La integración de la técnica de cultivo sin suelo en el sistema invernadero permite optimizar tanto el ambiente de las raíces - responsables de los procesos de absorción de agua y elementos minerales disueltos en ella -, como los ajustes de sus aportes en función de la demanda de la planta a escala de minutos. En tiempos cortos, las demandas hídricas y de minerales (N-NO3-) son asincrónicas. Las tasas de absorción son variales, y los factores que le afectan son múltiples. La obtención de modelos de estimación de la demanda mineral (NO3) a escala horaria en función de parámetros fácilmente medibles en los sistemas de producción invernadero-CSS - como los climáticos - o estimables - como la demanda hídrica, es uno de los objetivos principales de este estudio, el cual se realiza sobre un cultivo-modelo, el rosal para flor cortada de producción continua, bajo condiciones comerciales de producción, las cuales han adoptado el cultivo sin suelo recirculante cuya mejora merece ser atendida. La absorción mineral depende de la energía procedente de la oxidación de los asimilados en las raíces que son traslocados desde la parte aérea fotosintética. Se ha considerado el manejo de la parte aérea adoptado por el cultivador, en el que se distinguen dos compartimientos, uno creado mediante el arqueado de tallos no comerciales, cuya función es la generación permanente de asimilados, y otro que son los tallos florales que cuando alcanzan su estado de madurez fotosintética, son recolectados. Se producen variaciones estacionales de las relaciones fuente/sumidero y de las fuerzas de sumidero entre la cosecha y las raíces, que afectan a la absorción mineral. / Roca Ferrerfábrega, MD. (2009). Absorción de nitrato en cultivo sin suelo. Estudio de las implicaciones agronómicas y fisiológicas como base para optimizar el manejo de la fertilización. Aplicación a un cultivo de rosas [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/6474 / Palancia

[pt] O problema do cálculo de cobertura em sistemas celulares operando em regiões urbanizadas tem sido bastante estudado por diversos autores, existindo um conjunto de métodos de previsão amplamente testados e implementados em ferramentas computacionais. Atualmente, com a aplicação da tecnologia celular a sistemas de transmissão de dados de faixa larga, o foco dos estudos nesta área deslocou-se para o cálculo de cobertura em micro e picocélulas. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão dos principais métodos empíricos para a previsão da propagação em sistemas micro e picocelulares. A seguir é realizado o estudo de uma técnica mais precisa para estes cálculos, empregando traçado de raios e o rastreamento do campo eletromagnético ao longo dos mesmos segundo a Teoria Uniforme da Difração (UTD). É desenvolvido todo um conjunto de algoritmos para a aplicação do traçado de raios, considerados os problemas de reflexão, refração (transmissão) e difração num cenário tridimensional (problema vetorial). A difração é tratada a partir da generalização das formulações assintóticas disponíveis para tratar o espalhamento por obstáculos perfeitamente condutores. Parte destes algoritmos, referentes aos problemas de reflexão múltipla, foi implementada em linguagem C++ e alguns exemplos de aplicação são apresentados neste trabalho. / [en] The problem of the electromagnetic coverage in cellular systems designed to operate in urban regions has being massively studied by many authors, existing a set of prediction models largely tested and implemented in computational tools. Nowadays, with the application of the cellular technology in broadband data transmission systems, the focus of the research in this area has moved to the coverage computation in micro and picocells. This work presents a review of the main empirical methods for the propagation prediction in micro and picocellular systems. Following it, a study is made of a more precise technique for these computations, employing ray tracing and the tracking of the electromagnetic field in each point of the ray trajectory by using the Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD). It is developed a pack of algorithms for the application of the ray tracing techniques, to the problems of reflection, refraction (transmission through slabs) and diffraction in a tridimensional scene (vectorial problem). Diffraction is dealed with by extending available asymptotic formulations for scattering by perfectly conducting obstacles. A portion of these algorithms, refering to the problem of multiple reflections, has been implemented in a C++ computer code and applied herein to selected case studies. / [es] El problema del cálculo de cobertura en sistemas celulares que operan en regiones urbanizadas ha sido bastante estudiado por diversos autores. Como resultado, existe un conjunto de métodos de previsión ampliamente probados e implementados computacionalmente. Actualmente, con la aplicación de la tecnología celular a sistemas de transmisión de