Questa ricerca esplorativa qualitativa si è posta l’obiettivo di comprendere il funzionamento del peer support in ospedale e le ragioni che spingono alcuni pazienti a diventare peer supporter. È stata realizzata un’ osservazione di tre reparti ospedalieri italiani in cui il peer support è praticato e successivamente sono state condotte 27 interviste agli attori coinvolti (peer supporter, pazienti, operatori). Uno sguardo internazionale si è avuto con la realizzazione di due interviste a peer supporter del King’s Hospital di Londra. I dati raccolti sono stati analizzati e interpretati alla luce del paradigma relazionale, secondo il quale il professionista da solo non è in grado di trovare delle soluzioni ad una malattia che colpisce una persona, ma necessita anche dell’aiuto della persona stessa per fronteggiare la situazione. Dalla ricerca è emerso che la presenza del peer support produce benefici per il reparto ospedaliero e tutti gli attori coinvolti: i pazienti conoscono meglio i servizi, i loro doveri e diritti e comprendono meglio alcune scelte terapeutiche del medico; i medici comprendono meglio i vissuti dei pazienti e le loro esigenze, si avvicinano al paziente e riescono a lavorare meglio; i peer supporter valorizzano il proprio sapere esperienziale e si sentono utili. / This exploratory qualitative reasearch identifies the reasons who leads patient to become peer supporter and explain peer support program in hospital ward. Three italian hospital ward, whose already have a peer support program, have been selected. Practicioners, patients and peer supporters were interview in these hospital departments (27 interviews in total), moreover each department was observed for three days to follow all the peer supporter’s activities. Thanks to two peer supporter’s interviews who worked at King’s Hospital in London was possible to have an international view. The collected qualitative data were then analyzed and interpreted according to the relational paradigm of social work. The idea of this approach is that social workers are not able to solve problems and to find solutions for the life problems; in the contrary professionals need to be helped from the service users. From the results emerged that the peer support program produce benefit for all people: the patients learned to know their rights and duties together with social and clinical services; the practitioners learned to know experiential knowledge, patient’s needs and how to work in a better way; the peer supporters learned to use their illness experience and feel useful.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver um compósito cerâmico de zircônia-grafeno para aplicação odontológica. Este estudo avaliou o efeito do pó de partida, concentração de grafeno e da temperatura de sinterização sobre as propriedades mecânicas (dureza e tenacidade à fratura) do compósito desenvolvido. Para isto foram sintetizados os pós de Y-TZP a partir de soluções de óxido-cloreto de zircônio e cloreto de ítrio na proporção desejada de 3mol% através da rota de co-precipitação em solução de hidróxido de amônio seguido por uma série de lavagens em água, etanol e butanol com posterior destilação azeotrópica, secagem, moagem e calcinação. O grafeno foi obtido a partir da exfoliação química de grafite pelo método de Hummers [40] modificado por Marcano [39], o que resultou em um gel acastanhado que foi submetido a lavagem por centrifugação, secagem e desaglomeração em almofariz de ágata, resultando, por fim, no óxido de grafeno. Uma segunda etapa foi o processo de redução química com ácido ascórbico para obtenção de óxido de grafeno reduzido, um pó de coloração escura que foi adicionado à Y-TZP para a obtenção do compósito nas diversas concentrações (em mol%) que foram estudadas: (0,01%, 0,05%, 0,10%, 0,50%, 1,00% e 2,00%). Os pós foram caracterizados por termogravimetria, difração de raios X e espectroscopia (FT-IR). Os espécimes foram confeccionados em matriz metálica cilíndrica e sinterizados em forno tubular em atmosfera inerte. Outros espécimes foram confeccionados em matriz de grafite de alta densidade e sinterizados por Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). Todas as amostras foram caracterizadas por meio de ensaios de densidade, dureza Vickers, tenacidade à fratura e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os maiores valores de densidade relativa foram observados para as amostras sinterizadas em SPS, sendo que se obteve valor de densidade relativa de 98,7 % para a concentração de 0,50% de grafeno e 98,4% para a Y-TZP pura. Por outro lado, o maior valor encontrado em sinterização em atmosfera a 1400°C sem a presença de H2 para Y-TZP pura foi da ordem de 96,76%. Os valores de dureza foram maiores nas amostras sinterizadas em SPS, no entanto a tenacidade à fratura mostrou não se alterar em função do conteúdo de grafeno. As