Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / These laws were first published in Latin,in 1687.The first law may be literally translated thus, Every body continues in its state of reat or of uniform motion in a straight line ,unless it is compelled to change that state by impressed force. This meano that if a body is at rest it will remain so unless some force acts on it,if in motion ,the velocity of motion must continue uniform unless some force acts to increase it or diminish it. Also the direction of motioA mast continue unchanged and therefom rectilinear unless some force causes it to be diverted. This law therefore supplies us with a definition of force; Force is that which produces or tends to produce, motion 0.' change of motion. Newton's second law of motion may be translated as follows:- Newton's second law of motion may be translated as follows:- The change of motion (produced)is proportional to the impressed force producing it,and pursues the direction in which that force is impressed. This law leads to a method of measuring forces. If we change the velocity with which a mass is moving,we also change its momentum. Change in momentum will serve to measure force.lt seems obvious that whatever change in momentum is produced by a force, twice the force will produce twice the change ,etc.i.e. the change is directly proportional to the force. For a given mass,m,change of momentum ,mv,means change of velocity;the change of velocity per unit time is aceeleration,a;the change in momentum per unit time is therefore malf we employ absolute units (poundals or dynes)this can be shown as; Newton's third law of motion states that 'to every action there is an equaI and opposite reaction'.This law recognises the dual aspect of forces It a tooth is pushed by a finger spring ,the spring is also pushed by the tooth,and an eqpal counter force acts towards the spring unti1 the biology of the system intervenes. This dual stress is called pressure. Retracting incisors against posterior segments it is apparent that the reaction of the posterior segments must be equal and opposite to the incisors.In this case the two forces act away trom each other,and tG this dual stress we give the name tension.

Submitted to the faculty of the School of Informatics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Bioinformatics in the School of Informatics,Indiana University July, 2004 / DNA markers have revolutionized the field of genetics by increasing the pace of genetic analysis. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are repetitions of nucleotide motifs of 1 to 5 bases and are currently the markers of choice in many plant and animal genomes due to their abundant distribution in the genomes, hypervariable nature and suitability for high-throughput analysis. While SSRs, once developed, are extremely valuable, their development is time consuming, laborious and expensive. Sequences from many genomes are continuously made freely available in the public databases and mining of these sources using computational approaches permits rapid and economical marker development. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are ideal candidates for mining SSRs not only because of their availability in large numbers but also due to the fact that they represent expressed genes. Large scale SSR mining efforts in plants to date focused on monocotyledonous plants. In this project, an efficient SSR identification tool was developed and used to mine SSRs from more than 53 dicotyledonous species. A total of 92,648 non-redundant ESTs or 6.0% of the 1.54 million dicotyledonous ESTs investigated in this study were found to contain SSRs. The frequency of non-redundant-ESTs containing SSRs among the species investigated ranged from 2.65% to 16.82%. More than 80% of the non-redundant ESTs having SSRs contained a single SSR repeat while others contained 2 or more SSRs. An extensive analysis of the occurrence and frequencies of various SSR types revealed that the A/T mononucleotide, AG/GA/CT/TC dinucleotide, AAG/AGA/GAA/CTT/TTC/TCT trinucleotide and TTTA and TTAA tetranucleotide repeats are the most abundant in dicotyledonous species. In addition, an analysis of the number of repeats across species revealed that majority of the mononucleotide SSRs contained 15-25 repeats while majority of the di- and tri-nucleotide SSRs contained 5-10 repeats. By providing valuable information on the abundance of SSRs in ESTs of a large number of dicotyledonous species, this study demonstrates the potential of computational mining approach for rapid discovery of SSRs towards the development of markers for genetic analysis and related applications.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / In this thesis, I explore the subjects of fluid dynamics and the Hot-Wire Chemical Vapour Deposition (HWCVD) process. HWCVD, in its simplicity, is one of the more powerful and elegant deposition techniques available in thin film research which allows for both the growth and post deposition treatments of functional thin films. In the HWCVD process, the quality of the final films is determined by a fixed set of deposition parameters namely: temperature, pressure and the gas flow rate. Finding the optimal combination of these parameters is key to obtaining the desired film specifications during every deposition. Conducting multiple trial experiments to determine said parameters can be expensive and time consuming, this is where simulation methods come into play. One such simulation method is Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling

Enligt the simple view of reading består läsning av avkodning och språkförståelse och ordförrådet är en betydelsefull komponent i språkförståelsen. Ordförrådsundervisning är inte prioriterad i skolan trots att den har stor betydelse för elevers språk- och läsförståelse, vilket gjorde ämnet angeläget att undersöka. Syftet är att undersöka hur speciallärare kan arbeta med ordförrådsutveckling på organisations-, grupp- och individnivå för att främja elevers språk- och läsutveckling. Ytterligare ett syfte är att ta del av logopeders kunskaper gällande ordförrådsutveckling och utröna om deras kompetens kan vara värdefull i speciallärarens arbete. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ forskningsansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Sammanlagt intervjuades 12 respondenter, varav 9 speciallärare och 3 logopeder. Resultatet visar att det finns en stor medvetenhet hos speciallärare runt ordförrådets betydelse för språk- och läsutveckling och att denna kunskap också förmedlas till lärarna. Studien belyses utifrån ett relationellt perspektiv då stor vikt läggs vid undervisning på gruppnivå. Även insatser på organisations- och individnivå presenteras och betydelsen av att ha en röd tråd och samsyn belyses. Av resultatet framgår att det finns utvecklingsmöjligheter i det språkutvecklande arbetet om tid och fortbildningsmöjligheter ges. Specialläraren får en betydelsefull roll genom att leda det kollegiala lärandet kring ordförrådsutveckling, men även i att ge enskilt stöd, då insatser på individnivå ibland är befogat. Det finns vinster i ett samarbete med logopeder då de bland annat kan bidra med kunskap kring hur en språkligt tillgänglig miljö kan utformas.

The thesis is focused on the maximal Cohen-Macaulay modules over simple singular- ities. Previous results on the topic are summarised, and in particular it is shown that a hypersurface is MCM-finite if and only if it is a simple singularity. The stable Auslander- Reiten quivers of simple singularities are drawn for better understanding of the category of maximal Cohen-Macaulay modules over a simple singularity. 1

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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 23 octobre 2023) / Les études d'association pangénomique (genome-wide association studies (GWAS)) ont permis de trouver des associations entre des variants et des maladies. Certains sites de variants ont été observés comme associés avec plusieurs maladies simultanément. Ce phénomène se nomme la pléiotropie. Ce phénomène est d'importance pour les problèmes psychiatriques (P. H. Lee et al., 2020). Également, les associations spécifiques à un sexe entre une maladie et un variant sont un sujet d'importance dans les études récentes. Plusieurs méthodes ont été proposées pour identifier les effets pléiotropiques de sites de variants communs. Pour les sites de variants rares, la méthode MTAR de Luo et al. (2020) s'est montré plus efficace que les méthodes existantes. MTAR teste l'effet pléiotropique de gènes sur un ensemble de traits. Cette méthode permet de savoir si un site de variants rares, tel qu'un gène, est associé à plusieurs traits simultanément. Toutefois, MTAR ne permet pas de déterminer quel sous-ensemble de traits est associé avec ce variant. MTAR ne permet également pas de découvrir des effets spécifiques à un sexe. Nous proposons donc une nouvelle méthode statistique permettant de répondre à ces deux failles, soit 1) déterminer le sous-ensemble de traits ou maladies associées à un site de variants rares et 2) déterminer les effets spécifiques à un sexe pour un site de variants rares. Une analyse de simulation a été réalisée pour évaluer la sensibilité et la spécificité. Les résultats sont acceptables. Une étude avec des données réelles a été réalisée. Il s'agit de données cas-témoins génétiques avec des personnes atteintes de la schizophrénie, des personnes atteintes de la bipolarité et des personnes n'étant pas atteinte de l'une ou l'autre de ces maladies. Pour chacune des deux maladies, nous étudions les effets spécifiques selon le sexe des gènes composés de variants rares sur la probabilité d'avoir la maladie. Pour la schizophrénie, 113 gènes composés de SNPs rares sont significativement associés à cette maladie. Aucune association spécifique au sexe n'a été détecté. Pour la bipolarité, 171 gènes composés de SNPs rares sont associés significativement à cette maladie. Des associations spécifiques selon le sexe ont été détectées. 21 gènes sont associés à la bipolarité spécifiquement chez les individus de sexe féminin et 24 gènes, spécifiquement chez ceux de sexe masculin. / Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have discovered associations between variants and diseases. Some variant sites have been observed to be associated with multiple diseases. This phenomenon is called pleiotropy. This phenomenon is of importance for psychiatric problems (P. H. Lee et al., 2020). Also, associations between a disease and a variant for a particular sex are a subject of importance in recent studies. Several statistical methods have been proposed to identify pleiotropic effects of common sites. For rare variant sites, the MTAR method of Luo et al. (2020) has been shown to be more efficient than existing methods. MTAR tests the pleiotropic effect of genes on multiple traits. MTAR allows us to know if a rare variant site, such as a gene, is associated with multiple trait simultaneously. However, MTAR does not allow us to determine which subset of traits is associated with this variant. MTAR also does not reveal gender specific effects. We therefore propose a new statistical method making it possible to respond to these two flaws, either 1) determining the subset of traits or diseases associated with a rare variant sites and 2) determining the sex-specific effect for rare variant sites on a disease or a trait. A simulation analysis was performed to assess sensitivity and specificity. The results are reasonable. A study with real data have been realised. These are case-control data with people with schizophrenia, people with bipolar disorder, and people without either of these conditions. For each of the two diseases, we studied the specific effects by sex of genes with rare SNPs on the probability to have the disease. For schizophrenia, 113 genes with rare SNPs are significantly associated with this disease. No gender specific association was detected. For bipolarity, 171 genes with rare SNPs are significantly associated with this disease. Specific associations by sex have been detected. 21 genes are associated with bipolarity specifically for female genders and 24 genes specifically for male genders.

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