The aim of this essay was to identify how social workers experience and handle work related stress in order to understand how stress can be handled on an individual level. The study was based on a qualitative study and used semi-structured interviews. Interviews with professionals showed that stress mainly occur in absence of control. Social workers use social support and structure their work to reduce demands, to handle stress. The professionals also believe that limits and distance in work is key. Social workers use these different strategies to handle stress, yet some of the issues is adjusted within the organisation. Various organizational factors may contribute or prevent a burnout. In conclusion although the professionals can form their work situation by using these techniques to reduce stress, some problems will remain because it is controlled within the organisation. Keywords: Social worker, work related stress, burnout, social services, work situation.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur bilder av personer som befinner sig i en hemlös situation konstrueras i socialtjänstens utredningar för bistånd enligt Socialtjänstlagen [SoL] (2001:453) 4:1 i form av stöd till bostadsanskaffning eller boende. Tidigare forskning består av vetenskapliga artiklar kring social konstruktion om hemlösa och hemlöshet samt klientkonstruktion i socialt arbete. Studiens empiriska material består av totalt 15 stycken utredningar varav sex utredningar med gynnande beslut och nio utredningar med icke gynnande beslut. Genom att granska det empiriska materialet har vi uppmärksammat olika konstruerade bilder som förekom i socialtjänstens utredningar; den aktiva och ansvarstagande, socialt utsatt, tillhör inte målgruppen socialt utsatt samt klienten som gör felaktiga val. Dessa konstruktioner avlästes med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt är präglat av ett socialkonstruktionistiskt perspektiv med fokus på maktens tekniker. För att besvara våra frågeställningar har vi tillämpat tidigare forskning samt utgått ifrån våra teoretiska ramar och begrepp. Resultatet i vår studie visar på att bilder av personer som befinner sig i en hemlös situation konstrueras i socialtjänstens utredningar. Resultatet visar även på att socialsekreteraren använder olika tekniker som exempelvis att styra klienten till vissa handlingsalternativ, att förmedla en ståndpunkt eller att kontrollera hur något presenteras, något som påverkar hur klienten konstrueras. Hemlöshet som konstruktion i socialtjänstens utredningar kan således antas förstås utifrån individuella eller strukturella faktorer beroende på hur klienten konstrueras i utredningarna, vilka framställer klienten som antingen ett objekt eller subjekt i förhållande till situationen den befinner sig i.

La recherche présentée s’intéresse à l’expérience des enfants en situation de sans logement. Ce travail s’inscrit dans la cadre de la théorie transactionnelle du stress et du coping proposée par Lazarus et Folkman (1984). La démarche vise à saisir leur perception de la situation de sans logement, d’identifier les facteurs de stress auxquels ils sont exposés et les stratégies de coping qu’ils utilisent pour faire face au stress perçu. Cette étude a été menée auprès de 30 enfants d’âge scolaire (7 ans et demi à 13 ans), hébergés avec leurs familles à l’hôtel. Les données ont été recueillies dans la cadre de l’entretien compréhensif et à l’aide du questionnaire KidCope. Cette étude a permis également d’apporter des connaissances sur le profil des familles hébergées à l’hôtel grâce aux données recueillies auprès des parents.La moitié des enfants vit dans une famille monoparentale et plus de deux tiers ont une fratrie. Plus de deux tiers des enfants est nés à l’étranger, un tiers vit dans une famille en situation administrative précaire et la majorité des familles est sans ressources. La durée moyenne de présence de la famille en France est de 5,54 ans et la moyenne de la durée d’hébergement pris en charge par le 115 s’élève à 3,24 ans. Les discours des enfants sont marqués par des sentiments négatifs, parfois confus, face au manque de prévisibilité dans leur vie. La place centrale est occupée par l’école et la famille. L’école représente souvent le seul endroit assurant le sentiment de stabilité, d’appartenance et le maintien des liens sociaux. La famille, quant à elle, grâce au soutien des proches, permet à l’enfant de faire face aux difficultés rencontrées. Dans le cas de nombreux enfants, la situation de sans logement apparaît étroitement liée à l’expérience migratoire de la famille. L’expérience de sans logement s’avère être une situation stressante pour les enfants : tous les enfants ont identifié au moins un facteur de stress dans leur vie. Au-delà des facteurs de stress propres aux enfants d’âge scolaire, les facteurs identifiés par les enfants participant à notre recherche peuvent être classifiés dans l’un des trois groupes suivants : les facteurs de stress liés à la situation de sans logement, à la pauvreté et/ou à l’expérience migratoire. Les enfants utilisent diverses stratégies de coping pour gérer le stress perçu. De manière générale, les stratégies d’approche sont utilisées plus fréquemment et évaluées comme plus efficaces que les stratégies d’évitement. / The purpose of this study is to describe the homeless experience of school-aged children. The theoretical framework for the study was Lazarus’ and Folkman’s (1984) stress and coping processes. In this study the focus was on a child perception of the situation, the stressors they identify and the coping strategies they use. The data was collected from 30 school-aged children living with their families at hotel, through comprehensive interviews and KidCope checklist. This study also brings knowledge about homeless families’ profile through the data collected from parents.Half of the children live in single parent families and two third have siblings. More than two third of children are born abroad, one third live as undocumented migrants and the most of families have no resources. The average family’s length of stay in France is 5,54 years and the average length of being sheltered is 3,24 years. The discourse of children is characterized by negative emotions, sometimes confusion, in face of lack of predictability in their life. The central place is accorded to school and family. School is often the unique place which provide a sense of stability and belonging, as well as social support. Family, through a support of loved ones, help child to cope with difficulties. For many of children, homelessness appears closely connected with migratory experience. Homeless experience is stressful for them: all children who participated in this research perceived at least one thing as stressful in their life. Beyond the stressors specific to school-aged children, the factors identified by the children involved in our research can be classified into one of three groups: stressors related to homelessness, stressors related to poverty and / or stressors related to migratory experience. Children use many different ways to cope with stressors. In general, they used more often approach coping and they rate it as more efficacious than avoidance coping.

The aim of this study was to highlight care managers view on and experience of the working method Individual need in center (IBIC) and to analyze the consequences of the implementation. IBIC is a method for care managers to identify and adapt the intervention according to the individual’s needs. We performed six individual qualitative interviews with care managers, hence three from Kungsbacka municipality and three from Karlskrona municipality. The results from the interviews indicated that all care managers experienced that their work environment had on some level been affected by the implementation of IBIC. However, there were care managers that recounted that it wasn’t the IBIC method itself that affected their work situation. It was the work system that was used to document the IBIC investigations that was the substantial problem. The analysis showed that care manager’s experiences of IBIC did not accord with Socialstyrelsen’s goal with IBIC. The three core components of IBIC were not distinct enough, which was essential for an implementation to be successful and having positive outcomes. Moreover, care managers experienced that colleague- and manager support was a significant factor in the work environment. Even though they had support from both their colleagues and their managers, the care managers had to use different coping strategies to manage the daily workload. These factors contributed to a stronger sense of coherence (KASAM in Swedish), which is also a contributing factor for the coping process.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka faktorer som upplevs vara attraktiva i arbetet som enhetschef. För att svara mot syftet har studien genomförts med en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer där urvalsgrupperna består av enhetschefer och HR-konsulter. Resultatet i studien kan bidra till att öka förståelsen om vilka faktorer som är attraktiva i arbetet och vilka områden som kan utvecklas för att skapa en bättre arbetsmiljö med hälsofrämjande arbete. Resultatet visar att de faktorer som upplevs vara attraktiva kan delas in i tre kategorier som utgörs av förutsättningar, påverkan och meningsfullhet. Exempelvis framkommer det att storlek av arbetsgrupp, handlingsfrihet och stimulans är avgörande för tjänstens attraktivitet. Sammantaget är det av stor vikt att undersöka vilka faktorer som upplevs vara attraktiva eftersom det kan leda till att enhetschefer stannar kvar i arbetet. / The purpose of this research is to examine what factors that appears to be attractive in the work as a unit manager. In order to achieve this purpose, a qualitative research method was chosen, using semi-structured interviews with a sample consisting of unit managers and human resource consultants. The results generated in this research aims to improve the understanding of what factors that appears as attractive in the work as a unit manager. Furthermore, the research also aims to contribute to the understanding of what areas that needs to be developed in order to create an improved and healthier work-environment for unit managers. The results in this study shows that the factors that appears as attractive can be divided into three categories; prerequisites, impact and meaningfulness. This is highlighted in for example the size of the work-group, the level of independence inhabited and stimulation, which appears as factors crucial for the attractiveness in the role as a unit manager. The reason why this study is of vital importance is because understanding the factors that appears as attractive in the work as a unit manager can be crucial in maintaining the unit managers in the workplace.

