The use of architecture as a transformation tool can barely do that job if no intervention is permitted to take place. Sometimes it is right to gently touch or leave unmarked, but sometimes it is necessary to expose in order to preserve / Master of Architecture

Background: Indoor air pollution due to the burning of biomass fuels has been associated with acute respiratory infections amongst children less than five years old in developing countries. Very little is known about the relationship between child indoor pollution exposure and time spent near indoor fires. Aim: To describe the relationship between the amount of time that children spend close to indoor fires and carbon monoxide exposure. Methods: Cross-sectional study based in rural North-West of South Africa. Secondary analysis of caregivers’ estimates of their children’s time-activity budgets and children’s exposure to carbon monoxide (N=100). Results: The time spent by children near indoor fires is non-significantly related to their CO exposure (regression coefficient -0.030 to -0.036) after adjusting for explanatory variables. Conclusion: It is important to be cautious about encouraging caregivers to keep children away from indoor fires at the expense of other established intervention strategies.

Rökning och passiv rökning är ett folkhälsoproblem som orsakar mycket ohälsa. På senare år har attityderna kring rökning ändrats från att ha varit rökarens rätt att röka till icke-rökarens rätt att slippa bli exponerad. Det här kan leda till konflikt mellan icke-rökare och rökare då många icke-rökarna vill slippa exponeras för tobaksrök samtidigt som rökarna enligt lag har rätt att röka i utomhusmiljö. Syftet med att göra den här studien är att undersöka rökares och icke-rökares upplevelser kring rökning med förhoppningen om att komma fram till en lösning där båda gruppernas upplevelser kan mötas. Icke-rökare vill slippa exponeras och rökare vill få röka i fred. Det finns ett problem med detta och det är att mycket av det tobakspreventiva arbetet som gjorts i Sverige syftat till att gör det besvärligt att vara rökare. Det finns därför ett motstånd mot att finna en lösning som rökarna kan uppfatta som positivt. Studien genomfördes genom att 20 intervjuer gjordes med 20 personer. Dessa valdes ut genom ett så kallat strategiskt urval som bestod utav 10 icke-rökare och 10 rökare, hälften män och hälften kvinnor, vilka analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. De fick svara på åtta frågor utifrån ett förutbestämd frågemall samt eventuella följdfrågor. Jag fann 12 huvudkategorier, sex från vardera grupp. I studien kom jag fram till att det handlar om de platser där grupperna mötts. Få icke-rökare störs utav rökning om de inte exponeras för den. De platser och situationer där icke-rökarna upplever att de exponeras för rökning är vid entréer till byggnader och i väntan på kollektivtrafiken. Det finns enligt resultatet stöd hos båda grupperna för införande av särskilda rökplatser. Motiven till dessa kan skilja sig åt något mellan grupperna, rökarna vill röka i fred och icke-rökarna vill slippa exponeras. Det finns önskan om ett avstånd om minst 15 meter från offentlig byggnad eller kollektiv trafik men det får enligt rökarna inte vara allt för långt bort. Det får inte bli för besvärligt för då ratas den särskilda platsen för rökning. Rökarna menar att det finns gränser för hur långt de ska behöva gå för att få röka. De vill inte heller behöva springa när tåget/bussen kommer. Vad som kanske är mest intressant när det gäller att icke-rökarna säger sig störas framförallt vid just entréer och platser där de väntar på kollektivtrafiken är att de platserna erbjuder exakt det som rökarna önskar vad gäller utformning av särskilda platser för rökning.  Det finns tak, askkoppar och sittplatser vilket gör att svaret på varför de röker just där kanske inte är så konstigt. Det finns inte något som hindrar dem från att röka där och platsen erbjuder exakt det som rökarna anser att en god rökmiljö ska erbjuda. / Smoking and passive smoking is a public health problem. It is derived from the smokers right to smoke and the non-smokers right not to be exposed. This can lead to conflict between non-smokers and smokers when non-smokers want to avoid exposure to tobacco smoke, while smokers are entitled by law to smoke in an outdoor environment. The purpose of this study is to investigate smokers and non-smokers experiences of smoking with the hope of finding a solution where both groups experiences can be met. Non-smokers do not want to be exposed to smoke and smokers want to smoke undisturbed. There is a problem with the tobacco prevention work carried out in Sweden due to the preventions are aimed to make it inconvenient for the smoker to smoke. Therefore, there is reluctance to find a solution that smokers may perceive as positive. The study was conducted through 20 interviews  with 10 non-smokers and 10 smokers, half of both gender, and qualitative content analysis ,and qualitative content analysis. I found 12 main categories, six from each group. In this study, I concluded that it is about the places where the groups met. Few non-smokers are disturbed of smoking if they are not exposed to it. Places and situations where non-smokers feel that they are exposed to smoking are at entrances and while waiting for public transport. According to the results the two groups supports introduction of special smoking places. The reasons for this may differ slightly between the groups, smokers want to smoke undisturbed and non-smokers do not want to be exposed to smoke. There is desire for a distance of at least 15 meters from the public building or public transport but it may as smokers express not be too far away. Smokers have limits on how far they should have to walk to smoke. They do not want to run from the special smoking place to catch the train / bus. The most interesting is that when it comes to non-smokers, is that they say they are exposed especially at large entrances and places where they are waiting for public transport, while this sites offer exactly what smokers want in terms of the design of special places for smoking. There are roofs, ashtrays and seating and there is nothing to prevent them from smoking there. The sites offer exactly what smokers believe well arranged smoking places are. / Pelle sellgren

