Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / The phenomenon of street children presents a global challenge as it continues to increase and affects almost every nation. Nigeria is no exception, with an ever-increasing population of street children, with many of them as a result of insurgence attacks in various states in Nigeria. The Nigerian government acknowledges that education is a key to development and a great tool in changing the dynamics of street children. It further recognises education as a right and not a privilege, especially with Nigeria’s adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the passage into law of the Child’s Right Act of 2003. The importance of basic education, which serves as the foundation of the education system, cannot be over-emphasised, particularly since the government made free basic education one of the core mandates of the Universal Basic Education Board. However, the continuous loitering of children during school hours has led to questions being asked about the implementation of the free basic education programme. Using Enugu State as a case study, and applying the right-based approach, this study sought to find answers to why street children might not be accessing the free basic education. The phenomenon of street children not accessing this education, is contributing to their ever-growing numbers in the streets of Nigeria. This is a qualitative study that was conducted in Enugu, Nigeria. It used the purposive sampling technique, targeting children living on the streets, as well as policy makers, programme officers of the Universal Basic Education Board, administrative heads of basic education schools, nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), and community-based organisations (CBOs) working in areas relating to street children. The study used qualitative data collection methods comprising of focus group discussion and in-depth interviews. The data collected was analysed using NVIVO Qualitative Research Software. The study sought to identify the challenges and make recommendations to relevant stakeholders, to improve policy implementation, and to present specific recommendations to ensure better access for street children and other vulnerable groups to benefit from policies such as the Universal Basic Education policy. It is discovered that many street children will love to go to school but other factors such as poverty, poor implementation of the free education policy among others have kept these children out of school. These children aspire to be teachers, doctors, accountants, lawyers and business administrators and wish they can be sponsored or given free education.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the perceptions street children have about the most important referents in their life worlds and to propose guidelines to their helpers on the most appropriate intervention. The street children's perceptions of their families, schools, society, peers and themselves were examined through a literature study on the phenomenon of street children and their intervention and, an empirical study consisting of a questionnaire survey and case studies. It was found that the street children generally perceived themselves and these referents negatively, which can be related to experiences of severe physical, emotional and social deprivation. These perceptions influence their involvement with all referents in their lives negatively, as their main tendencies in response to problematic situations are flight, avoidance and withdrawal. Guidelines given to their schools, social-and care-workers, and educational psychologists focused on inter- and intra-personal areas of development. / Psychology of Education / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counseling)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the perceptions street children have about the most important referents in their life worlds and to propose guidelines to their helpers on the most appropriate intervention. The street children's perceptions of their families, schools, society, peers and themselves were examined through a literature study on the phenomenon of street children and their intervention and, an empirical study consisting of a questionnaire survey and case studies. It was found that the street children generally perceived themselves and these referents negatively, which can be related to experiences of severe physical, emotional and social deprivation. These perceptions influence their involvement with all referents in their lives negatively, as their main tendencies in response to problematic situations are flight, avoidance and withdrawal. Guidelines given to their schools, social-and care-workers, and educational psychologists focused on inter- and intra-personal areas of development. / Psychology of Education / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counseling)

No description available.