A principal ocupação de nossa pesquisa foi a de elencar e de relacionar elementos teóricos que ajudassem a nós, professores de Física, compreender o potencial didático atrelado às diferentes abordagens frequentemente usadas para atividades experimentais em sala de aula. Com isso, esperávamos obter um caminho teoricamente fundamentado, capaz de subsidiar um planejamento consistente para o uso dessa estratégia em sala de aula, um planejamento que levasse em conta as características epistemológicas e operacionais da atividade escolhida. Nossa aposta inicial era a de que elas (as atividades experimentais) poderiam ser mais bem aproveitadas, em termos didáticos, se fossem usadas no contexto de uma situação-problema. Acreditávamos ser a situação-problema em ensino uma modalidade que viabilizaria a inclusão simultânea dos dois aspectos citados (epistemológico e operacional), o que, a nosso ver, configuraria o uso mais abrangente de atividades experimentais no âmbito escolar. De início realizamos uma revisão de elementos teóricos relacionados tanto às estratégias estudadas - atividade experimental e situação-problema -, como ao tipo de ensino que tais estratégias poderiam, de acordo com a literatura examinada, promover: um ensino conceitual aprofundado com enfoque no desenvolvimento de habilidades e na construção de competências. Paralelamente à revisão, escolhemos as teorias de Chevallard (teoria da transposição didática e teoria antropológica do didático) para entender de que forma o saber expresso por uma prática social poderia ser conciliado com a atividade experimental eleita como modeladora da situação-problema a ser planejada. Em um próximo momento elaboramos, com base na análise feita até esse ponto e na literatura levantada sobre justificativas didáticas para atividades experimentais, categorias de classificação para o uso escolar de atividades experimentais. As categorias foram agrupadas em duas dimensões: de contexto social e de contexto didático. A discussão teórica e a elaboração de categorias abriram caminho para uma reflexão sobre quais seriam os questionamentos básicos que sustentariam o planejamento de uma situação-problema centrada em uma atividade experimental. Finalmente, como último passo, utilizamos a análise e a discussão realizada para avaliar a proposta de atividades experimentais da forma como elas estão apresentadas em dois livros didáticos aprovados no Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD), e também para examinar dois artigos que discutem o uso de atividades experimentais no ensino. O referencial teórico adotado parece apontar como viável e promissora a união das duas estratégias: atividade experimental e situação-problema. No entanto, os recursos apresentados em livros didáticos e artigos afins não atendem aos requisitos de um planejamento que considera os elementos propostos em nossa pesquisa e exigem do professor, além de muita criatividade, um trabalho intenso de pesquisa, estudo e investigação. / The main occupation of our research was to list and to relate theoretical elements which could help us, physics\' teachers, to comprehend the didactical potential coupled to the different approaches frequently assigned to experimental activities in the classroom. By doing that, we expected to obtain a theoretically reasoned path, which could, in turn, support a solid planning to use this strategy in the classroom; a planning which took into account the epistemological and operational features of the chosen activity. Our first bet was that they (experimental activities) could be better harnessed, in didactical terms, if they were used in the context of a problem-situation. We believed that a problem-situation in school was the kind of modality which would enable the simultaneous inclusion of the two mentioned aspects (epistemological and operational), which, in our point of view, would set the more extensive use to experimental activities in the school scope. Initially, we conducted a review of theoretical elements relating to both the strategies studied - experimental activity and problem-situation - as well as the type of teaching that such strategies could, according to the literature examined, promote: a conceptual depth teaching with a focus on developing skills and building competencies. Alongside the review, we chose Chevallard\'s theories (theory of didactic transposition and anthropological theory of the didactic) to understand how knowledge supported by a social practice could be reconciled with the experimental activity elected as modeler of the problem-situation to be planned. As a next step, we designed, based on the analysis done up to this point and in the selected literature on the didactical reasons for experimental activities, classification categories to the educational use of experimental activities; the categories were grouped into two dimensions: the social context and the learning context. The theoretical discussion and elaboration of categories paved the way for a reflection on what should be the inquiries which would underpin the planning of a problem-situation centered in an experimental activity. Finally, as a last step, we used the analysis and discussion conducted to evaluate the proposal for experimental activities as they are presented in two textbooks approved by Programa Nacional do Livro Didático PNLD, and also to examine two articles that discuss the use of experimental activities in education. The theoretical framework adopted seems to point out as feasible and promising the union of these two strategies: experimental activity and problem-situation. However, contents in textbooks and related articles do not meet the requirements of a planning which considers the elements suggested in our research and thus, would require the teacher, beyond a lot of creativity, an intense work of research, study and quest.

