In this thesis the application of machine learning algorithms as a tool in the search for top squark is studied. Two neural network models are trained with simulated stop events as signal against dileptonic and semi-leptonic top pair production events as background. There is a substantial class imbalance between the number of signal and background samples that are used. The performance of the neural network models are compared to the performance of a cut and count method. None of the models outperform the standard cut and count method.

The traditional craft of stop-motion has been transformed by the digitalization of film and the tools developed thereafter. As a medium bound in its physicality, stop-motion stands as a unique intersection between the analogue and the digital, and provides valuable insights into how the craftsperson balances tradition with new digital opportunities. By applying a qualitative method this study explores this analogue-digital phenomenon through the perspective of the stop-motion animator. The study concludes that the introduction of digital tools have largely separated the analogue expression from the authenticity, and the digital technologies are valued by their ability to aid the expression, not the authenticity. The study therefore indicates the animator values the new visual storytelling opportunities digital tools provide over the authentic hand-crafting process.

This bachelor degree project presents an extension of a base optimization model for a transit line which can be used to evaluate the efficiency of different configurations of a platoon with different scenarios of berths. Furthermore, different levels of autonomous vehicles are studied, three cases are presented. The first case implies that every vehicle has a driver, the second, semi-autonomous vehicles are used in the platoon which has a leading vehicle with driver. Then, the fully autonomous vehicles represent the last studied case. A new method to compute the service time in the stops which differentiate the time that passengers are boarding or alighting from delays or time lost in queues that may appear with an increasing demand is added to the base model. It is introduced also a two-step non-linear approach to the crowding factor that consider the sharp deterioration when the load factor of the bus is almost one. In this project the bus capacity has been considered as a variable to see if there is an optimum vehicle size that cover different values of demand. Numerical results are provided and the result show that vehicle platooning with equal number of vehicles than stop berths is always competitive in high-demands. Moreover, if semi-autonomous case is found the bus platooning gain effectiveness and is competitive with lower demand values. In the case of fully autonomous vehicles the gain of bus platooning is not as high as in the semiautonomous but has still an improvement and is competitive with medium demand values.

Metacognitive therapy (MCT) has been shown to be a promising treatment approach for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The changeability of metacognitions by (metacognitive) treatment and its relevance to treatment outcome is, however, still unclear. The current study investigates, (1) if treatment with MCT or exposure and response prevention (ERP) in a randomized-controlled pilot trial (n = 24 patients with OCD) changes OCD-specific metacognitions of thought fusion beliefs, beliefs about rituals and stop signals, and (2) if these changes are relevant for the treatment outcome in terms of patient- and therapist-rated OCD symptoms. ANOVA with pretest, posttest and follow-up scores could show that all three metacognitions significantly decreased during both treatments. Regarding thought fusion beliefs, a significant interaction effect indicated a higher decrease after MCT than ERP treatment. In hierarchical regression analyses, changes in stop signals from pre- to post-treatment significantly predicted patient-rating OCD symptoms at post-treatment and follow-up at 3 months after treatment. These changes were even predictive of post-treatment outcome after controlling for general metacognitions and dysfunctional cognitive beliefs. These findings support the assumption thatmetacognitions can change during both treatments and that changes in stop signals might be relevant for the treatment outcome on the symptom level in OCD.

