finns någon eventuell autokorrelation. Vi har även använt konfidensintervallberäkningar för att se om bankernas utbetalda ersättningar ligger inom konfidensintervallgränserna. Vi har inte kunnat visa på något samband i vår undersökning mellan ersättning och finansiella prestationsmått. För samtliga värden gällande Swedbank föreligger positiv autokorrelation.

Fast and accurate detection of pathogens such as bacteria, their toxins and viruses at low concentrations is very important. The conventional techniques are time consuming where expensive equipment is required with a consumption of excess amount of blood from patients. Recently, immunosensors are used for the detection of pathogens because they are miniature, sensitive, biocompatible and require low power. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), 76 million people become ill due to food poisoning and 5,000 of them die each year in United States. In addition, SEB causing food poisoning has listed as a bioterrorism agent by CDCP. Thus, accurate and selective detection in short time is very important for SEB detection. Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a yeast-like fungus and causes anxiety, insomnia, constipation, hiatal hernia, panic attacks, denture-induced stomatitis, angular cheilitis, gingivitis and prosthetic implant infections. In addition, it can cause death if the immune system of patient is under failure due to cancer, chemotherapy and AIDS. In this study, a new procedure was developed. A simple and highly selective homogeneous sandwich immunoassay was obtained for ultrasensitive detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) probe. In the developed procedure, thiolated antibodies were produced and SEB was immobilized on the biosensor surface using these antibodies. In addition, theory of SEB adsorption on a gold surface was studied and the reaction rate constant between SEB and its toxin was calculated. Moreover, C. albicans was detected using the developed procedure by a microscope. Thus, it is proved that, the developed procedure can be used for detection of different pathogens. Furthermore, nonspecific interaction between SEB antibody and BSA was determined in this study. Also, the developed procedure and a procedure found from literature were compared. In the procedure used in the literature (second procedure), self-assembled monolayer (SAM) was formed and antibodies were immobilized on SAM. After formation of sandwich structure, the roughness of gold surface and the minimum concentration of SEB detected were determined by AFM and SERS, respectively.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-08-27T00:23:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CalistoRochaDeOliveiraNeto_DISSERT.pdf: 1762890 bytes, checksum: 93ae8e397990262e290933fbf4fa5c1a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-02T00:02:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CalistoRochaDeOliveiraNeto_DISSERT.pdf: 1762890 bytes, checksum: 93ae8e397990262e290933fbf4fa5c1a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-02T00:02:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CalistoRochaDeOliveiraNeto_DISSERT.pdf: 1762890 bytes, checksum: 93ae8e397990262e290933fbf4fa5c1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / Esta disserta??o objetiva analisar o setor e?lico no estado do Rio Grande do Norte destacando os principais desafios ao seu desenvolvimento. A quest?o central de pesquisa ? saber qual o lugar do Nordeste e do Rio Grande do Norte no mapa da ?expans?o e diversifica??o? do setor el?trico brasileiro e quais s?o os seus principais desafios e oportunidades. A hip?tese de pesquisa ? que a energia e?lica ? um dos vetores de desenvolvimento do Nordeste. Todavia, a despeito de expans?o recente deste setor, acredita-se que o rebatimento desta atividade sobre o desenvolvimento regional pode ser ampliado a partir da internaliza??o, tanto quanto poss?vel, da cadeia produtiva da energia e?lica tamb?m na regi?o. Isto pressup?e pol?ticas de incentivo ao enfrentamento dos gargalos produtivos, log?sticos, de CT&I e de qualifica??o profissional. Todavia, tais pol?ticas ainda se mostram insuficientes na regi?o, especialmente no