fotomicrografias de MEV mostraram que houve uma variação de tamanho de grão de acordo com a presença do grafeno e do método de sinterização. De acordo com os resultados obtidos neste trabalho foi possível concluir que o processamento desenvolvido permitiu a criação de um compósito cerâmico zircônia-grafeno que pôde ser caracterizado por diversos métodos analíticos. A densidade teórica do compósito desenvolvido não foi alcançada por meio de nenhum dos métodos de sinterização utilizados (Tubular ou SPS) e nem variando-se a temperatura. Para espécimes sinterizados em atmosfera inerte, a maior temperatura de sinterização (1400°C) e a presença do gás H2 não melhorou a densificação. Além disso, esses espécimes tiveram aumento da dureza com o aumento da concentração de grafeno, entretanto, a sua tenacidade à fratura não foi afetada pelo teor de grafeno. Para espécimes sinterizados por meio de SPS, a temperatura de sinterização de 1350°C resultou em melhores valores de densificação. Além disso, para este tipo de sinterização, tanto a dureza como a tenacidade à fratura foram afetadas pelo teor de grafeno. / The objective of this work was to develop a zirconia-graphene ceramic composite for dental application. The study evaluated the effect of the starting powder effect, graphene concentration and sintering temperature on the mechanical properties of the composite. For this, the Y-TZP powders were synthesized from zirconium chloride and yttrium chloride solutions in the desired ratio of 3 mol% through the co-precipitation route in ammonium hydroxide solution followed by a series of washes in water, ethanol and butanol with subsequent azeotropic distillation, drying, grinding and calcination. Graphene was obtained from the chemical exfoliation of graphite by the method of Humans modified by Marcano, which resulted in a brownish gel that was subjected to washing by centrifugation, drying and deagglomeration in agate mortar, resulting finally in the graphene oxide. A second step was the chemical reduction with ascorbic acid to obtain reduced graphene oxide, a dark-colored powder that was added to the Y-TZP to obtain the composite in the various concentrations (in mol%) that were studied (0, 01%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.50%, 1.00% and 2.00%). The powders were characterized by thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy (FT-IR). The specimens were made in cylindrical metallic matrix and sintered in a tubular oven. Other samples were made in high density graphite matrix and sintered by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). All samples were characterized by means of density tests, Vickers hardness, fracture toughness and scanning electron microscopy. The highest values of relative density were observed for the sintered samples in SPS. A relative density of 98.7% was obtained for the 0.50% concentration of graphene and 98.4% for the pure Y-TZP. On the other hand, the highest value found in tubular sintering at 1400 ° C without the presence of H2 for pure Y-TZP was of the order of 96.76%. The hardness values were higher in the sintered samples in SPS, however the fracture toughness showed not to change as a function of the content of graphene. SEM images showed that there was a variation of grain size according to the presence of graphene and the sintering method. According to the results of this study it was concluded that the process developed allowed the creation of a graphene-zirconia ceramic composite which can be characterized by various analytical methods. The theoretical density of the composite developed was not achieved by any of the sintering methods used (tubular or SPS) nor by varying the temperature. For tubular sintered specimens, the higher sintering temperature (1400 ° C) and the presence of H2 gas did not improve densification. In addition, these specimens had increased hardness with increasing graphene concentration, however, their fracture toughness was not affected by graphene content. For sintered specimens by SPS, the sintering temperature of 1350 ° C resulted in better densification values. In addition, for this type of sintering, both hardness and fracture toughness were affected by the content of graphene