På internet idag genereras information för att exponera böcker manuellt. Det är information som till exempel genre, författare, platser och sammanfattning. Böckernas fullständiga text är inte tillgänglig publikt på internet på grund av upphovsrättslagen och av den anledningen går det inte att automatiskt generera denna typ av information. En lösning är att konstruera en prototyp som behandlar originalverket och automatisk genererar information som kan exponeras på internet, utan att exponera hela verket. Denna rapport jämfört tre olika algoritmer som behandlar böcker: utbrytning av ordstam, stoppordsfiltrering och blandning av meningar inom stycken. Algoritmerna är jämförda med avseende på generering av relevant information till tjänsterna: sökmotorer, automatisk metadata, smarta annonser och textsammanfattning. Sökmotorer låter en användare söka på exempelvis bokens titel eller en mening ur boken. Automatisk metadata bryter automatiskt ut beskrivande information från boken. Smarta annonser använder beskrivande information för att rekommendera och marknadsföra böcker. Textsammanfattning kan skapa en kort, beskrivande sammanfattning av boken automatiskt. Informationen som sparas från böckerna ska endast vara relevant information till tjänsterna. Informationen ska inte heller har något litterärt värde1 för en människa. Resultatet av arbetet visar att kombinationerna blandning av meningar →stoppordsfiltrering och stoppordsfiltrering →blandning av meningar är optimala i form av sökbarhet. Det är också rekommenderat att lägga till utbrytning av ordstam som ett extra steg i behandlingen av originalverket, eftersom det genererar mer relevant automatisk metadata till boken. / On the internet today, information to expose books is generated manually. That includes information such as genre, author, places, and summary. The full text of books are not publicly available on the Internet due to copyright law, and for this reason it is not possible to generate this type of information automatically. One solution is to construct a prototype that processes the original book and automatically generates information that can be exposed to the Internet, without exposing the entire book. In this report, three different algorithms that deal with processing books are compared: stemming, filtering of stop words and scrambling of sentences within paragraphs. The algorithms are compared by generating relevant information to the services: search engines, automatic metadata, smart ads and text analysis. Search engines allows a user to search for e.g. the title or a sentence from the book. Automatic metadata automatically breaks out descriptive information from the book. Smart ads can use descriptive information to recommend and promote books. Text analysis can be used to automatically create a brief descriptive summary. The information stored from the books should only be relevant information for the services and the information should not have any literal value2 for a human to read. The result of the work shows that the combinations scrambling of sentences→filtering of stop words and filtering of stop words→scramlbing of sentences are optimal in terms of searchability. It is also recommended to add stemming as an additional step in the processing of the original book, as it generates more relevant automatic metadata to the book.

The standard genetic code (SGC) is the cipher used by nearly all organisms to transcribe information stored in DNA and translate it into its amino acid counterparts. Since the early 1960s, researchers have observed that the SGC is structured so that similar codons encode amino acids with similar physiochemical properties. This structure has been hypothesized to buffer the SGC against transcription or translational error because single nucleotide mutations usually either are silent or impart minimal effect on the containing protein. We herein briefly review different theories for the origin of that structure. We also briefly review different computational experiments designed to quantify buffering capacity for the SGC. We report on computational Monte Carlo simulations that we performed using a computer program that we developed, AGCT. In the simulations, the SGC was ranked against other, hypothetical genetic codes (HGC) for its ability to minimize physiochemical distances between amino acids encoded by codons separated by single nucleotide mutations. We analyzed unappreciated structural aspects and neglected properties in the SGC. We found that error measure type affected SGC ranking. We also found that altering stop codon positions had no effect on SGC ranking, but including stop codons in error calculations improved SGC ranking. We analyzed 49 properties individually and identified conserved properties. Among these, we found that long-range non-bonded energy is more conserved than is polar requirement, which previously was considered to be the most conserved property in the SGC. We also analyzed properties in combinations. We hypothesized that the SGC is organized as a compromise among multiple properties. Finally, we used AGCT to test whether different theories on the origin of the SGC could explain more convincingly the buffering capacity in the SGC. We found that, without accounting for transition/transversion biases, the SGC ranking was modest enough under constraints imposed by the coevolution and four column theories that it could be explained due to constraints associated with either theory (or both theories); however, when transition/transversion biases were included, only the four column theory returned a SGC ranking modest enough that it could be explained due to constraints associated with that theory. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / The standard genetic code (SGC) is the cipher used almost universally to transcribe information stored in DNA and translate it to amino acid counterparts. Since the mid 1960s, researchers have recognized that the SGC is organized so that similar three-nucleotide RNA codons encode amino acids with similar properties; researchers consequently hypothesized that the SGC is structured to minimize effects from transcription or translation errors. This hypothesis has been tested using computer simulation. I briefly review results from those studies, complement them by analyzing unappreciated structural aspects and neglected properties, and test two theories on the origin of the SGC.

This thesis is a reflection of the design, fabrication, and production of the Zal and Simorgh story in Shahnameh in puppet and stop motion. It is an original performance piece of my concept, design, and fabrication and it was presented to the public in August 2023.

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