Rio Grande do Norte. A metodologia aplicada contempla uma pesquisa secund?ria e de campo. A revis?o bibliogr?fica explora a constru??o do Setor El?trico Brasileiro (SEB), enfatizando o papel do Estado no planejamento e constru??o do setor, as circunst?ncias que resultaram na privatiza??o de parte das empresas p?blicas do setor el?trico nos anos 1990 e sua retomada no planejamento do SEB, promovendo a diversifica??o do sistema e a inser??o de novas fontes renov?veis de energia, com destaque para a energia e?lica. A revis?o de literatura tamb?m situa a energia e?lica no mundo, Brasil e Nordeste, destacando o seu potencial em rela??o ?s demais fontes, bem como a sua import?ncia para o desenvolvimento sustent?vel. Ainda s?o sistematizados e analisados dados sobre a origem, perfil, aspectos econ?micos e tecnol?gicos do setor e?lico no Rio Grande do Norte, bem como dos territ?rios que abrigam parques e?licos. O estudo tamb?m cont?m uma pesquisa de campo realizada junto a importantes atores envolvidos com a atividade no estado. Os resultados confirmam a hip?tese e apontam que a energia e?lica ? um dos vetores de desenvolvimento para o Rio Grande do Norte, que o estado tem recebido grandes investimentos na implementa??o de parques e?licos e ? destaque em produ??o de energia. Entretanto, esse sucesso na produ??o n?o se reflete na atra??o de fabricantes da cadeia produtiva do setor. Problemas log?sticos e infraestruturais, dentre outros, tamb?m s?o real?ados pelos atores entrevistados. Todos estes aspectos, embora impliquem num cen?rio incerto quanto aos rebatimentos desta atividade no desenvolvimento local/regional, tamb?m se constituem em oportunidades de a??es e pol?ticas. / This study aims to analyze the wind sector in Rio Grande do Norte state highlighting the main challenges to its development. The central research question is to know what is the place in the Northeast and Rio Grande do Norte on the map of 'expansion and diversification' of the Brazilian electric sector and what are its main challenges and opportunities. The research hypothesis is that wind power is one of the Northeast's development vectors. However, despite the recent expansion of this sector, it is believed that the folding of this activity on regional development can be extended from the internalization as much as possible, the wind energy supply chain also in the region. This assumes incentive policies to confront the production bottlenecks, logistics, CT&I and professional qualification. However, such policies still are insufficient in the region, especially in Rio Grande do Norte. The applied methodology includes a secondary and field research. The literature review explores the construction of the Brazilian Electric Sector (SEB), emphasizing the state's role in the planning and construction sector, the circumstances that resulted in the privatization of the public companies in the electricity sector in the 1990s and their resumption in the planning of SEB by promoting the diversification of the system and the inclusion of new renewable energy sources, especially wind power. The literature review also located wind power in the world, Brazil and Northeast, highlighting its potential in relation to other sources, as well as its importance for sustainable development. They are still organized and analyzed data on the origin, profile, economic and technological aspects of the wind sector in Rio Grande do Norte, as well as the territories that are home to wind farms. The study also contains a field survey of important actors involved in the activity in the state. The results confirm the hypothesis and show that wind energy is one of the development vectors for the Rio Grande do Norte, the state has received large investments in the implementation of wind farms and is featured in energy production. However, this success in production is not reflected in attracting manufacturers of the production chain. Logistical and infrastructural problems, among others, are also performed by actors interviewed. All these aspects, although involving an uncertain scenario regarding the repercussions of this activity in local / regional development, also constitute opportunities actions and policies.