O interesse pelo estudo de estruturas em situação de incêndio vem aumentando dadas as inúmeras ocorrências internacionais, que resultaram em colapso estrutural de edificações. As recentes revisões das normas técnicas brasileiras reforçam a preocupação de organismos públicos e da comunidade técnica. A contribuição deste trabalho é determinar como os esforços resistentes em perfis isolados de aço são afetados pela ação térmica provenientes do incêndio, ou melhor, em função das variáveis que modelam o incêndio natural. Para tanto foi desenvolvido o programa de computador STRESFIRE capaz de calcular a ação térmica conforme curvas paramétricas, a transferência de calor para a peça de aço e o esforço resistente em função da temperatura na formulação a ser apresentada na revisão da NBR 14323:1999. / The interest by study of structures in fire situation has increased due to several international occurrences, which resulted in structural collapse of buildings. The recent revisions of the Brazilian technical standards reinforce the concern of public organisms and technical community. The contribution of this work is determine how the structural resistance of isolated steel element is affected by fire thermal action, in other words, the variables that model the natural fire. A software STRESFIRE was developed, which calculates the temperatures in the compartment, the heat transfer to steel member and the fire resistance by analytical methods.

Esta tese investiga a contribuição semântica dos verbos aspectuais acabar, começar, continuar, deixar, parar, passar, voltar e terminar em português brasileiro. O objetivo geral é contribuir para a análise sobre aspecto e sobre verbos aspectuais em PB e nas línguas naturais em geral, utilizando a Semântica Formal como modelo de análise. Este trabalho defende que os verbos aspectuais são modificadores de eventualidades e por isso contribuem para a expressão do aspecto lexical (Aktionsart), seguindo trabalhos anteriores, como os de Oliveira et al. (2001) e de Laca (2002; 2004; 2005). Ele assume que os verbos aqui estudados se comportam de forma diferente dos verbos de aspecto gramatical como estar e ir, tendo inclusive uma posição diferente na estrutura sintática. Como os verbos aspectuais se relacionam com o aspecto lexical, este trabalho também investiga as propriedades do aspecto lexical presentes no predicado selecionado por um verbo aspectual. Para a seleção dos verbos aspectuais, as propriedades relevantes se encontram no nível do sintagma verbal (VP) e são dadas composicionalmente. Por isso, constituintes como o objeto direto podem alterá-las, permitindo (ou restringindo) a seleção do VP em questão por parte do verbo aspectual. A tese aqui defendida é a de que cada verbo aspectual seleciona seus complementos a partir de propriedades específicas presentes no VP e que estão ligadas à semântica do verbo aspectual em questão. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa defende que as restrições de seleção de cada verbo aspectual podem ser acessadas na entrada lexical do verbo aspectual, sendo possível explicar a seleção de complementos feita por esses verbos. Além disso, defendemos a tese de que a entrada lexical pode apresentar a diferença entre verbos como começar e passar, nas perífrases começar a+infinitivo e passar a +infinitivo, por exemplo. / This thesis investigates the semantic contribution of the following aspectual verbs: começar begin, continuar continue, deixar quit, parar stop, passar pass, voltar resume, and acabar/terminar finish, in Brazilian Portuguese (BrP). The main goal is to contribute to the discussion about aspect and aspectual verbs in BrP and in natural languages in general, within a Formal Semantics approach. This work treats aspectual verbs as eventuality modifiers, and, consequently, it defends that they contribute to express lexical aspect (Aktionsart) or situation aspect (Smith 1997) in accordance with previous works such as Oliveira et al. (2001) and Laca (2002; 2004; 2005). This thesis also proposes that the verbs under discussion behave differently from verbs which contribute to express grammatical aspect or viewpoint aspect (Smith 1997) such as estar be, in the progressive aspect, and ir go, in the prospective aspect, also assuming that they have different positions in the syntactic structure. Since aspectual verbs are related to lexical aspect, the present research also analyzes lexical aspect features in the predicate which is selected for these verbs. Relevant features for this selection are located in the verbal phrase level (VP) and are given compositionally. Thus, phrases such as the direct object are able to change them, allowing (or not) that an aspectual verb select this VP. This work defends the hypothesis that each aspectual verb selects their complements based on specific features found in the VP, and that these features are linked to the semantics of this aspectual verb. Then, this research defends the idea that the selection constraints of each aspectual verb can be observed in its lexical entry, which explains the selection made by these verbs. Furthermore, we defend the idea that we can verify differences between semantically similar verbs like começar and passar, in their periphrastic construction, from differences found in their lexical entries.

