The purpose of this work is to study children’s social interaction with animals and if it could be affected to any possible connections to interaction with animals, linked to a socio-cultural perspective. This survey was conducted by a kind of a case study. Interviews were conducted with two teachers where the answers then was analyzed and compared with observations. The results are discussed from the perspective of the sociocultural theory of children's learning, their development and previous research on children's interactions with animals.   Scientific research with children and animals show that their relationship affects the child's development positively. This was made visible not only to children, but humans have a natural attraction to animals and which social relationships provide an expression of social learning in humans. Results from interviews and observations of this study indicate that children more easily create an understanding of his fellow human beings and that empathy is strengthened amongst the children because of their relationships with the animals. / Syftet med denna undersökning är att synliggöra barns sociala samspel och ifall det kan påverkas genom interaktion med djur, sett ur ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. Denna undersökning genomfördes genom något som kan kallas för en fallstudie. Intervjuer har genomförts med två pedagoger där svaren sedan analyserats och jämförts i relation till observationer. Resultaten diskuterades i relation till den valda sociokulturella teorin om barns lärande, deras utveckling samt tidigare forskning om barns interaktion med djur. Studier med barn och djur visar på att deras relation påverkar barns utveckling positivt. Dessa synliggjordes att inte bara barn, utan människan har en naturlig dragning till djur och där sociala relationer ger ett uttryck för socialt lärande hos människan. Resultat från denna studies intervjuer och observationer tyder på att barn lättare skapar en förståelse för sina medmänniskor och att empatin stärks barnen emellan på grund av deras relationer till djuren.

Thesis (MEd)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The increasing number of isiXhosa learners in Afrikaans medium schools gave rise to this investigation. According to our Constitution, all citizens have the right to receive education in one of the official languages. Some isiXhosa parents exercise their democratic right by enrolling their children in English- or Afrikaans-medium schools. They are of the opinion that the level of education is of a higher standard in these schools. Consequently, some isiXhosa learners in Afrikaans-medium schools develop barriers to learning due to the fact that they have little or no knowledge of Afrikaans. The purpose of this study was to develop a literacy intervention programme to improve the vocabulary and reading comprehension of isiXhosa mother tongue speakers in grade 4 to 6 Afrikaans-medium classes. Secondly, the aim of the study was to determine whether the literacy intervention programme would lead to the improvement of the Afrikaans vocabulary and reading comprehension of isiXhosa learners in grade 4 to 6 Afrikaans-medium classes. The research was conducted in a previously disenfranchised Afrikaans-medium school in Stellenbosch. The research methods employed comprised a literature review supported by an empirical investigation that included pre- and post-tests with learners, interviews with educators and the development and implementation of a literacy intervention programme. A mixed method research design was used, because quantitative data alone would have supplied inadequate answers to the research question. The theoretical basis of the study was Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, as well as Vygotsky’s social constructivist language acquisition theory. Both Piaget and Vygotsky emphasised the importance of social interactions in cognitive development. They regarded the development and use of vocabulary as an integral part of these interactions. Research indicates that the field of second language acquisition is multifaceted and is not supported by a singular theory. Three theories of second language acquisition were explored in this study. They are the communicative approach, shared reading and the schema theory. The role that the language-in-education policy, motivation and social economic status play in second language acquisition was also investigated. Another goal of the literature review was to collect data to develop a literacy intervention programme in which the above-mentioned theories of second language acquisition were utilised. The marsh at the school served as the context for the activities in the programme. Twenty isiXhosa mother tongue speakers in grade 4 to 6 Afrikaans-medium classes were subjected to an intervention programme over a period of six months to determine the success of the intervention programme. Data gathering included quantitative data (pre- and post-tests) as well as qualitative data (interviews with Afrikaans educators) to determine whether the learners’ vocabulary and reading comprehension had improved. