Introduktion: Den sexuella hälsan kan förslagsvis främjas genom insatser som en god sexualundervisning. Skolan har ingen kursplan i sexualitet, samtycke och relationer vilket medför att skillnaden på sexualundervisningen i Sveriges skolor är stor vilket kan leda till riskfyllda sexualvanor, fler partners och låg kondomanvändning.  Syfte: Det primära syftet var att undersöka hur människor upplever den nuvarande sexualundervisningen i skolan. Det sekundära syftet var att ta fram ett konkret material som skolväsendet kan använda för att kunna bedriva en hälsofrämjande sexualundervisning för barn och unga.  Metod: En empirisk kvantitativ enkätstudie har tillämpats. En webbenkät lades ut på Facebook och resultatet sammanställdes i Google Forms. Sen användes enkätresultaten från denna studie tillsammans med resultat från tidigare studier som har granskats i samband med detta arbete för att skriva en kursplan.  Resultat: 51 stycken respondenter svarade på enkäten i åldrarna 20-41 år. Majoriteten av respondenterna upplevde att de inte var nöjda med den sexualundervisning de har fått. Många av respondenterna uppgav att samtliga ämnen inte har tagits upp i tillräckligt stor utsträckning och många upplevde att de inte hade tillräckligt med information i dessa ämnen. 1 av 3 tyckte att undervisningen saknade en övergripande kvalitet och flertalet lyfte att de saknade en behörig lärare.  Diskussion: En möjlighet är att den sexuella hälsan blir lidande av den bristfälliga undervisningen i form av att eleverna missar tillfällen att utveckla empowerment och säkerhet kring sin sexualitet och identitet. En kursplan i sexualitet, samtycke och relationer kan skapa en ökad trygghet hos lärarna vilket också ökar kvaliteten på undervisningen. Ett förslag är att universitetsstudenter som har kompetens inom detta område, exempelvis studenter på sjuksköterskeprogrammet, hälsovägledarprogrammet eller andra studenter inom andra relevanta utbildningar, undervisar studenter på grundskolenivå som en del av båda parters utbildning. / Introduction: Sexual health can be promoted through initiatives such as good sex education. The school has no curriculum in sexuality, consent and relationships, which means that the difference in sexuality education in Sweden's schools is large, which can lead to risky sexual habits, more partners and low condom use. Purpose: The primary purpose was to investigate how people experience the current sex education in school. The secondary aim was to produce concrete material that the school system can use to be able to conduct health-promoting sex education for children and young people. Method: An empirical quantitative survey study has been applied. A web survey was posted on Facebook and the results were compiled in Google Forms. The survey results from this study were then used together with results from previous studies that have been reviewed in connection with this work to write a course plan. Results: 51 respondents answered the survey aged 20-41. The majority of respondents felt that they were not satisfied with the sex education they have received. Many of the respondents stated that all topics have not been covered to a sufficient extent and many felt that they did not have enough information on these topics. 1 in 3 thought that the teaching lacked an overall quality and the majority pointed out that they lacked a qualified teacher. Discussion: One possibility is that sexual health suffers from the inadequate teaching in the form of students missing opportunities to develop empowerment and security around their sexuality and identity. A curriculum in sexuality, consent and relationships can create increased security among teachers, which also increases the quality of teaching. One suggestion is that university students who have competence in this area, for example students in the nursing program, the health guidance program or other students in other relevant educations, teach students at primary school level as part of both parties' education.

Aim: This study aimed to explore and understand Tanzanian health professionals’ perceptions of barriers for adolescents accessing sexual and reproductive health services.  Methods: A qualitative study was carried out using semi-structured interviews with 16 health professionals. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings: The study revealed that sexual and reproductive health services are not sufficiently youth-friendly due to the perceived lack of youth-targeted information on existing services toadolescents, and the clinical and pathology focus in service delivery. Social stigma toward adolescent sexuality, lack of knowledge of sexual and reproductive health and rights in the community, and lack of responsible actors in educating adolescents were mentioned as socio-cultural barriers to accessing services. Political statements and policies were perceived to be a socio-political barrier for adolescents accessing sexual and reproductive health services. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that it is important to give attention to health professionals’ perspectives of barriers for adolescents accessing sexual and reproductive health services. Future research and policymakers need to investigate stigmatizing and judgemental attitudes toward adolescent sexuality, in communities and among health professionals, to realize youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health services. The results in this thesis further suggest that policies in adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights should be clear and consistent for improving the quality of service delivery for adolescents.