[pt] Trata-se de uma dissertação que visa demonstrar, através da obra O Ser e o Nada, além de outras obras contemporâneas a esta e comentadores, a definição do reino humano como o reino da liberdade. Mais propriamente, apresenta-se o paradoxo de Sartre ao definir o que, em seus próprios termos é o indefinível por excelência, ou seja, o ser-para- si. Não pode ser definido previamente justamente porque ele se constrói ao mesmo tempo que aquele que se constrói é a definição própria do ser- para-si. Mostrar que esse paradoxo não é apenas um mero jogo de palavras vazias, mas é o cerne da filosofia da liberdade de Sartre é o objetivo da presente dissertação. / [fr] Il`s agit d`une dissertation qui, à partir de l`essai philosophique L`Être et le Néant et des ouvres, et leurs commentaires, qui lui sont contemporaines, cherche à identifier la définition du règne humain à celle de la liberté. Concrètement, le paradoxe de Sartre se contredit lorsqu`il définit ce qui, dans ses terminologies, reste l`indéfinissable par excellence, c est-à-dire l`être pour soi. On ne peut donc pas le définir par avance, puisque justement il se construit par ses propres actions: voila le paradoxe sartrien. Montrer qu`un tel paradoxe n`est pas un jeu de mot vide de sens, c`est le cheval de bataille de la philosophie de Sartre, ainsi que notre travail de recherche.

Com esta pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa buscamos identificar ferramentas que potencializassem o trabalho em atenção primária, enfocando o diagnóstico em saúde. Este estudo foi realizado no Residencial 2000, bairro periférico do município de Uberaba, no período de 10 de abril a 15 de maio, e contou com a participação de profissionais de uma equipe que atua no Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) na área. Tivemos por objetivos: analisar a construção do diagnóstico em saúde no PSF, como uma ferramenta com potência para gerar maior participação da comunidade em relação à discussão e elaboração de propostas para enfrentamento dos problemas de saúde; identificar e analisar a compreensão da população do Residencial 2000 acerca do processo saúde-doença, os problemas de saúde e as intervenções propostas nos grupos de discussão; viabilizar espaço de discussão que possibilitasse expressão ampla e problematização das contradições presentes na realidade desta população, a partir da manifestação acerca de sua realidade e possibilidades de transformação. Consideramos os princípios da pesquisa participante em todo o processo. Fontes documentais e entrevistas com informantes-chave foram utilizados para aproximação ao campo e aprofundarmos nosso conhecimento a respeito da área. Foram constituídos dois grupos de discussão totalizando 23 sujeitos participantes, moradores do bairro. Os depoimentos dos sete encontros foram registrados e, posteriormente, organizados conforme metodologia do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, que busca resgatar a fala do social a partir dos discursos individuais. O discurso produzido foi então submetido à Análise Temática, e identificamos 5 temas: processo saúdedoença: como anda a saúde e por que surge a doença no Residencial 2000; serviços coletivos: a dificuldade de acesso e de consumo; participação: um caminho possível; espaço de relações: em cena a família; processo de pesquisa: exercício de um espaço com potência para melhor andar a vida. A articulação destes cinco temas apontaram que a população conforma um saber sobre saúde-doença ampliado para além do recorte de atenção ao corpo físico, identificando caminhos para enfrentamento de seus problemas. Assim, acreditamos que no PSF podem se conformar espaços de possibilidade de acontecer a constituição de sujeitos, apesar dos entraves e dificuldades colocados para o exercício desta estratégia. / In this qualitative study, we intended to identify tools that can be used to improve the primary attention work, focusing the diagnosis in health. The study was carried out in the Residencial 2000, a suburban district in Uberaba, with the contribution of the Family Health Program (FHP) professionals of the area. The objectives were: analyze the health diagnosis construction in FHP, as a tool to improve the community participation in discussing and suggesting solutions to cope health problems; identify and analyze the understanding of the Residencial 2000 population about the health-disease process, the health problems and the interventions proposed in the discussion groups; make discussions possible, with enhanced expression and problematizing of the contradictions present in this population reality, based upon the population report of their reality and the changing possibilities. The participation research principles were considered in the whole process. Documentary fonts and interviews with the key informers contributed to give a closer look at the field and deepen the knowledge about the area. Two discussion groups were constituted with 23 participating subjects of the district. The discussions of the seven meetings were registered, and then organized based on the Collective Subject Discourse methodology, that intends to understand the social speech through the individual reports. The produced speech was submitted to Thematic Analysis and five themes were identified: health-disease process: how is health and how the disease starts in Residencial 2000; communitary services: the difficulties of access and consume; participation: a possible way; relationships: the family in scene; research process: finding a way to improve quality of life. Matching these five themes showed that the population has a knowledge about the health-disease process beyond the physical body, and identifies ways to cope with the problems. Thus, we believe that FHP can make possible the subjects? organization, although problems and difficulties exist to this strategy.