datos de larga faja, el foco de los estudios en esta área ha pasado a ser el cálculo de cobertura en micro e picocélulas. Este trabajo presenta una revisión de los principales métodos empíricos para la previsión de propagación en sistemas micro e picocelulares. A seguir se estudia una técnica más precisa para estos cálculos, que utiliza trazado de rayos y rastreamiento del campo eletromagnético según la Teoría Uniforme de la Difracción (UTD). Se desarrolla un conjunto de algoritmos para la aplicación del trazado de rayos, considerando los problemas de reflexión, refracción (transmisión) y difracción en un escenario tridimensional (problema vectorial). La difracción es tratada a partir de la generalización de las formulaciones asintóticas disponibles para tratar la dispersión por obstáculos perfectamente conductores. Una parte de estos algoritmos, referidos a los problemas de reflexión múltiple, fueron implementada en lenguaje C++ y algunos ejemplos de aplicación se apresentan en este trabajo.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Hay dos aspectos cruciales a la hora de operar motores de inducción en la industria: la estimación de su eficiencia (para minimizar el consumo de energía) y su diagnóstico (para evitar paradas intempestivas y reducir los costes de mantenimiento). Para estimar la eficiencia del motor es necesario medir tensiones y corrientes. Por ello, resulta conveniente y muy útil utilizar la misma corriente para diagnosticar también el motor (Motor Current Signature Analysis: MCSA). En este sentido, la técnica MCSA más adecuada es aquella basada en la localización de armónicos de fallo en el espectro de la corriente de línea del estator en régimen permanente, pues esta es la condición de funcionamiento de la mayoría de los motores de inducción de la industria. Por otro lado, dado que la frecuencia de estos armónicos depende de la velocidad, resulta imprescindible conocer esta magnitud con precisión, ya que esto permite localizar correctamente los armónicos de fallo, y, por tanto, reducir las posibilidades de falsos positivos/negativos. A su vez, una medida precisa de la velocidad también permite calcular con precisión la potencia mecánica, lo que se traduce en una estimación más exacta del rendimiento. Por último, para adaptarse a las necesidades de la Industria 4.0, en la que se monitoriza continuamente un gran número de motores, la velocidad también debe ser obtenida de manera no invasiva, automática y para cualquier motor de inducción. A este respecto, dado que la medición precisa de la velocidad a través de un encóder es invasiva y costosa, las técnicas de estimación de velocidad sin sensores (SSE en inglés) se convierten en la mejor opción. En la primera parte de esta tesis se realiza un análisis exhaustivo de las familias de técnicas SSE presentes en la literatura técnica. Como se demuestra en ella, aquellos métodos basados en armónicos de ranura (RSHs en inglés) y en armónicos laterales de frecuencia rotacional (RFSHs) son potencialmente los únicos que pueden satisfacer todos los requisitos mencionados anteriormente. Sin embargo, como también se demuestra en esta parte, y hasta esta tesis, siempre había existido un compromiso entre la precisión (característica de los RSHs) y la aplicabilidad general del método (característica de los RFSHs). En la segunda parte, y núcleo de esta tesis, se presenta una metodología que acaba con este compromiso, proporcionando así el primer método de estimación de velocidad preciso, general, no invasivo y automático para el diagnóstico en estado estacionario MCSA y la estimación de la eficiencia de motores de inducción que operan en un contexto de Industria 4.0. Esto se consigue desarrollando una novedosa técnica basada en RSHs que, por primera vez en la literatura técnica, elimina la necesidad de conocer/estimar el número de ranuras del rotor, lo que había impedido hasta la fecha que estos métodos fueran de aplicación general. Esta técnica proporciona además un procedimiento fiable y automático para localizar la familia de RSHs en el espectro de la corriente de línea de un motor de inducción. De igual forma y sin la ayuda de un experto, la técnica es capaz de determinar los parámetros necesarios para estimar la velocidad a partir de los RSHs, utilizando medidas tomadas en régimen estacionario. La metodología es validada utilizando motores con diferentes características y tipos de alimentaciones, empleando para ello simulaciones, pruebas de laboratorio y 105 motores industriales. Además, se muestra un caso de aplicación industrial en el que el algoritmo desarrollado se implementa en un sistema de monitorización continua mediante MCSA, lo que acaba conduciendo al descubrimiento de un nuevo fallo en motores sumergibles de pozo profundo: el desgaste de los anillos de cortocircuito. Por último, se presenta una segunda aplicación directa para este tipo de motores derivada del procedimiento de detección de RSHs: el uso de estos armónicos para diagnosticar, en