La pauvreté est souvent mise en exergue pour expliquer la présence des enfants dans les rues des pays pauvres. Cependant, le problème est plus complexe. En effet, certains enfants, bien qu’ayant la possibilité de vivre à l’abri du besoin préfèrent vivre dans la rue malgré l’hostilité de ce milieu. Aussi, de par la dimension culturelle, leur présence dans la rue semble incohérente en Afrique subsaharienne, car l’enfant « seul » n’existe pas, ce dernier appartient au groupe et non à ses seuls géniteurs.Comment alors expliquer cette présence ? Face à ce problème nous avons avancé les hypothèses suivantes :1) « L’enfant de la rue » serait dans la rue à cause d’une situation d’impasse familiale. 2) « L’enfant de la rue » adopterait des conduites paradoxales, qui atteignent ses enveloppes corporelles, pour survivre dans le milieu hostile de la rue. Notre investigation s’est déroulée au Gabon en deux temps. La première fait partie d’une plus large étude (UNICEF), nous avons administré 300 questionnaires auprès des enfants et rencontré 9 familles. Lors de la seconde, nous avons mené des entretiens et observations auprès de 25 enfants.L’analyse s’est effectuée en deux temps :- Premièrement nous avons décrit ces phénomènes, dressé un portrait de ces enfants, et établi leurs profils ainsi ceux de leur famille, avec l’aide d’une analyse de contenus (logiciel Nvivo).- Deuxièmement, nous avons montré à partir de quatre cas cliniques la difficulté qu’a l’enfant de s’autonomiser face à une famille/culture devenue « hybride ». Nos hypothèses se vérifient avec l’établissement de différents profils cliniques (l’enfant « aliéné », « pacificateur », «sans enveloppe psychique» …) qui décrivent l’impasse et la précarité psychique, ainsi que la constitution d’une « seconde peau-maison » en guise de peau psychique. Cette étude permet d’envisager la mise en place de nouveaux dispositifs où les liens « enfant-famille-professionnel » pourraient trouver un ajustement face à l’incohérence des modèles culturels. / Poverty is often highlighted to explain the presence of children in the streets of poor countries. However, the problem is way more complex. Indeed, some children, even if they don’t have to, prefer to live in the streets despite the hostility of this environment. Furthermore, according to the cultural dimension, their presence in the streets seems incoherent in Sub-SaharanAfrica, because the child “alone” doesn’t exist, he is part of a group, other than his immediate family. How can this presence be explained, then? In order to face this problem we formulated the following hypotheses.1) The “street child” would be in the streets because of a family impasse. 2) The “street child” would adopt paradoxical behaviors that reach their body envelopes in order to survive the hostilityof the environment. Our research took place in Gabon in two stages. The first one is part of a larger study (UNICEF), we administered 300 questionnaires to children and met with 9 families. During the second one, we conducted interviews and observations with 25 children.The analysis was executed in two times:- Firstly, we described these phenomena, we created a portrait of these children, and established their profiles and those of their families by means of a content analysis (Nvivo software)- Secondly, we demonstrated, based on four clinical cases, the child’s difficulty to become autonomous when confronted with a family/culture that’s turned “hybrid”.Our hypotheses are verified with the establishment of different clinical profiles (the “alienated” child, the “pacemaker”,“without psychic envelope”…) that describe an impasse and a psychic precariousness, as well as the construction of a “homesecondskin” as a way of psychic skin. This study allows to contemplate the establishment of new measures where the link “child-family-professional” could find an adjustment when confronted with the incoherence of cultural models.

O presente estudo problematiza a questão do trabalho infantil nas ruas, a partir de uma perspectiva histórica, num cenário de desigualdade social, econômica e racial, que persiste nos dias atuais. Embora o Estado brasileiro tenha reduzido significativamente o trabalho infantil nas duas últimas décadas, persiste o contingente de 2,7 milhões de crianças e adolescentes em situação de trabalho, em todas as regiões do país, em diferentes segmentos de atividades econômicas. No cenário urbano, em grandes cidades como São Paulo, a população infantil nas ruas se intensifica, em trabalhos informais, em condições perigosas e precárias, nos faróis da cidade, principalmente no comércio ambulante e apresentações artísticas circenses, atingindo massivamente meninos negros, que estão invisíveis tanto nos dados do trabalho infantil quanto nas políticas sociais para o seu enfrentamento. Propõe-se uma análise do trabalho infantil nas ruas de São Paulo, a partir de levantamento de dados e pesquisa de campo na atividade de malabarismo. Busca-se desvelar realidades ocultadas, como o racismo e a pobreza estrutural, por uma ideologia do trabalho, que naturaliza essa violência praticada contra crianças pobres: torna invisível a criança como sujeito e a atividade nas ruas como trabalho. A invisibilidade social do trabalho infantil nas ruas também se revela nos dados gerais sobre trabalho infantil e nas políticas de prevenção e erradicação do trabalho infantil, como se demonstra nessa pesquisa, a partir da análise de dados, levantamentos censitários, entrevistas e diagnóstico das políticas públicas municipais no combate ao trabalho infantil. / This study problematizes the issue of child labor in the streets from a historical perspective in a social, economic and racial inequality scenario, which persists until the present