All'interno di ogni contesto competitivo, le persone sfruttano asimmetrie relazionali derivanti da connessioni che sono fonte di nuove informazioni e risorse. Gli individui in posizioni di intermediazione sono solitamente leader dei rispettivi gruppi. Nonostante i ricercatori abbiano esteso il concetto di capitale sociale al contesto criminale, permane una relativa mancanza di conoscenza riguardo a come i capi sfruttino il loro capitale criminale. Diversi studi hanno dimostrato che i leader di solito fungono da intermediari all'interno delle reti criminali e ciò garantisce loro un efficace equilibrio tra efficienza e sicurezza nella gestione delle attività illecite. Tuttavia, altri studi hanno dimostrato che i leader criminali spesso impiegano misure di sicurezza aggiuntive, come prendere le distanze dalle attività più rischiose come nel traffico di droga (DT) e dalle telefonate. Questo studio esamina i comportamenti dei leader criminali per identificare se e in che modo variao in base alle principali attività svolte dalle loro reti e rispetto ai canali di comunicazione utilizzati. Questo studio si basa su otto casi studio di gruppi di ‘Ndrangheta coinvolti nel DT, o altri tipici crimini legati alla mafia centrati sul controllo del territorio (COT). I risultati indicano che mentre i leader criminali favoriscono l'intermediazione e la sicurezza quando sono coinvolti nel COT, optano per la chiusura e l'efficienza quando sono coinvolti nel DT. Questi risultati gettano luce sui comportamenti dei leader criminali, che, a loro volta, aumentano le conoscenze esistenti sulla struttura interna delle reti criminali. / Within every competitive setting, people exploit relational asymmetries stemming from connections that are sources of novel information and resources. Individuals in brokering positions are ordinarily a respective groups’ leader. Whilst scholars have extended the concept of social capital to the criminal context, there remains a relative dearth of knowledge concerning precisely how leaders exploit their criminal capital. Manifold studies have shown that leaders usually act as brokers within criminal networks, which provides an effective balance between efficiency and security in the management of illicit activities. However, other studies have demonstrated that criminal leaders often employ additional security measures, including inter alia distancing themselves from riskier activities, such as drug trafficking (DT) networks and communicating via telephone. This study examines criminal leaders’ behaviors to identify whether and in what ways they vary according to the main activities performed by their networks, and with respect to the communication channels used. This study is underpinned by eight case studies of ‘Ndrangheta groups involved in DT, or other typical Mafia-related crimes centered on the control of the territory (COT). The results indicate that while criminal leaders favor brokerage and security when involved in COT, they opt for closure and efficiency when involved in DT. Ultimately, these findings cast light upon criminal leaders’ behaviors, which, in turn, enhances extant knowledge on the internal structure of criminal networks.

Syftet med denna rapport är att kartlägga Scania Production System (SPS), hur det motiverades och implementerades inom Scanias organisation samt dra kopplingar mellan tidigare reformer och SPS. Vi vill ta reda på hur Scania lyckats skapa ett eget skräddarsytt produktionssystem som visat sig vara så framgångsrikt och hur detta infördes inom hela organisationen. SPS är ett resultat av Toyota och deras Toyota Production System (TPS) efter ett nära samarbete mellan Scania och Toyota sedan början av nittiotalet. Scanias värderingar, principer och prioriteringar beskrivs av SPS och har visat sig vara en av företagets konkurrensfördelar genom ökad effektivitet samt produktivitet inom produktionen. TPS fick mycket av sin inspiration av de tidigare reformerna Taylorismen och Fordismen ur rationaliseringsrörelsen. Detta genom Taylors idéer om standardisering och Fords löpandebands-princip. Toyota var även bland dem första att utforma och tillämpa de logistiska reformerna Total Quality Management, Lean Production och Just-In-Time i sitt produktionssystem. Reformer som används och är välkända inom många företag inte minst Scania och SPS. Rapporten uppfyllde sitt syfte genom intervjuer och analys av konceptlitteratur för att kunna konstatera att det finns en röd tråd inom företaget och att det finns en tydlig koppling mellan SPS och tidigare reformer. Avslutningsvis lyckades vi även analysera och dra slutsatser om hur SPS utformades, motiverades och implementerades. Utformningen av SPS gick till genom ett nära samarbete mellan ledningar på Scania och Toyota vilken Scania på så sätt kunnat ta inspiration ifrån och kunnat anpassa systemet efter Scanias kultur. Hur sedan SPS motiverades och implanterades föregick i en ledningsprocess som Scania tillämpade inom organisationen. Lösningen kom att bli avgörande för framtiden, ledarskapet. Man tillämpade ett nytt tankesätt genom hela verksamheten vilket har visat sig vara framgångsrikt. / The purpose of this report is to map the Scania Production System (SPS), how it was motivated and implemented within Scania's organization, as well as linking previous reforms with SPS. We want to find out how Scania managed to create its own customized production system that proved being successful and how it was introduced throughout the