Both Plato and the Cambridge Platonists hold the view that moral knowledge depends primarily on cognitive resources which are innate to the mind. There is, nevertheless, a need for our minds to be prompted through experience in order for knowledge to occur. The following study is an attempt to reconstruct and compare the accounts in Plato and the Cambridge Platonists of the empirical conditions that are required for knowledge. For Plato, these conditions are a result of a decline in political and psychological constitutions, through which the intellect is increasingly developed. Dialectical analysis of received customs, laws, opinions, and language may then reveal the moral ideas upon which the polity was initially based and which remain implicit in common sense throughout the historical decline. Philosophical knowledge consists of a recollection of the ancient wisdom which was revealed to the original lawgiver by the gods. In the Cambridge Platonists, philosophical knowledge likewise consists of a recollection of revealed knowledge that stood at the foundation of a form of life, namely, Judaism. The revival of ancient Greek and Jewish philosophical theories in modern times heralds the end of history, in which the complete system of knowledge is both attainable and necessary for salvation. From the perspective of humanity as a whole, knowledge is initially granted through revelation, then generally forgotten, and finally recollected in a highly intellectual age of deteriorating morality and stability. The esoteric traditions of knowledge, coupled with recent developments in science and philosophy, act as the prompts for knowledge, given an intuitive basis that has been formed through the spread of Christianity. This intuitive basis serves as the concrete way in which the natural anticipations of the mind are gradually shaped in order to recognize the truth when it appears in a shrouded manner in modern philosophy. Both Plato and the Cambridge Platonists are critics of the similar intellectual trends in their times and they respond with similar arguments; however, unlike Plato, the Cambridge Platonists are unable to connect their rational critique with their genetic critique of modern ideas, rendering the latter ineffective. / Thesis (Ph.D, Philosophy) -- Queen's University, 2009-09-24 16:19:49.145

Si la forte présence des personnages illustres et des cités antiques dans les œuvres politiques de Jean-Jacques Rousseau a été remarquée dès leur parution, leur fonction a trop longtemps été interprétée comme celle d'exemples à imiter. L'étude des multiples sources de Rousseau nous permet de mettre en lumière la complexité de ses références à l'Antiquité. Loin de présenter les grandes figures et les cités antiques comme des exemples monolithiques que le lecteur serait invité à faire revivre ou à regretter, Rousseau construit des modèles dynamiques, afin d'établir et d'explorer les « principes du droit politique», selon les termes du sous-titre du Contrat social. A partir de l'admiration pour les grands héros de Plutarque découverts dans son enfance, cette représentation se déplace dès le Discours sur les sciences et les arts vers l'étude des cités antiques, dont la réussite politique tient à ce qu'elles ont pleinement compris et exploité l'articulation fondamentale entre anthropologie et politique. C'est donc uniquement en observant comment les institutions politiques antiques prennent en charge la formation morale de l'homme que l'on peut pleinement établir les critères de fondation d'un corps politique légitime. La pensée politique antique joue ainsi un rôle considérable dans l'établissement de la distinction fondamentale entre souveraineté (pouvoir législatif) et gouvernement (pouvoir exécutif). L'étude de ces deux parties essentielles du corps politique met en évidence que la prégnance du modèle romain, plus fort que le modèle spartiate, permet à Rousseau de penser non seulement la fondation, mais encore la durée et le devenir du cor ps politique. / This dissertation conducts a systematic examination of Jean-Jacques Rousseau 's representation of Antiquity and provides a new interpretation of its meaning. Rousseau's lifelong interest in ancient Greece and Rome has so far been interpreted mainly as a personal myth, rooted in his emotional identification with examples of civic virtue. Challenging this interpretation, I analyze Rousseau's vision of Antiquity as a carefully constructed representatio n that seeks to answer key questions of early modern political thought. As he constructs his political system, Rousseau considers ancient material through a complex web of mediations, which alter his representation of Antiquity . The admiration for great men inherited from his childhood reading of Plutarch quickly turns into the construction of dynamic political models. Rousseau draws on ancient historical examples, as weil as on Plato's and Aristotle's political philosophy, to articulate his own definition of key modern political concepts such as sovereignty and body politic. In Rousseau's view ancient cities were politically successful because they fully understood the fundamental connection between anthropology and politics, placing the moral education of the citizens at the core of political action. Studying examples of ancient cities thus becomes indispensable not only to define a truly legitimate political structure, but also to design methods and practices to make it last over ti me. In this respect, the Roman Republic, whose institutions more successfully faced the challenge of history, serves as a more significant political model than Sparta. Reassessing Rousseau's representation of Antiquity thus allows usto reevaluate the place of government in his political system.