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the literacy intervention programme can lead to the improvement of the Afrikaans vocabulary and reading comprehension of isiXhosa mother tongue speakers in grade 4 tot 6 Afrikaans-medium classes. This is substantiated by previous research. The results also support findings that the Afrikaans vocabulary and reading comprehension of isiXhosa learners in the Afrikaans-medium intervention school can improve if the appropriate intervention is offered timeously. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie ondersoek is onderneem weens die toenemende getal Xhosa-moedertaalsprekers in Afrikaansmediumskole. Volgens die Grondwet het elkeen die reg om onderrig in enige van die amptelike tale te ontvang. Sommige Xhosasprekende ouers oefen hierdie reg uit deur hulle kinders in Afrikaansmediumskole te plaas. Hulle is van mening dat onderrig van 'n hoёr gehalte daar plaasvind. Gevolglik is daar 'n toename van leerders wat struikelblokke tot leer ondervind, omdat hulle min of geen begrip van Afrikaans het nie. Eerstens, is die fokus van hierdie studie die ontwikkeling van 'n geletterdheidsintervensieprogram om die Afrikaanse woordeskat en leesbegrip van graad 4 tot 6 Xhosa-moedertaalsprekers in 'n Afrikaansmediumskool te bevorder. Ten tweede is dit om te bepaal of die geletterdheidsintervensieprogram 'n verbetering in die woordeskat en leesbegrip van graad 4 tot 6 Xhosa-moedertaalsprekers tot gevolg gehad het. 'n Voorheen benadeelde Afrikaansmediumskool in die Stellenbosch-omgewing is deur die navorser gekies vir die implementering van die geletterdheidsintervensieprogram. Hierdie projek het 'n literatuurstudie ondersteun deur 'n empiriese ondersoek wat voor- en natoetse met leerders, onderhoude met onderwysers en die ontwerp en toepassing van 'n geletterdheidsintervensieprogram ingesluit het, behels. Daar is van 'n gemengde navorsingsontwerp gebruik gemaak, omdat die gebruik van slegs kwantitatiewe data onvoldoende antwoorde op die navorsingsvraag sou verskaf. 'n Literatuurondersoek is gedoen om 'n teoretiese grondslag vir die studie te verkry. Piaget se teorie van kognitiewe ontwikkeling en Vygotsky se sosiaal-konstruktivistiese taalverwerwingsteorie is gebruik om die verwerwing van 'n tweede taal te beskryf. Beide Piaget en Vygotsky het die belangrikheid van sosiale interaksies in kognitiewe ontwikkeling beklemtoon. Hulle het die ontwikkeling en gebruik van woordeskat as 'n integrale deel van hierdie interaksies beskou. Die studie dui daarop dat die aard van tweedetaalverwerwing kompleks is en nie deur 'n enkele teorie ondersteun kan word nie. Drie verskillende benaderings tot tweedetaalverwerwing, naamlik die kommunikatiewe benadering, gedeelde lees en die skema-teorie, is ondersoek. Die rol wat die taal-in-onderwysbeleid (TiOB), motivering en sosio-ekonomiese status in tweedetaalverwerwing speel, is ook ondersoek. 'n Verdere doel van die literatuurondersoek was om inligting te versamel om 'n geletterdheidsintervensieprogram te ontwerp waarin bogenoemde benaderings tot tweedetaalverwerwing gebruik is. Die vleiland by die skool het die konteks geskep waarbinne die onderskeie aktiwiteite beplan is. Die geletterdheids-intervensieprogram is vir ses maande in 'n klas met 20 graad 4 tot 6 Xhosa-moedertaalsprekers toegepas om die sukses daarvan te bepaal. Datagenerering het bestaan uit kwantitatiewe data (voor- en natoetse) asook kwalitatiewe data (onderhoude met die opvoeders wat Afrikaans onderrig) om vas te stel of die leerders se woordeskat en leesbegrip verbeter het al dan nie. Die resultate van hierdie studie toon dat die toepassing van die geletterdheidsintervensieprogram tot die verbetering van die Xhosa-moedertaalsprekers in graad 4 tot 6 Afrikaansmediumklasse se Afrikaanse woordeskat en leesbegrip kan lei. Dit stem ooreen met bevindinge van vorige navorsing, naamlik dat die verbetering van leerders se woordeskat tot die verbetering van leesbegrip lei. Verder ondersteun die resultate die bevindinge dat Xhosa-moedertaalsprekers in die Afrikaansmedium intervensieskool se Afrikaanse woordeskat en leesbegrip kan verbeter, mits hulle die nodige, gepaste ondersteuning betyds ontvang.

Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att utveckla kunskap och få en ökad förståelse av musikskolan El Sistemas verksamhet i Sverige med utgångspunkt i en av El Sistemaskolorna i Göteborg. Det har varit av vikt att utforska huruvida El Sistemas arbetssätt och metoder är någonting utöver vad som kan sägas vara ”vanlig” musikundervisning i musik- och kulturskola. Därför har det även varit väsentligt att sätta sig in i skolans bakomliggande idéer och förutsättningar.  Studiens teoretiska ram är inspirerad av sociokulturell teori och genomförandet av etnografisk metod. Resultaten har dock främst framkommit genom kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra pedagoger och sex elever. Tid, kontinuitet och kontakt är tre nyckelfaktorer som pedagogerna framhåller som centrala för verksamhetens framgång. Även samspel, musikundervisning i grupp samt föräldrakontakt anses, enligt pedagogerna, vara av stor betydelse för musikalisk och social utveckling samt i ett integrationssyfte. Utifrån elevernas perspektiv är El Sistema någonting som är väldigt roligt, i enstaka fall visar dock resultatet motsatsen. Vidare visar studiens resultat att El Sistema i flera aspekter är lik den traditionella musik- och kulturskolan men samtidigt i andra avseenden en verksamhet som skiljer sig från den traditionella musikundervisningen. En slutsats är att El Sistema når fler barn som vanligtvis inte brukar delta i frivillig musikundervisning och fyller en betydelsefull funktion för barns fritidssysselsättning samt musikaliska och sociala utveckling, vilket också verksamheten uttrycker sig att göra. / The overall aim of the study is to develop knowledge of and bring an understanding of music education in the music school of El Sistema in Sweden based on an El Sistema school in Gothenburg. One aspect is to study the methods of El Sistema and determine if these are out of the ”ordinary”, in relation to what usually is seen as ordinary music education in Swedish music and culture schools. In this case, the backgrounds of ideas and specific conditions of the schools have been a major focus.   The theoretical frame is inspired by the sociocultural perspective, and the implementation is based on the ethnographic method. The result is first of all based on qualitative interviews with four pedagogues and six students. Time, continuity and contact are three key properties that the pedagogues emphasize as fundamental in bringing success to the work of El Sistema. Music education in groups and parental contact, according to the pedagogues, are also seen as important facets in the work of musical and social development and in the aim of integration. From the perspective of the students, El Sistema brings joy to the students yet at the same time, on occasion, the result indicates the opposite.   In addition, the result of the study illustrates in many aspects that El Sistema and the traditional music education has much in common, yet at the same time, El Sistema is an operation that differs from the traditional music education. One of the conclusions for this studie is that El Sistema reaches children that usually do not attend optional music education and the work of El Sistema has an important role of youth recreational activity and musical and social development, which the school aims to do.