day. Although Brazilian State has significantly reduced child labor in the last two decades, the contingent of 2.7 million children and adolescents in work situation persists in all regions of the country and in different segments of economic activities. In the urban scenario such as in large cities like São Paulo, the child population on the streets are intensified in informal works, in dangerous and precarious conditions, in the city\'s traffic lights, especially in street vending and circus artistic performances. It reaches massively black children, who are invisible both in the statistics of child labor as well as in social policies to tackle them. It is proposed an analysis of child labor in the streets of São Paulo through data collection and field research focused on juggling activity. The objective is revealing hidden realities such as the racism and structural poverty by a work ideology, which naturalizes this violence against poor children: it makes the child invisible as a subject and the activity on the streets as work. The social invisibility of child labor on the streets is also revealed in the general data on child labor and in policies to prevent and eradicate it as demonstrated in this research based on the data analysis, census surveys, interviews and diagnosis of municipal public policies in the fight against child labor.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:38:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HugoJDM.pdf: 1269636 bytes, checksum: d7fb894743319947d97e95b3e4968b00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This research examines the street children s identity construction processes. Recently, the research about this population has focused on the socialization processes that organize their everyday, their situations of interaction, the meanings of their social practices, their street experience. The concept of identitary forms gives coherence to the set of these phenomena, articulating them theoretically, in order to describe their life conditions and details of their trajectories. This research utilized an ethnographic approach with a group of 11 street people, 9 of them boys and girls 16-18 years old, during 3 months. It included participant observation, informal and formal interviews, that resulted in young s narratives of lifestory. These narratives were interpreted according to the principles of positioning analysis and the Labovian Analysis model of oral narratives of personal experience. The observation of interaction among the studied group and other groups has showed that their social practices, supported on many particular bodily technologies, recreate space and time of these interactions semantically, as mediation of meaning negotiations among groups. Such meanings transform again the environment of these interactions, disclosing interpretative systems by means of which the groups apprehend this interaction in a particular way. These street children s bodily technologies imply identitary forms based on scarcity and abandonment, paradoxicalally related to their self-concept. The analysis of narratives revealed diversity and complexity in the meanings assembly for their street experience; it showed that the semantic arrangements reconstruct the temporal experience, creating a moral climate for each lifestory, and determining more or less aperture of identitary forms to change. The study concludes that space and time, builders of interaction regimes, produce identitary forms; that the narratives and the social practices of the studied group are sustained upon a master discourse that opposes the meanings of the home and the life in the streets / Investiga os processos de constru??o de identidade concernentes a jovens em situa??o de rua. Recentemente, incorporou-se ?s pesquisas com essa popula??o, aten??o aos processos de socializa??o que estruturam seu cotidiano, situa??es de intera??o, sentidos de suas pr?ticas sociais, sua experi?ncia de estar na rua. O conceito de formas identit?rias empresta coer?ncia ao conjunto desses fen?menos, articulando-os num mesmo referencial te?rico com o objetivo de significar suas condi??es de vida e as particularidades de suas trajet?rias. Assim, realizou-se pesquisa etnogr?fica com grupo de 11 pessoas em situa??o de rua, 9 deles, meninos e meninas com 16-18 anos, durante 3 meses. A participa??o constru?da entre pesquisador e grupo viabilizou observa??es participantes, entrevistas e a produ??o, pelos jovens, de narrativas de est?ria de vida, interpretadas segundo a positioning analysis e o modelo laboviano de an?lise de narrativas orais de experi?ncia pessoal. A observa??o da intera??o entre o grupo estudado e outros grupos mostrou que suas pr?ticas sociais, sustentadas sobre tecnologias corporais muito particulares, recriam semanticamente espa?o e tempo dessas intera??es como media??o das negocia??es de sentidos entre grupos. Tais sentidos transformam novamente o ambiente dessas intera??es, revelando sistemas interpretativos pelos quais os grupos apreendem essa intera??o. Essas tecnologias corporais implicam formas identit?rias estruturadas sobre car?ncia e desamparo, paradoxalmente relacionada ? auto-imagem dos meninos. A an?lise das narrativas revelou diversidade e complexidade na montagem dos sentidos para a situa??o de rua; mostrou que os arranjos sem?nticos reconstroem a experi?ncia temporal criando um clima moral para cada est?ria, determinando maior ou menor abertura de suas formas identit?rias ? transforma??o. Conclui-se que espa?o e tempo, estruturantes dos regimes de intera??o, engendram formas identit?rias; que as narrativas e as pr?ticas sociais do grupo estudado se sustentam sobre um discurso mestre que op?e sentidos ligados ? casa e ? vida nas ruas