It is a research about The Four Great novels in late Ching Dynasty, to discuss the intentions of the writers, the background of the era, structure and narrative, characters, readers and the thought of the novels. The intentions of the writers were strong and everyone of them had his own specialty. There were so many wars in late Ching Dynasty, the politics was disorder and the culture was continued to change from the old one to the new one. The disorder situation effected the novels. Transporting foreign novels to China and printing the novels on newspapers made the Four Great novels got change. It changed the structure and narrative of the novels. The readers were very important to the novels and the relations among the readers,writers and works got change because of printing the novels on newspapers. The intention of the writers were strong that it made the novels more thoughtful and showed them by the way of blaming and exposing the crimes. This is not only a research about the forms but also the thought of the novels that it tries to offer a more complete observation of the Four Great novels.

På internet idag genereras information för att exponera böcker manuellt. Det är information som till exempel genre, författare, platser och sammanfattning. Böckernas fullständiga text är inte tillgänglig publikt på internet på grund av upphovsrättslagen och av den anledningen går det inte att automatiskt generera denna typ av information. En lösning är att konstruera en prototyp som behandlar originalverket och automatisk genererar information som kan exponeras på internet, utan att exponera hela verket. Denna rapport jämfört tre olika algoritmer som behandlar böcker: utbrytning av ordstam, stoppordsfiltrering och blandning av meningar inom stycken. Algoritmerna är jämförda med avseende på generering av relevant information till tjänsterna: sökmotorer, automatisk metadata, smarta annonser och textsammanfattning. Sökmotorer låter en användare söka på exempelvis bokens titel eller en mening ur boken. Automatisk metadata bryter automatiskt ut beskrivande information från boken. Smarta annonser använder beskrivande information för att rekommendera och marknadsföra böcker. Textsammanfattning kan skapa en kort, beskrivande sammanfattning av boken automatiskt. Informationen som sparas från böckerna ska endast vara relevant information till tjänsterna. Informationen ska inte heller har något litterärt värde1 för en människa. Resultatet av arbetet visar att kombinationerna blandning av meningar →stoppordsfiltrering och stoppordsfiltrering →blandning av meningar är optimala i form av sökbarhet. Det är också rekommenderat att lägga till utbrytning av ordstam som ett extra steg i behandlingen av originalverket, eftersom det genererar mer relevant automatisk metadata till boken. / On the internet today, information to expose books is generated manually. That includes information such as genre, author, places, and summary. The full text of books are not publicly available on the Internet due to copyright law, and for this reason it is not possible to generate this type of information automatically. One solution is to construct a prototype that processes the original book and automatically generates information that can be exposed to the Internet, without exposing the entire book. In this report, three different algorithms that deal with processing books are compared: stemming, filtering of stop words and scrambling of sentences within paragraphs. The algorithms are compared by generating relevant information to the services: search engines, automatic metadata, smart ads and text analysis. Search engines allows a user to search for e.g. the title or a sentence from the book. Automatic metadata automatically breaks out descriptive information from the book. Smart ads can use descriptive information to recommend and promote books. Text analysis can be used to automatically create a brief descriptive summary. The information stored from the books should only be relevant information for the services and the information should not have any literal value2 for a human to read. The result of the work shows that the combinations scrambling of sentences→filtering of stop words and filtering of stop words→scramlbing of sentences are optimal in terms of searchability. It is also recommended to add stemming as an additional step in the processing of the original book, as it generates more relevant automatic metadata to the book.