Den ojämlika dödligheten är en studie av främst hjärt–kärldödlighet avseende perioden 1950–2010 i tvillingstäderna Linköping och Norrköping och konsekvenserna av ojämlikhet. Skillnaderna mellan städerna i dödlighet är stora. Under 1970-talet, då jämlikheten stod i focus, minskade dessa. Efterhand som ekonomisk politik och samhällsvärderingar mera anpassades till en global monetaristisk politik ökade också den ojämlika dödligheten mellan städerna. Stora förändringar ägde rum inom respektive stad när det gäller hjärtdödligheten. Miljonprogramområdena i de båda städerna blev relativt sett fattigare och präglades allt mer av flyktinginvandring, samtidigt som städernas centra gentrifierades, inte minst i Linköping. Skillnaderna i dödlighet mellan ytterområdena och centrum ökade under 1990- och 2000-talen. Detta gäller i större utsträckning i Linköping än i Norrköping. Avhandlingen består av tre delar. I licentiatuppsatsen analyseras städernas utveckling från 1950-talet till 2006. Studien gör också ett försök att spåra orsaker till ohälsoskillnader och för tidig död. Artikel 1 handlar om vad som hände med folkhälsan på vägen från ett högindustriellt till ett postindustriellt samhälle. Ett särskilt focus har varit att studera skillnader i hjärtsjuklighet mellan olika stadsdelar i de bägge tvillingstäderna. I artikel 2 analyseras skillnader i hjärt–kärldödlighet på stadsdelsnivå under perioden 1976 till 2010. / Unequal Mortality is primarily a study of coronary heart disease mortality and its consequences during the period 1950–2010 in the twin cities Linköping and Norrköping. The difference in mortality between the two cities was great. During the 1970s, when there was a focus on equality, these differences declined. As economic policies and social values were adapted to a global monetary policy, inequality in mortality between the two cities increased. Large changes took place in the respective cities as far as mortality in coronary heart disease was concerned. In both cities the low cost housing projects became poorer and were increasingly influenced by the influx of refugees, at the same time that the city centres became gentrified, not least in Linköping. The differences in mortality between the out-lying areas and the city centres increased during the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century. This is true to a greater extent in Linköping than in Norrköping. The dissertation consists of three parts. The licentiate thesis analyses the development of the cities from the 1950s until 2006. The study also attempts to trace the reasons for the differences in health and premature death. Article 1 deals with what happened on the way from a highly industrial to a post-industrial society. It has especially focused on studying the differences in coronary heart disease morbidity among various neighbourhoods in both the twin cities. Article 2 analyses differences in coronary heart disease mortality during the period from 1976 to 2010.

(in English): The thesis deals with the topic of perception of one's own body and it's connection to selfreflection - especially sensation of one's own personality, in the context of school education. The thesis is an overview study, introducing the so-called education of embodiment. In the second part, the thesis describes main principles of embodied learning and their importance for self-reflection. The thesis utilizes the method of art based research, which confirms the importance of embodied learning for personal development and describes principles, methods and approaches, that allow to implement embodied learning. The thesis is a contribution to the real educational practice in the topic of personal development as a cross- curricular theme personal and social development.

This diploma thesis of a didactic character presents use of specific methods of personal and social education in leisure time centers through methodical cards linked with educational technologies. These methodical cards were made and practically proven by the implementer of this thesis together with leisure-time activities teachers and subsequently critically evaluated. Research methods were used for a comparison of my personal experience with methodical cards and the experience of each participant, where at least 3 teachers commented on 1 methodological card, as well as the qualitative semi-structured interview, which found out the possibilities and limits of the use of these methodical cards and the quantitative research study in the form of a questionnaire, which is used to get an overview of the needs of leisure-time activities teachers. Based on that, it creates detailed methodological cards. The result was that all 10 developed and practically proven methodological cards are under specific conditions have practical use.

Diploma Thesis "Dance education and personality development" covers educational field of dance and motoric training characterization. It includes integration of the field into the Framework Education Programme for Elementary Education, defines educational objectives, goals and field content and points at its contribution to upbringing, education and personal social development of pupils. Theoretical part of the thesis takes in incorporation of dance and motoric upbringing in terms of art education and it contains the dance and motoric upbringing referring to framing educational programme for basic education. It also points out the influence of dance and motion on pupils' personal and social developments. In the empirical part of the thesis, possibilities of personal development of pupils are shown in relation to dance and motoric trainings from qualified dance lecturers' perspective.