fase temprana, cortocircuitos entre espiras. / [CA] Hi ha dos aspectes crucials a l'hora d'operar motors d'inducció en la indústria: l'estimació de la seua eficiència (per a minimitzar el consum d'energia) i el seu diagnòstic (per a evitar parades intempestives i reduir els costos de manteniment). Per a estimar l'eficiència del motor és necessari mesurar tensions i corrents. Per això, resulta convenient i molt útil utilitzar el mateix corrent per a diagnosticar també el motor (Motor Current Signature Analysis: MCSA). En aquest sentit, la tècnica MCSA més adequada és aquella basada en la localització d'harmònics de fallada en l'espectre del corrent de línia de l'estator en règim permanent, ja que aquesta és la condició de funcionament de la majoria dels motors d'inducció de la indústria. D'altra banda, atés que la freqüència d'aquests harmònics depén de la velocitat, resulta imprescindible conéixer aquesta magnitud amb precisió, ja que això permet localitzar correctament els harmònics de fallada i, per tant, reduir les possibilitats de falsos positius/negatius. Al seu torn, una mesura precisa de la velocitat també permet calcular amb precisió la potència mecànica, la qual cosa es tradueix en una estimació més exacta del rendiment. Finalment, per a adaptar-se a les necessitats de la Indústria 4.0, en la qual es monitora contínuament un gran nombre de motors, la velocitat també ha de ser obtinguda de manera no invasiva, automàtica i per a qualsevol motor d'inducció. En aquest sentit, atès que el mesurament precís de la velocitat a través d'un encóder és invasiva i costosa, les tècniques d'estimació de velocitat sense sensors (SSE en anglés) es converteixen en la millor opció. En la primera part d'aquesta tesi es realitza una anàlisi exhaustiva de totes les famílies de tècniques SSE presents en la literatura tècnica. Com es demostra en ella, aquells mètodes basats en harmònics de ranura (RSHs en anglès) i harmònics laterals de freqüència rotacional (RFSHs en anglés) són els més prometedors, ja que son potencialment els únics que poden satisfer tots els requisits esmentats anteriorment. No obstant això, com també es demostra en aquesta part, i fins a aquesta tesi, sempre havia existit un compromís entre la precisió (característica dels RSHs) i l'aplicabilitat general del mètode (característica dels RFSHs). En la segona part, i nucli d'aquesta tesi, es presenta una metodologia que acaba amb aquest compromís, proporcionant així el primer mètode d'estimació de velocitat precís, general, no invasiu i automàtic per al diagnòstic en estat estacionari MCSA i l'estimació de l'eficiència de motors d'inducció que operen en un context d'Indústria 4.0. Això s'aconsegueix desenvolupant una nova tècnica basada en RSHs que, per primera vegada en la literatura tècnica, elimina la necessitat de conéixer/estimar el nombre de ranures del rotor, cosa que havia impedit fins avui que aquests mètodes foren d'aplicació general. Aquesta tècnica proporciona a més un procediment fiable i automàtic per a localitzar la família de RSHs en l'espectre del corrent de línia d'un motor d'inducció. De la mateixa forma i sense l'ajuda d'un expert, la tècnica és capaç de determinar els paràmetres necessaris per a estimar la velocitat a partir dels RSHs, utilitzant mesures preses en règim estacionari. La metodologia és validada utilitzant motors amb diferents característiques i condicions d'alimentació, emprant per a això simulacions, proves de laboratori i 105 motors industrials. A més, es mostra un cas real d'aplicació industrial en el qual l'algoritme desenvolupat és implementat en un sistema de monitoratge continu mitjançant MCSA, la qual cosa acaba conduint al descobriment d'una nova fallada en motors submergibles de pou profund: el desgast dels anells de curtcircuit. Finalment, es presenta una segona aplicació directa per a aquest tipus de motors derivada del procediment de detecció de RSHs: l'ús d'aquests harmònics per a diagnosticar, en fase primerenca, curtcircuits entre espires. / [EN] There are two crucial aspects when operating induction motors in industry: efficiency estimation (to minimize energy consumption) and diagnosis (to avoid untimely outages and reduce maintenance costs). To estimate the motor's efficiency, it is necessary to measure voltages and currents. Hence, it is convenient and very useful using the same current to also diagnose the motor (Motor Current Signature Analysis: MCSA). In this regard, the most suitable MCSA technique is that based on locating fault harmonics in the spectrum of the stator line current under steady-state, as this is the operating condition of most induction motors in industry. Since the frequency of these harmonics depends on the speed, it becomes essential to be able to know this magnitude with precision, as this makes it possible to correctly locate the fault harmonics, and therefore, reduce the chances of false positives/negatives. In turn, an accurate speed information also allows to