organization. SPS is a result of Toyota and their Toyota Production System (TPS) following a close collaboration between Scania and Toyota since the early 1990s. Scania's values, principles and priorities are described by SPS and have proven to be one of the company's competitive advantages through increased efficiency and productivity in production. TPS received much inspiration from the earlier reforms of Taylorism and Fordism from the rationalization movement. This through Taylor's ideas about standardization and Ford's running band principle. Toyota was also one of the first to design and apply the logistics theory’s Total Quality Management, Lean Production and Just-In-Time in its production system. Reforms used and well known in many companies, not least Scania and SPS. The report fulfilled its purpose through interviews and analysis of conceptual literature to find that there is a red thread within the company and that there is a clear link between SPS and previous reforms. In conclusion, we also managed to analyse and draw conclusions about how the SPS was designed, motivated and implemented. The design of SPS was achieved through close collaboration between Scania and Toyota wires, which enabled Scania to inspire and adapt the system to Scania's culture. The way in which SPS was motivated and implanted preceded a management process that Scania applied to within the organization. The solution came to be decisive for the future, leadership. A new way of thinking was applied throughout the business, which has proved to be successful.

Garantir la sécurité alimentaire demeure une responsabilité primordiale des gouvernements et de la communauté internationale. Le droit international, moyen principal d’encadrer les comportements des Etats et de rendre exécutoires les stratégies internationales, n’a toutefois pas pu faciliter effectivement la lutte contre la faim dans le monde. C’est particulièrement le cas des normes juridiques élaborées dans le cadre de l’OMC. En définissant les termes et conditions du commerce international des produits agricoles, ces normes exercent une influence majeure sur la sécurité alimentaire tant au niveau international qu’au niveau national. Si les accords de l’OMC offrent à ses Membres certains moyens pour faire face au problème alimentaire, ces moyens ne sont ni suffisants ni efficaces pour atteindre cet objectif. Ayant privilégié constamment les considérations commerciales par rapport aux impératifs alimentaires, les règles de l’OMC relatives au commerce agricole contribuent à restreindre sérieusement l’autonomie des Membres qui souhaitent améliorer leur situation de sécurité alimentaire. Ainsi, les politiques internationales régissant le commerce agricole devraient être reformulées, de sorte que les Membres de l’OMC puissent répondre aux besoins vivriers des peuples. Si une telle réforme ne parvient pas, pour l’instant, à établir des règles permettant aux Membres de l’OMC en déficit alimentaire de générer effectivement des ressources pour se procurer des aliments, elle doit viser au minimum à neutraliser les impacts négatifs des politiques commerciales en vigueur. Faute de cela, le système actuel d’échanges multilatéraux risque de perdre sa légitimité et sa crédibilité. / Today’s world food situation is particularly disturbing. To guarantee food security for all remains the primary responsibility of governments and international society. As one of the major instruments to implement international strategy for food security, international law has failed to provide effective solution to mitigate the factors that contribute to food insecurity. This is particularly what happened when food problem was treated within WTO. Having established the terms and conditions of international trade in food and agricultural products, WTO trade regulations have major influence on food security both at international level and at national level. Even if the relevant WTO agreements did offer certain policy approaches to its Members to tackle their food problem, these policy approaches are neither sufficient nor efficient to achieve this goal. By constantly prioritizing commercial considerations over food concerns, WTO rules related to trade in agriculture seriously restrict the exercise of discretionary power of those Members who wish to improve their food situation. Therefore, international trade policies must be reformed, so that WTO Members can take creative measures to meet their people’s basic needs. Even it appears still difficult at present to create new rules that may allow food-deficit Members to generate sufficient income to guarantee their access to food; this reform must at least search for effective solutions to offset the negative impacts of trade policies on food security. Otherwise, the legitimacy and credibility of current global trading system will be at risk.