För banker finns en mängd utmaningar med att uttrycka sig i skrift när man kommunicerar med sina kunder. Texterna behöver uppfylla ett flertal olika funktioner, och därtill är ofta en mängd olika skribenter inblandade i skrivprocessen. Denna uppsats ansluter till tidigare forskning om bankvärlden och dess texter. I den här uppsatsen undersöker jag intertextualitet och röster som finns i tre texter från SEB. Dessa handlar om produkten investeringssparkonto (ISK). ISK lanserades som ny produkt för två år sedan och är omgärdad av regleringar via lag, finansinspektion och bankens egna marknadsföringsstrategier och skrivriktlinjer. Genom att kartlägga rösterna med verktyg från den systemisk-funktionella grammatiken synliggörs flerstämmighet i texterna och flera olika modelläsare framträder. Flerstämmigheten syns utifrån olika sorters tilltal och omtal, språkhandlingar och rekontextualiseringar. Totalt framträder fyra stycken röster i texten. Dessa konstruerar var och en fyra olika modelläsare som textens empiriska läsare måste förhålla sig till.

Les composants électroniques utilisés pour des applications spatiales sont soumis à des rayonnements susceptibles de les rendre inopérants. Pour se prémunir de tels effets, leur sensibilité est testée au sol dans des accélérateurs de particules, onéreux et complexes à mettre en œuvre. Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’utilisation d’impulsions laser pour reproduire sous certaines conditions les effets des ions lourds. Le déclenchement de phénomènes parfois destructifs sur plusieurs types de composants de niveaux d’intégration différents a été obtenu sur le banc laser développé pendant cette thèse. Cela ouvre la voix à l’utilisation du laser comme outil de diagnostic en tirant partie de ses avantages en termes d’accessibilité, de coûts et de compréhension fine des effets. / Electronic components used for space applications may exhibit failures under radiation. To prevent uch effects, the radiation sensitivity is evaluated using particle accelerators. Since those facilities are nly few around the world and expensive, complementary tests are needed to analyse radiation ensitivity. This work contributes to the use of laser pulses to reproduce under given conditions the ffects of heavy ions. Using the laser set-up developed during this thesis, single events which may be estructive were triggered on several types of electronic components. This paves the way to the use of aser as a diagnostic tool, given its advantages in terms of accessibility, costs and detailed analysis

<p>Är de svenska storbankernas presentation av finansiella nyckeltal jämförbara? Det är frågan jag ställt mig i syfte att skapa förståelse för omfattningen av skillnaden mellan bankernas jämförande information via finansiella nyckeltal.</p><p>Analysen har utförts genom en fallstudie, där ett systemsynsätt tillämpats, och har visat att vare sig bankernas presentation av finansiella nyckeltal, eller teorier kring nyckeltal, kan anses vara jämförbara. Stora skillnader existerar, både kring vilka nyckeltal som presenteras, vad de kallas och hur de beräknas. Finansiella nyckeltal kan således inte anses vara användbara som analysverktyg, eller bidra till den inre marknadens funktion.</p><p>Resultatet av studien baserar sig på analyser av bankernas presenterade finansiella nyckeltal, resultat- och balansräkningar, ägarstrukturer och börskurser. Grunddata har hämtats från bankernas årsredovisningar under perioden 2004 – 2008, från Finansinspektionen och Stockholmsbörsen. Jag har även intervjuat representanter från bankerna och Finansinspektionen, en analytiker och en ekonomijournalist. Den övergripande bilden och djupa förståelsen har jag fått av Jacob Palmstierna, som haft godheten att dela med sig av sin fyrtioåriga erfarenhet och ovärderliga kunskap om den svenska bankbranschen.</p><p>Uppsatsen innefattar även metodutveckling i form av en konceptuell omvärldsmodell.</p>

<p><strong>Background</strong>: Since the coining of the phrase lean production by Womack, Jones and Roos in 1990, this mass production system of Japanese origin has been implemented in a multitude of organizations throughout the world, the results being predominantly positive from a financial point of view. The possibly negative effects of mass production on worker motivation have been discussed since quality of work life became an important political issue in Sweden in the 1970’s. As the popularity of lean service is now increasing, there are still unresolved issues regarding the transferability of a mass production system to the service industry, particularly with regards to the motivation of service employees.</p><p><strong>Purpose</strong>: The purpose of our thesis is to study the lean system of a Swedish bank, SEB Way, from a management- as well as an employee perspective in order to describe how lean may affect the work motivation of service employees.</p><p><strong>Research procedure</strong>: The study is empirically based on observations and interviews on multiple hierarchical levels at SEB. We have conducted a total of 13 interviews with front line employees at SEB, with the central SEB Way team as well as two external lean specialists.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: The study indicates that SEB Way has little direct influence on the intrinsic work motivation of the SEB front line employees, as work motivation was present prior to the implementation of lean. However, there are some areas of indirect overlaps between SEB Way and employee motivation, mainly in terms of tools which encourage improved employee performance. This is in line with the short-term result orientation which characterizes SEB’s organizational culture. Furthermore, the study indicates that lean production may possibly exert more extensive direct influence on employee motivation than SEB Way.</p>