This diploma work deals with problems of financial analysis which is an important and indispensable instrument for managing of modern company. For this company was chosen AC Sparta Praha fotbal, a.s. In theoretical part of this bachelor work, there are determined and described basic importace of financial analysis, users of financial analysis, information sources for financial analysis, needs and techniques and methods of financial analysis. It also consists of description of corporate environment, which is very specific in this case.Practical part takes use of these theoretical knowledge to realize financial analysis of AC Sparta Praha fotbal, a.s., whereas the main importace was put on processing of analysis of chosen ratio indicators, cost and revenue analysis and the SWOT analysis. Conclusion contains results evaluation from practical part and suggestions and recommendation for financial recovery.

<p>As the small satellite market has grown from a niche of the space economy to a full commercial force,  microthrusters remain an area of significant growth in the space industry as new technologies mature. The \textit{Film-Evaporation Microelectricalmechanical Tunable Array} (FEMTA) is one such device. FEMTA is \textit{microelectricalmechanical system} (MEMS) device that harnesses the microcapillary action of water and vacuum boiling to generate thrust. The water propellant is not chemically altered at all by the process; it is simply evaporated. This technology has been tested in relevant laboratory environments, and a suborbital flight opportunity in 2023 as a payload on a Blue Origin New Shepard rocket  will grant FEMTA a demonstration in a space environment. The flight will provide 150 seconds of weightlessness at the zenith of the suborbital flight path before the booster returns to land. During weightlessness, the experiment will be exposed to the ambient environment allowing for a full capability test of the thruster. The experiment is meant to demonstrate the propellant management system for FEMTA in 0G and measure the thrust produced by a FEMTA thruster.</p> <p><br></p> <p>The propellant management system portion of the experiment consists of an oversized version of the subsystem intended for use in the thruster. The propellant management system uses a hydrofluoroether to inflate a diaphragm to ensure constant wetting of the propellant tank exit and nozzle inlet. The experiment will take tank pressure data and flow sensor data to understand the system's behavior. The system is duplicated for redundancy and to double the possible data. This system requires further testing before being prepared for launch, vibrational testing, thermal testing, and vacuum testing. </p> <p><br></p> <p>The 0G thrust experiment and plume analysis portion of the experiment consists of numerical modeling and a novel thrust measurement approach. \textit{Direct Simulation Monte Carlo} (DSMC) is being applied to understand the pressure, density, and temperature distributions of the plume of water vapor produced by the FEMTA thruster. The FEMTA nozzle environment is challenging to simulate with computational fluid dynamics  or DSMC due to chaotic transient effects and because both the continuum and molecular regimes must be considered. The current analysis consisted of a two-dimensional model and investigated the effect of meniscus location and contact angle on thrust generated.</p> <p><br></p> <p>It is not possible to use traditional thrust measurement devices (sensitive torsional thrust stands or microsensors intended for use on small satellites) for microthrusters on a rocket booster. Two  novel approaches for performing thrust measurement in the range of 100 microNewtons have been investigated. The first approach ionizes the FEMTA thruster plume and analyzes the plasma by optical emission spectroscopy. The theory states that the relative intensity of a given wavelength observed correlates to the density of the species in the plasma. The density of water would be directly correlated to the thrust generated by FEMTA during the experiment, as more water is evaporated as thrust is increased. This method is no longer being considered for the suborbital experiment but did yield promising results. </p> <p><br></p> <p>The second approach employs a d'Arsonval meter, a photo-interrupt, and an Arduino controller. The d'Arsonval meter consists of a stationary permanent magnet with a moving coil and a pointer. Increasing the voltage in the coil causes a torque on the system due to the magnetic field induced by the permanent magnet. This torque causes a deflection of the pointer that is proportional to the voltage applied. The flag of the sensor will be placed in the path of the gas jet from the thruster. The force caused by the jet pressure will move the flag. An Arduino controller will vary the voltage to hold the flag in place. As the mass flow rate increases, the reaction force required to hold the flag in place will increase. This sensor can be calibrated using an analog cold gas system that passes various gases (air nitrogen, argon, etc.) through an orifice nozzle at mass flow rates that are set by a mass flow rate controller. DSMC analysis has been performed to understand the flow field and flow properties and how they directly relate to the force experienced by the flag sensor. </p> <p>An undergraduate course has supported parts of the work described in this dissertation. This course has applied the Vertically Integrated Projects approach to project-based learning. This method and its results were analyzed and lessons learned as well as a blueprint for future application of this method to other small satellite projects are discussed.</p>

This project attempted to combine digital data sets to define and map geologic features in the Sparta and Montpelier quadrangles of Chickasaw and Clay counties in northeastern Mississippi. LANDSAT TM, digital elevation, and soil permeability data was used in conjunction with reference data for the Sparta quadrangle to build a computer model. Variables used in the model were: geology, slope, soil permeability, vegetation indices, the first three bands of a tasseled cap transformation, and drainage frequency. The data used was LANDSAT TM 30 meter imagery, digital elevation models, also at 30 meter resolution, Penn State STASGO soils data, and the existing map of the Sparta quadrangle. The purpose of this project was to use digital data to remotely map geologic features through heavy vegetation using a computer model. While the results of this project were not completely successful, the methods used show some potential for future application.

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