La ricerca svolta si propone di esplorare la possibilità di utilizzare le metodologie quantitative di analisi del contenuto per determinare, tramite l’analisi dei testi già disponibili (dati testuali secondari, non raccolti ad hoc) le affinità tra una politica sanitaria regionale ed il Framework on integrated, people-centred health services (IPCHS, WHO, 2016).. La scelta di utilizzare come fonti di dati i testi è dovuta principalmente alle tempistiche di elaborazione del lavoro. Il Framework IPCHS è stato diffuso nella sua versione ufficiale nell’aprile 2016 e al momento della consegna di questo lavoro (settembre 2017) non è stata ancora adottata nessuna strategia ufficiale per il monitoraggio dell’implementazione delle politiche people centred. Anche il caso di studio scelto, ovvero la Riforma sociosanitaria lombarda, cominciata nel 2015, è ancora in fase di implementazione.La natura metodologico-sperimentale della tesi e la metodologia scelta hanno determinato l’adozione di un approccio basato sul paradigma dei Mixed methods. Il lavoro è strutturato nel seguente modo. Nel primo capitolo sono ripresi gli elementi metodologici essenziali della Analisi del contenuto applicata alla analisi delle politiche pubbliche. Vengono inoltre illustrati i risultati di un approfondimento condotto sul concetto di parola chiave. Nel secondo capitolo viene descritto il Framework IPCHS e viene illustrato il processo di composizione delle liste di parole chiave (dizionario PCA) nella loro duplice versione in inglese e in italiano attraverso una analisi tematica. Nel capitolo III è descritta una prima applicazione del dizionario PCA ad un corpus composto da 13 note relative ad interviste svolte durante il progetto Stop TB partnership. Il fine della analisi svolta nel terzo capitolo è testare la capacità di ricognizione delle liste rispetto ai contenuti attinenti al People Centred Approach. Per questa ragione i risultati ottenuti sono stati sottoposti a validazione qualitativa. Nel capitolo IV invece, il dizionario PCA (versione italiana) è stato utilizzato per analizzare un corpus relativo alla Riforma Sociosanitaria lombarda (l.r. 23/2015 ed alcune delibere attuative). Anche in questo caso i risultati ottenuti sono stati sottoposti a validazione, secondo un approccio mixed methods, anche per individuare l’impatto della traduzione in italiano sulla efficacia delle liste di parole chiave. / The aim of this research is to investigate the possibility to develop a secondary textual-data based protocol in order to use textual material such as interviews, national strategic plans and other official documents to classify a health policy as “integrated and people centred”. According to WHO resolution A69/39 “An integrated people-centred approach is crucial to the development of health systems that can respond to emerging and varied health challenges, including urbanization, the global tendency towards unhealthy lifestyles, ageing populations, the dual disease burden of communicable and non communicable diseases, multi-morbidities, rising health care costs, disease outbreaks and other health-care crises.” But how can we determine if a health policy is integrated and people centred? In this study, I try to develop a mixed methods based protocol to analyse textual material and evaluate his relevance with WHO Framework on integrated, people-centred health services. In the first chapter, there is a literature review about content analysis methodologies applied to policy analysis. Then I examine two different health policies, one implemented at international level by WHO (Stop TB Partnership Program) and one implemented at the regional level by Regione Lombardia (Health System Reform). While the first analysis aim is to text the dictionary created by a thematic analysis of the Framework on integrated people-centred health services (described in chapter 2), the second analysis is to apply the dictionary to an Italian case, characterized by textual materials written in Italian.