The Rohingya, an ethnic minority group that traditionally have lived in Rakhine State, Myanmar, are facing severe structural discrimination from the Myanmar state. Rohingya women and girls have experienced horrific acts of gender-based violence from the Myanmar army in Rakhine State before they fled to Bangladesh and the refugee camps in Cox Bazar area. In these refugee camps gender-based violence continues to be widespread, much like other refugee camps in other parts of the world. Rohingya women and girls are vulnerable because of their gender, refugee status and ethnic affiliation. In addition they become even more vulnerable because family and community structures have broken down. These intersecting vulnerabilities make them exposed to gender-based violence from a number of different perpetrators. In addition these intersecting vulnerabilities lead to a lack of access to sexual and reproductive health services. Overall the humanitarian organisations operating in Cox Bazar did not manage to deliver these sexual and reproductive health services to the amount of Rohingya women and girls that needed them. Although gender-based violence was identified to be widespread in the refugee camps preventive measures were few. The unequal power relationships are identified as an underpinning reason for gender-based violence. In addition, the underlying causes of gender-based violence are connected with beliefs, norms, attitudes and structures that promote and/or tolerate gender-based discrimination and unequal power relationships.

I Sverige finns en ojämlikhet i hälsa mellan utrikes födda och inrikes födda. Hälsa är beroende av fungerande hälso- och sjukvård och för personer som inte talar svenska kan tolk behövas. Dock förekommer viss problematik kring tolkning vid patientbesök som berör sexuell och reproduktiv hälsa och rättigheter (SRHR). Därför har några regioner i Sverige utbildat tolkar inom SRHR. Studiens syfte var att undersöka hälso- och sjukvårdsanställdas uppfattning samt behov av tolkar i Region Sörmland. Kvalitativ metod valdes för att belysa deltagarnas erfarenheter och uppfattningar kring tolkning. Datainsamling gjordes via semistrukturerade intervjuer då fem kvinnor som arbetar med SRHR inom hälso- och sjukvård i Region Sörmland intervjuades. Därefter genomfördes kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att deltagarna främst använder sig av telefontolkning även om kontakt-tolkning förekommer. Patientmöten genom tolk handlar mycket om kommunikation. Förutsättningar, hinder och möjligheter för kommunikation varierar beroende på patientmötets omständigheter. Uppfattningarna om vad SRHR-utbildning bör innehålla är breda samtidigt som en nackdel kan vara att ämnet är stort och komplext. Dock finns en möjlighet att SRHR-utbildning för tolkar kan resultera i att patient och vårdpersonal upplever tryggare patientmöten. Slutsatsen är att det finns ett uppfattat behov av tolkar utbildade i sexuell och reproduktiv hälsa och rättigheter.

The study was conducted in Moshi, the regional Capital of Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. It was financed by Sida’s Minor Field Study scholarship in March and April 2019. This study was carried out at a Secondary school and focuses on students’ attitudes and knowledge about sexual and reproductive health and rights, SRHR, as well as examine how different actors influence the students’ decision-making and attitudes in Form 4. Qualitative semi-structured interviews are conducted, combined with the use of flashcards, as a method. Each flashcard contains topics within the concept of SRHR and was based on previous research and definitions. The use of flashcards was conducted in two steps. Firstly, the students’ categorized SRHR-topics in five different categories. Secondly, the students’ ranked ten actors in which affect them the most to least. Most of the students believe that most of the topics are important to learn about but in a future context. They also believe that education in some topics will result in increased sexual behavior. The students identify that authorities, such as parents and school, affect them the most in their decision-making and attitudes. To conclude, the students were found to have limited education focusing on attitudes as well as access to evidence-based education.