calculate the mechanical power with precision, which results in a more accurate estimation of the motor performance. Finally, to adapt to the needs of 4.0 Industry, where large numbers of motors are continuously monitored, the speed must not only be obtained very accurately, but also non-invasively, automatically (without the need for an expert) and for any induction motor. In this regard, since precise speed measurement through a shaft sensor is invasive and expensive, Sensorless Speed Estimation (SSE) techniques become the best option. The first part of this thesis conducts a thorough analysis of all the families of SSE techniques present in the technical literature. As demonstrated therein, those techniques based on Slotting and Rotational Frequency Sideband Harmonics are the most promising, as they can potentially meet all the aforementioned requirements. However, as also proved in this part, and up to this thesis, there had always been a trade-off between accuracy, characteristic of Rotor Slot Harmonics (RSHs), and general applicability, characteristic of Rotational Frequency Sideband Harmonics (RFSHs). The second part, and core of this thesis, presents a methodology that ends with this trade-off between accuracy and general applicability, thus providing the first precise, general, noninvasive and automatic speed estimation method for MCSA steady-state diagnosis and efficiency estimation of induction motors that operate in a 4.0 Industry context. This is achieved by developing a novel RSH-based technique that, for the first time in technical literature, eliminates the need to know/estimate the number of rotor slots, which had so far prevented these techniques to be generally applicable. This technique also provides a reliable and automatic procedure to, from among the high number of significant harmonics present in the spectrum of the line current of an induction motor, locate the RSHs family. Also automatically and without the help of an expert, the technique is able to determine the parameters needed to estimate speed from RSHs, using only measurements taken during the motor normal operation at steady-state. The methodology is validated using motors with different characteristics and supply conditions, by simulations, lab tests and with 105 industrial motors. Furthermore, a real industrial case of application is shown as well, where the speed estimation algorithm is implemented in a continuous motor condition monitoring system via MCSA, which eventually leads to the discovery of a new fault in deep-well submersible motors: the wear of end-rings. Finally, a second direct application derived from the reliable and automatic procedure to detect RSHs is presented: the use of these harmonics to diagnose early-stage inter-turn faults in induction motors of deep-well submersible pumps. / Bonet Jara, J. (2023). A precise, General, Non-Invasive and Automatic Speed Estimation Method for MCSA Steady-State Diagnosis and Efficiency Estimation of Induction Motors in the 4.0 Industry [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/194269 / Compendio

This thesis explores the relationship between the many literary texts referring to the deaths of Ugo d'Este and Parisina Malatesta, who were executed in Ferrara in 1425 in accordance with an order by Niccolò III d'Este after he discovered their incestuous relationship. The texts are divided in three categories: (1) the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Italian novellas and their translations; (2) the seventeenth-century Spanish tragedy; and (3) the nineteenth- and twentieth-century Romantic works. Although these categories divide the various texts chronologically, they also represent a thematic grouping as the texts within each category share common themes that set them apart from those in the other groups. While the various texts all tell the same story, each approaches the tragedy slightly differently based largely on the audience for which it was intended. Thus, the time and place of each text greatly affects its telling. Still, the fact that substantial differences exist between texts that were produced in both geographic and temporal proximity suggests that these are not all-determining factors. Although scholarship exists analyzing individual texts, a comprehensive study of the literary accounts relating to the tragedy has never been undertaken. Rather than detracting from the story, the differences put forth in each of the literary texts enrich the global reading experience by offering many perspectives on the tragedy. In addition, these differences influence how the reader reacts to each of the other texts. Familiarity with one version of the story changes the way a reader approaches the others. A parallel reading of the different versions of the story also shows the power culture has on interpretation. Texts referring to a singular event from one time and place sharply contrast with those that are the product of other circumstances.