No / On Earth, microorganisms living under intense ultraviolet (UV) radiation stress can adopt endolithic lifestyles, growing within cracks and pore spaces in rocks. Intense UV irradiation encountered by microbes leads to death and significant damage to biomolecules, which also severely diminishes the likelihood of detecting signatures of life. Here we show that porous rocks shocked by asteroid or comet impacts provide protection for phototrophs and their biomolecules during 22 months of UV radiation exposure outside the International Space Station. The UV spectrum used approximated the high-UV flux on the surface of planets lacking ozone shields such as the early Earth. These data provide a demonstration that endolithic habitats can provide a refugium from the worst-case UV radiation environments on young planets and an empirical refutation of the idea that early intense UV radiation fluxes would have prevented phototrophs without the ability to form microbial mats or produce UV protective pigments from colonizing the surface of early landmasses.

The research deals with the empowerment of adolescent victims of family violence. The purpose of the study was to give an account of the therapeutic intervention process of two case studies, by means of a descriptive, qualitative type of research. This research was executed via semi-structured interviews by the researcher. The population in the study was limited to adolescent victims between the age of twelve to eighteen years, who are victims of family violence. The sample in this study was two respondents. The children are students at a high school in Roodepoort. After completion of the empiric study it was concluded that the adolescent who is exposed to family violence, is empowered if a therapeutic process - like the one suggested by Oaklander (1994:289) which applies gestalt play therapeutic techniques - is followed. As clearly shown in the literature, the researcher came to the conclusion that family violence has a destructive effect on the adolescent and that he can be empowered by gestalt play therapy. OPSOMMING Die navorsing handel oor die bemagtiging van adolessente slagoffers van gesinsgeweld. Die doel van die studie was om deur middel van 'n beskrywende, kwalitatiewe tipe navorsing die terapeutiese intervensieproses van twee gevallestudies te beskryf. Hierdie navorsing het met behulp van semi-gestruktureerde onderhoudvoering geskied. Die populasie in die studie was begrens tot adolessente slagoffers tussen die ouderdom twaalf tot agtien jaar wat slagoffers van gesinsgeweld is. Die steekproef in hierdie studie was twee respondente. Die kinders is verbonde aan 'n hoërskool te Roodepoort. Daar is na afloop van die empiriese studie tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat indien 'n terapeutiese proses - soos wat deur Oaklander (1994:289) voorgestel word met die benutting van gestaltspelterapeutiese tegnieke - deurloop word, die adolessent wat aan gesinsgeweld blootgestel word, bemagtig word. Soos ook uit die literatuur duidelik blyk, het die navorser die afleiding gemaak dat gesinsgeweld vernietigend op die adolessent inwerk en dat hy deur gestaltspelterapie bemagtig kan word. / Social work / MDIAC (PLAY THERAPY)

The research deals with the empowerment of adolescent victims of family violence. The purpose of the study was to give an account of the therapeutic intervention process of two case studies, by means of a descriptive, qualitative type of research. This research was executed via semi-structured interviews by the researcher. The population in the study was limited to adolescent victims between the age of twelve to eighteen years, who are victims of family violence. The sample in this study was two respondents. The children are students at a high school in Roodepoort. After completion of the empiric study it was concluded that the adolescent who is exposed to family violence, is empowered if a therapeutic process - like the one suggested by Oaklander (1994:289) which applies gestalt play therapeutic techniques - is followed. As clearly shown in the literature, the researcher came to the conclusion that family violence has a destructive effect on the adolescent and that he can be empowered by gestalt play therapy. OPSOMMING Die navorsing handel oor die bemagtiging van adolessente slagoffers van gesinsgeweld. Die doel van die studie was om deur middel van 'n beskrywende, kwalitatiewe tipe navorsing die terapeutiese intervensieproses van twee gevallestudies te beskryf. Hierdie navorsing het met behulp van semi-gestruktureerde onderhoudvoering geskied. Die populasie in die studie was begrens tot adolessente slagoffers tussen die ouderdom twaalf tot agtien jaar wat slagoffers van gesinsgeweld is. Die steekproef in hierdie studie was twee respondente. Die kinders is verbonde aan 'n hoërskool te Roodepoort. Daar is na afloop van die empiriese studie tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat indien 'n terapeutiese proses - soos wat deur Oaklander (1994:289) voorgestel word met die benutting van gestaltspelterapeutiese tegnieke - deurloop word, die adolessent wat aan gesinsgeweld blootgestel word, bemagtig word. Soos ook uit die literatuur duidelik blyk, het die navorser die afleiding gemaak dat gesinsgeweld vernietigend op die adolessent inwerk en dat hy deur gestaltspelterapie bemagtig kan word. / Social work / MDIAC (PLAY THERAPY)