Dans cette thèse, nous développons une réflexion sur la contribution des femmes au développement économique et social, notamment dans les pays en développement. Nous mettons l’accent d’une part sur les difficultés qu’affrontent les femmes et qui empêchent leur participation active à l’économie, d’autre part sur l'importance pour le développement de l'insertion des femmes dans la production. Malgré la rapide augmentation du niveau d'éducation des femmes et de leur participation au marché du travail, beaucoup d’entre elles restent victimes de discriminations professionnelles. Le salaire des femmes reste inférieur à celui des hommes pour un même travail. L’entrée des femmes sur le marché du travail a des conséquences sur toutes les sphères de la vie économique et sociale. Le travail salarié des femmes accélère la croissance et le travail favorise la sortie de la pauvreté. La thèse comporte deux parties. La première partie présente les inégalités entre les femmes et les hommes en matière d’éducation, de salaire, de travail et de chômage. Elle se concentre essentiellement sur le rôle de travail salarié des femmes dans le développement économique et social. La deuxième partie complète la première partie par des tests statistiques. Le premier test mesure les facteurs principaux des difficultés des femmes et la relation entre le niveau de développement d’un pays et le degré d’égalité entre hommes et femmes. Le deuxième test mesure les relations entre les activités économiques des femmes et la croissance économique. Il apparaît que les gains dus à la participation des femmes à l'activité économique sont plus importants lors de l'émergence des économies comparativement à ce qu'il / In this thesis, we develop a reflection on the contribution of the women to economic and social development, in particular in the developing countries. We focus on the one hand on the difficulties that the women face and which prevent their active participation in economy, on the other hand on the importance of the policies of insertion of the women in the saleable output for the development. In spite of the fast increase in the level of education of the women and their rate of participation at the job market, most between them remain victims of professional discriminations. The wages of the women are still lower than for men for the same work. The entry of the women on the job market has consequences on all the aspects of the economic and social life. The paid work of the women accelerates the growth and supports the exit of the poverty. There are two parts in this thesis. The first part presents the inequalities between women and men concerning education, wages, work and unemployment. It focuses primarily on the role of women’s paid work in the development of the developing countries. The second part will supplement the first part by two statistical tests. The first test measures the principal factors of women’s difficulties and the relation between the level of development of a country and the degree of equality between men and women. The second test measures the relations between women’s economic activities and the economic growth. It appears that the improvements of the economic activity due to participation of women are more important during the emergence of the economies than they are in industrialized economies. The opening of the economic world and social to th

O programa Bolsa Família, instituído pelo governo federal em 2003, foi estudado a partir do contexto dos beneficiários moradores na favela São Judas, localizada na periferia da cidade de Guarulhos. A pesquisa objetivou caracterizar, do ponto de vista socioeconômico e cultural, famílias atendidas pelo programa Bolsa Família, assim como identificar mudanças na dinâmica familiar e os significados assumidos pelo programa como modo diferenciado de vida. O estudo pretendeu, ainda, analisar os alcances e limitações do Bolsa Família no acesso da população aos serviços de saúde e educação e à inclusão social, considerando-se o desenvolvimento social. A proposta de pesquisa baseou-se no pressuposto de que a introdução do programa Bolsa Família, como proposta de política de transferência direta de renda para as camadas da população consideradas excluídas, tanto dos processos produtivos quanto das relações sociais, é considerada, atualmente, como medida que encerra alcances e limitações na redução da pobreza e melhoria das condições de vida dos beneficiados em situação de pobreza e extrema pobreza. O referencial metodológico escolhido para esta investigação contemplou a análise de dados quantitativos, através de levantamento socioeconômico e de narrativas, analisadas a partir da realização de entrevistas com beneficiários do programa. A partir da análise de dados quantitativos e qualitativos observou-se que a inclusão das famílias moradoras em áreas de favela, neste programa, não é suficiente para promover mudanças significativas de padrões de vida, ainda que o benefício ofereça auxílio nas despesas de primeira necessidade. As condicionalidades em saúde e educação são cumpridas, porém não garantem mudanças nos modos de vida e demandam grande esforço da população para que estas sejam atendidas, uma vez que as condicionalidades impostas não foram acompanhadas de maior disponibilidade de serviços públicos na área em questão. Do ponto de vista da redução da pobreza e do