No description available.

This study is the product, chiefly, of fieldwork, undertaken in Sierra Leone, which sought to interview and experience contemporary Limba religio-cultural practices. Using a systematic approach, the goal was to provide a broader understanding of Limba religion, as well as to discover the effect of Limba religiosity, and the tenacity with which the Limba hold to their culture and religion, on the National Pentecostal Limba Church (NPLC) over the past three decades. The study begins with an introduction, which outlines its objectives and structure, the research methods, and its general outline. This is followed by a basic introduction to the socio-history of the Limba people, their origin, environment, language, politics, economy and other socio-cultural characteristics, in order to provide an understanding of the background on which their religion is formed. The heart of the study is a detailed examination of Limba religious beliefs and their intersection with Christianity. It includes a definition of Limba religion and its components. This seeks to identify the current state of Limba religion amidst the changes it has experienced and continues to experience as a result of internal and external influences, and to provide a template for this study, an analysis of the Limba belief in a supreme creator God whom they call Kanu Masala, his epithets, attributes and activities, Limba worship and worship methods, the Limba understanding of the spirit world, humankind, sin and salvation, and the roles of sacred specialists. The study concludes with an examination of the causes of the tenacious loyalty with which some Limba Christians hold to their traditional religious beliefs and practices, their reluctance to part with them, and the effects of their dual religiosity on the NPLC, as well as the church's response, and the resulting reciprocal effects over the past three decades in Sierra Leone. This study fills a gap in the extant literature about the ethno-theological landscape of Sierra Leone, and provides a detailed study on the intersection of African Traditional Religion and Christianity. / Systematic Theology & Theological Ethics / D.Th. (Systematic Theology)

The goal of this study is to evaluate, in which manner the Non-Israelites turn to Yahweh. It works with a combination of narrative analysis and intertextuality. The book of Jonah contains two symmetrical parts (1-2 and 3-4), each part containing three scenes, each scene relating to a scene in the other part: 1.1-3 // 3.1-3a; 1.4-16 // 3.3b-10; 2.1-11 // 4.1-11. The structure of 1.4-16, including the inner development of the mariners, shows that a conversion of the Seamen to Yahweh is intended. In the same manner the structure of 3.3b-10 and the positive characterization of the Ninevites show that a conversion to the one true God is intended. These results are each confirmed by an intertextual analysis of 1.14 and 16 and of the faith, the repentance and the God who relents. Result: The book of Jonah teaches that Non-Israelites can have a relationship with Yahweh. This is possible through an Israelite, becoming reality by conversion of the Heathen. / Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies / M. Th. (Old Testament)

This thesis is a work of Christian theology. Its purpose is twofold: firstly to develop an adequate understanding of reconciliation at the level of peoples and nations; and secondly to make a practical contribution to resolving the problems in Australia for the welfare of all the peoples, and of the land itself. The history of the relationships between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Australia has left many problems, and no matter what the non-Indigenous people try to do, the Indigenous peoples of Australia continue to experience themselves as being in a state of siege. Trying to understand what is happening, and what can be done to resolve the problems for the peoples of Australia and the land, have been the implicit drivers for the theological development in this thesis. This thesis argues that the present generation in any trans-generational dispute is likely to continue to sin in ways that are shaped by the sins of the past, which explains why Indigenous peoples in Australia find themselves in a stage of siege, even when the non-Indigenous peoples are trying to pursue policies which they believe are for the welfare of all. The only way to resolve this is for the peoples of Australia to seek reconciliation. In particular, the non-Indigenous peoples need to repent, both of their own sins, and the sins of their forebears. Reconciliation processes have become part of the international political landscape. However, there are real concerns about the justice of pursuing reconciliation. An important part of the theological development of this thesis is therefore to show that pursuing reconciliation establishes justice. It is shown that the nature of justice, and of repentance, can only be established by pursuing reconciliation. Reconciliation is possible because God has made it possible, and is working in the world to bring reconciliation. Because land is an essential part of Indigenous identity in Australia, the history of land in court cases and legislation in Australia over the past half century forms an important case study in this work. It is shown that, although there was significant repentance within the non-Indigenous legal system in Australia, the degree of repentance available through that legal system is inherently limited, and so a more radical approach is needed in order to seek reconciliation in Australia. A final chapter considers what the non-Indigenous people of Australia need to do in order to repent.