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur le développement des nouveaux verres bioactifs de comblement osseux. Ils sont élaborés par fusion dans le système quaternaire : SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5. Deux éléments chimiques (bore et fluor), ont été incorporés au sein du réseau vitreux. L’effet de la quantité des éléments ajoutés dans le verre, sur le comportement physico-chimique, mécanique et physiologique a été mené par plusieurs techniques originales. L’intégration du bore ou du fluor au sein de la matrice vitreuse, influe sur les caractéristiques thermiques des verres synthétisés. Les performances mécaniques en termes de résistance mécanique, module de Young, module de cisaillement, rigidité et dureté ont été développé par l’incorporation du fluor dans la structure vitreuse. L’effet inverse a été manifesté pour les verres à base du bore. Des essais ''in vitro'' ont prouvé que la présence du bore accélère la dissolution de la matrice vitreuse, la cinétique et la cristallisation de la couche d’hydroxyapatite. Tandis que l’ajout du fluor retarde ces phénomènes physiologiques. / This thesis focuses on the development of new bioactive glasses for use as bone filling. They are synthetized by the melting method in the quaternary system CaO-SiO2-Na2O-P2O5. Two chemical elements (boron and fluor), have been incorporated in the glass network. The amount added effect, of elements, in the glass, on the physico-chemical, mechanical and physiological behaviour was led by several original techniques. The boron or fluor integration in the glass matrix, affect the thermal characteristics of the synthesized glasses. The mechanical performance in terms of: mechanical strength, Young's modulus, shear modulus, rigidity and hardness, have been developed by the fluor incorporation into the glass structure. The opposite effect was manifested for boron based glasses. In vitro tests have showed that the boron presence accelerates the vitreous matrix dissolution, the kinetics and the crystallization of the hydroxyapatite layer. While the fluor addition retards these physiological phenomena.

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse consistait à développer d'une technologie de mise en forme de poudres d'aciers faiblement alliés nitrurées afin d'introduire le nitrure ε-Fe2-3N dans la masse de la pièce mécanique.Pour atteindre cet objectif, deux voies ont été étudiées :- réaliser des pièces frittées à partir de poudre d'acier nitrurée ou nitrurée-enrobée (contenant une teneur importante en nitrure ε),- nitrurer et densifier une poudre d'acier pendant l'étape de frittage.La nitruration d'une poudre d'acier 4140 lors du frittage en CIC s'est avérée insuffisante vis-à-vis des teneurs en nitrure ε nécessaires pour l'application industrielle.L'étude de la stabilité, en CIC, de la poudre d'acier 4140 nitrurée a démontré la conservation des nitrures γ' et ε en grande proportion jusqu'à des températures de 650°C, quel que soit la nature du cycle de CIC appliqué. L'étude de la stabilité, à 600°C, de poudres d'acier nitrurées placées en capsules scellées a montré une légère dénitruration de ces poudres pendant le traitement.Des essais de densification de ces poudres d'acier nitrurées ont ensuite été réalisés par frittage SPS puis CIC. Afin de densifier les particules d'acier nitrurées, nous avons choisi d'utiliser un liant. Les essais de frittage SPS ont permis de mettre en évidence les paramètres expérimentaux les plus pertinents pour l'obtention d'un matériau dense et comportant le nitrure ε, et de proposer des préconisations sur les compositions acier-liant. Ces compositions ont été testées en CIC avec succès. Deux d'entre elles ont ainsi permis l'obtention de matériaux denses aux propriétés tribologiques et mécaniques satisfaisantes pour l'application industrielle. / The aim of this Ph.D thesis was to develop a technology to shape nitrided low-alloyed steels powders to introduce the ε-Fe2-3N nitride in the volume of the mechanical component.To achieve this goal, two approaches were considered:- the sintering of coated nitrided steel powder or nitrided steel powder (containing a high content of ε nitride),- the simultaneous densification and nitriding of low-alloy steel powder during the sintering step.Nitriding 4140 steel powder during hot isostatic pressing (HIP) does not allow producing sufficient ε-phase content for industrial application.The stability study of nitrided 4140 steel powder during HIP shows that a huge proportion of nitrides (γ' and ε) is conserved at 650°C, regardless of the HIP cycle. The stability study, at 600°C, of nitrided steel powders placed in sealed evacuated glass tubes, shows a slight denitriding of these powders during the process.Thus, densification of these nitrided steel powders was made by spark plasma sintering (SPS) and HIP. To densify the nitrided steel particles, we have used a copper-phosphorous binder. From SPS experiments, we have deduced the most relevant experimental parameters to obtain a dense material containing ε-phase, and we have proposed recommendations on the composition of nitrided steel-binder mixture. The identified compositions were successfully sintered by HIP. Two of them allow obtaining dense materials with interesting tribological and mechanical properties for industrial application.