desenvolvimento humano o Bolsa Família atende apenas parcialmente esses objetivos, sendo avaliado como necessário sua articulação com outras políticas sociais voltadas à habitação e geração de emprego e renda / The Bolsa Familia programme (Family Cash programme), established by the Brazilian federal government in 2003, has been studied from the context of the beneficiaries living in The São Judas slum area, located in the suburb of Guarulhos city. The research aimed to characterize (define / illustrate), from a socioeconomic and cultural viewpoint, families receiving the Bolsa Familia benefit; building on this by identifying changes in family dynamics and the impact generated by the programme pertaining to a differentiated way of life. The study also wanted to examine the possibilities and limitations of the Bolsa Familia in relation to public health and education services as well as social inclusion from the viewpoint of social development. The research proposal was based on the assumption that the introduction of this programme, as a proposed policy of direct income transfer to population segments considered excluded, as the processes of social relations is regarded nowadays as far terminating scope and there are limitations in reducing poverty and improving living conditions of beneficiaries in poverty and extreme poverty. The methodological approach adopted for this research included the analysis of quantitative data through socioeconomic survey and narrative, analyzed from interviews with the programme beneficiaries. From an analysis of quantitative and qualitative data of socially deprived families resident in disadvantaged areas, it was concluded that this programme was not sufficient to promote significant change in living standards; even when the cost of basic necessities were aided. Although targets on health and education were set, these did not underpin change in lifestyle; conversely they demanded greater effort from the population so that they were met, since the forced aspirations were not accompanied by greater availability of public services in the area in question. From an objective stance of poverty reduction and human development, Bolsa Familia only partially meets its aims and therefore it can be determined that coordination with other social policies aimed at housing and employment creation and income generation is a fundamental perquisite

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JONATHAN AUGUSTO SOUSA E SILVA.pdf: 621649 bytes, checksum: 25051d752ef9b16226a65158ec3ed8a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / This work analyses the Individual Limited Liability Company in order to demonstrate their importance for ensuring economic and social development of the country. The dissertation discusses briefly the evolution of trade and the lawful system the principles governing the right business. It addresses the constitutional principle and the social function of the company and its repercussions in the social sphere including the analysis of legal provisions and bills in progress, in order to show that free enterprise plays an important role in society and the social function of the company is a principle that guides the exercise of business activity to the realization of social justice. It analyzes the reasons that led to the creation of the Individual Limited Liability Company, thorough Law n°. 12.411- 2011 as well as the lawful requirements for it s constitution, the limitations arising form the law and simplified tax regime and their extinction. It highlights the importance of the Individual Limited Liability Company for economic and social development of the country, provided it complies with is social function, carrying out their activities in line with the provision in article 170, of the Federal Constitution. This research was the theoretical framework Alexy s teaching on fundamental rights and the great economic work of Smith. / Este trabalho analisa a Empresa Individual de Responsabilidade Limitada com o objetivo de demonstrar a sua importância para a efetivação do desenvolvimento econômico e social do país. A dissertação analisa de forma sucinta a evolução do comércio e do ordenamento jurídico que versa sobre o tema, além dos princípios que regem o direito empresarial. Aborda-se o princípio constitucional da função social da empresa e as suas repercussões no âmbito social, inclusive com a análise de dispositivos legais e projetos de lei em tramitação, com a finalidade de evidenciar que a livre iniciativa cumpre um papel relevante na sociedade e que a função social da empresa é um princípio que orienta o exercício da atividade empresarial à realização da justiça social. Analisa os motivos que levaram a criação da Empresa Individual de Responsabilidade Limitada, por meio da Lei nº. 12.411-2011, bem como os requisitos legais para a sua constituição, as limitações decorrentes da lei, o regime tributário simplificado e a sua extinção. Evidencia-se a importância da Empresa Individual de Responsabilidade Limitada para o desenvolvimento econômico e social do país, desde que cumpra com a sua função social, exercendo suas atividades em consonância com a previsão contida no artigo 170, da Constituição Federal. A presente pesquisa teve como referencial teórico os ensinamentos de Alexy sobre os direitos fundamentais e a grande obra econômica de Smith.