Text in German, abstracts in English and German / Die Diskussion zum richtigen Verständnis des Todes Christi hat zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhundertsnoch an Vehemenz zugenommen. Dabei wird vor allem die traditionelle Deutung desTodes Christi als stellvertretender Sühnetod stark kritisiert und ihre Berechtigung in Fragegestellt. Die vorliegende Arbeit nimmt die wesentlichen Fragen dieser Kritik aus dem deutschsprachigenRaum auf. Anhand einer historisch-kanonischen Exegese der Stellen, bei denen derTod Christi in den als echt anerkannten paulinischen Briefen explizit oder implizit angeführtwird, wird die jeweilige Deutung dieses Todes geprüft. Ferner werden die Fragen nach demtraditionsgeschichtlichen Hintergrund der verschiedenen Deutungen behandelt. Lässt sich dieVorstellung des stellvertretenden Sühnetods bei Paulus als zentrale und angemessene Deutungdes Todes Christi nachweisen oder kann sie aufgegeben werden? / The discussion of the proper interpretation of the death of Christ has been gaining momentum since the beginning of the 21st century. In particular, the traditional interpretation of Christ’s death as expiation and penal substitution faces severe criticism and its warranty is challenged from several perspectives. This thesis takes up the essential critique voiced in the discussion in central Europe. By means of a historical-canonical exegesis of the explicit or implicit references to Christ’s death in the authentic Pauline letters, it examines how Christ’s death is understood in each case. The questions of the possible backdrop of these references to the death of Christ will also be examined. The thesis argues that, in Paul’s understanding of Christ’s death, penal substitution and atonement are appropriate and central categories which must not be abandoned in reconstructions of Pauline soteriology / New Testament / .M. Th. (New Testament)

This study is the product, chiefly, of fieldwork, undertaken in Sierra Leone, which sought to interview and experience contemporary Limba religio-cultural practices. Using a systematic approach, the goal was to provide a broader understanding of Limba religion, as well as to discover the effect of Limba religiosity, and the tenacity with which the Limba hold to their culture and religion, on the National Pentecostal Limba Church (NPLC) over the past three decades. The study begins with an introduction, which outlines its objectives and structure, the research methods, and its general outline. This is followed by a basic introduction to the socio-history of the Limba people, their origin, environment, language, politics, economy and other socio-cultural characteristics, in order to provide an understanding of the background on which their religion is formed. The heart of the study is a detailed examination of Limba religious beliefs and their intersection with Christianity. It includes a definition of Limba religion and its components. This seeks to identify the current state of Limba religion amidst the changes it has experienced and continues to experience as a result of internal and external influences, and to provide a template for this study, an analysis of the Limba belief in a supreme creator God whom they call Kanu Masala, his epithets, attributes and activities, Limba worship and worship methods, the Limba understanding of the spirit world, humankind, sin and salvation, and the roles of sacred specialists. The study concludes with an examination of the causes of the tenacious loyalty with which some Limba Christians hold to their traditional religious beliefs and practices, their reluctance to part with them, and the effects of their dual religiosity on the NPLC, as well as the church's response, and the resulting reciprocal effects over the past three decades in Sierra Leone. This study fills a gap in the extant literature about the ethno-theological landscape of Sierra Leone, and provides a detailed study on the intersection of African Traditional Religion and Christianity. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D.Th. (Systematic Theology)