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The aim of this thesis is to investigate the discrepancies between theory and practice when it comes to humanitarian interventions in refugee camps. In order to contextualize the result it will be applied onto the work with sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) and young women in the world’s biggest refugee camp in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The research questions are as follow: What discrepancy does relief worker experience when it comes to theory and practice in humanitarian interventions in refugee camps?; what kind of difficulties and challenges do relief workers meet in their work in refugee camps and how do they prepare?; what is the best way to work with SRHR questions and young women in the refugee camp in Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh? The study is built on interviews with five relief workers from western relief organizations. In order to be able to answer the three research questions, the interviews focused on the following themes; discrepancies of theory and practice; use of theoretical guidelines like The Sphere Handbook; difficulties during humanitarian interventions in refugee camps; and lessons learned. Some of the respondents had experience from Cox’s Bazar and/or SRHR and were therefor asked questions due to that specific experience. Conclusions to be drawn from the results of the interviews are that it is possible to prepare one self to work in humanitarian conditions but only to a certain extent. Relief workers do need a great deal of experience but there will always be unexpected situations impossible to prepare for. It’s also clear that some basic methods, such as actually talking to the people in need and not only acting on previous experiences, still need to be highlighted. In the specific context of Cox’s Bazar and SRHR questions, relief workers need to understand the culture in order to pursue their work in a suitable way. SRHR questions are for example highly stigmatized and the women’s previous knowledge about their own body is in general very low.

This essay deals with teachers’ guides on teaching about sexuality and personal relationships, in particular guides focusing on introductory programmes in languages in upper secondary school and teaching adult immigrants Swedish. The aim is to investigate how the teachers’ guides function as further training for teachers. In Sweden 2016, the number of pupils enrolled in language introductory programmes was rapidly increasing. The number of participants in Swedish language for immigrants was also growing quickly. Teachers are in need of further training in sex and sexuality education and instruction in general, and particularly in this teaching context. It is hard to find teachers with sufficient competence in the field, due to the current general lack of skilled teachers in Sweden. Research on teachers’ guides in Sweden is underdeveloped and previous research on the topic of this essay is virtually non-existent, which makes this a pilot study of sorts. The study focuses on text-analysis, function and normativity. The results show that teachers’ guides respond to teachers’ needs and demands. These specific teachers’ guides affect each other through intertextuality. The norms imbedded in the language used in the teachers’ guides have an influence on teachers reading them.

Aim: The aim of this study was to broaden the understanding of the role of communitygroups in the prevention of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Bolivia. Therefore, this work assessed the connection between community group membership and the justification ofphysical IPV among women in Bolivia. IPV justification was chosen as an outcome, as it is strongly correlated to IPV experience. Methods: Data from a quantitative survey by the World Values Survey involving 988 womenin Bolivia was used for the analysis. To assess possible confounders, bivariate analysis was conducted. Logistic regression analysis between women’s community group membership andtheir justification of physical IPV has been performed. Results: The results indicate that 19.6% of women in Bolivia partly or always justify IPV.There has not been a significant association between community group membership and IPVjustification. The factors that were significantly associated to IPV justification in the final model were age and educational level of the women. Women aged 50 + had lower odds ofjustifying physical IPV than women aged 18-29 (OR 0.59, 95% CI: 0.35-0.97, p= <0.05). Similarly, women in the highest educational group had lower odds of justifying IPVcompared to women in the lowest educational group (OR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.41-0.98, p= <0.05). Conclusion: The association between community group membership and IPV justification inthis study was insignificant. This could be due to limitations in the study design. Futureresearch in the area should conduct studies with focus on different types of community groups singularly.

Ethiopia has one of the largest populations in the world, an estimate of 114 million inhabitants. With more than 40% of the population below the age of 15 the country has to make further progress in meeting its family planning needs. The fertility rate has slowly declined, but the population continues to grow. Efforts to reduce gender disparities and empower women have fallen short in many parts of the world. Evidence suggesting a link between women’s empowerment, health outcomes and health care service utilization. A secondary analysis of the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey was conducted. The aim of this study was to determine the association between women’s empowerment, sociodemographic and reproductive factors and contraceptive use among married women and women living with partner aged 15-49 in Ethiopia. Logistic regression, bivariate, and descriptive analysis was conducted. Decision-making role in regard to husband’s money was a strong predictor for contraceptive use. Women who alone or jointly made decision were more likely to use contraceptives. The state of wealth of women was a significant determinant for contraceptive use. Those with lower education were more likely to use contraceptives compared to those with higher education. Women who did not intend to have more children were more likely to use contraceptives. This study showed that contraceptive use is associated with women’s economic decision-making age, and several sociodemographic and reproductive factors. Improving women’s empowerment, through decision making power can improve contraceptive use and therefore achieve better maternal health.