1. Beim feldaktivierten Sintern im Temperaturbereich von 500 bis 1000 °C fließen elektrische Ströme mit einer Dichte von 1 bis 3 A/mm². 2. Daraus folgt für die größten verwendeten Pulverteilchen mit einem Radius von 50 µm ein Strom je Teilchenkontakt von 10 bis 50 mA. 3. Die durch das Aufbringen des prozesstechnisch notwendigen Pressdruckes gebildeten relativen Kontaktradien (Kontaktradius geteilt durch Teilchenradius) haben eine Größe von 0,05 bis 0,3. 4. Die Einengung der Strompfade im Kontakt der Pulverteilchen erhöht, zusammen mit dem elektrischen Widerstand der Oxidschicht auf den Pulverteilchen, den elektrischen Widerstand des Pulverpresslings. 5. Der Stromfluss durch die Teilchenkontakte führt mit dem zusätzlichen elektrischen Widerstand dieser Teilchenkontakte zu einer lokalen Temperaturerhöhung (Übertemperatur) von 10-4 bis 1 Kelvin für Kupfer- respektive Stahlpulver. 6. Der zusätzliche elektrische Widerstand der Oxidschicht kann die Übertemperatur beim Kupferpulver auf bis zu 1 mK erhöhen. 7. Mit abnehmendem Teilchenradius sinkt die Übertemperatur quadratisch. 8. Das Wachstum der Teilchenkontakte im Verlauf der Verdichtung führt zu einer kontinuierlichen Verringerung der Übertemperatur. 9. Das Auftreten von schmelzflüssiger Phase, von Metalldampf oder von Plasma wird in den untersuchten metallischen Systemen ausgeschlossen. 10. Auch Elektromigration, Thermomigration oder andere Wirkungen des elektrischen Stromes spielen keine Rolle für die Verdichtung beim feldaktivierten Sintern. 11. Die Verwendung von gepulstem anstelle von kontinuierlichem Gleichstrom beeinflusst die Verdichtung der untersuchten Werkstoffe nicht. 12. Die Verdichtung vom Pulver zum kompakten Werkstoff findet für Pulverteilchen mit einem Radius größer als R = 10 µm über plastische Verformung durch verschiedene Formen des Kriechens statt. 13. Die Verformung ist im Anfangsstadium auf den Kontaktbereich begrenzt. 14. Bei Pulverteilen mit Teilchenradien unter R = 10 µm findet die Verdichtung zunächst als Folge von Leerstellenströmen in die Kontaktkorngrenze statt (Sintern). 15. Durch die schnelle Verdichtung bei niedriger homologer Temperatur werden Kornwachstum und Rekristallisation verringert.

OPTIMUS MOTUS (R) ist ein grafischer Editor, um komplexe Bewegungsabläufe zu modellieren, zu optimieren, zu testen und schließlich als Funktionsbausteine für die SPS-Welt zu exportieren. So können SPS-Bewegungsprogramme erheblich schneller entwickelt und geändert werden als bei manueller Programmentwicklung. Die aus der Kurventechnik bekannte Bewegungsqualität kommt damit auch bei Servoantrieben zum Tragen. Das Debugging entfällt, weil die Quelltexte maschinell erzeugt werden.