Os diversos estudos com a suplementação de glutamina em situações de estresse fisiológico demonstram o essencial papel deste aminoácido no metabolismo. Agudamente, a suplementação com glutamina aumenta a glutaminemia. Cronicamente, verifica-se maior concentração de glutamina em tecidos, tais como o muscular e o hepático. Entretanto, não é conhecido se esses efeitos são decorrentes diretos da suplementação oral com glutamina ou da redução de sua captação a partir da membrana basolateral de enterócitos. O estudo da cinética na absorção de glutamina traz informações relacionadas à proporção da concentração de glutamina absorvida e a retida no tecido intestinal, de acordo com as doses utilizadas, e aponta quais são as alterações decorrentes da sepse induzida pela endotoxemia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a cinética de absorção de glutamina em camundongos submetidos à endotoxemia, o que não fora previamente investigado em outros trabalhos. Para avaliar a cinética da absorção intestinal de glutamina foi realizada eversão intestinal em camundongos machos, o que permite a coleta dos líquidos das camadas mucosa e serosa com maior precisão. Foram utilizadas doses de 10, 20, 40 e 50 mM de L-glutamina associada a [14C]-glutamina, nos tempos 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90 e 120 minutos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que em alta concentração de glutamina (50 mM) ocorre maior absorção em relação à retenção tecidual e esta é realizada por transporte ativo de aminoácidos. Os animais que foram submetidos à endotoxemia por LPS (5mg/kg) apresentaram alterações estruturais no tecido intestinal, detectadas pela histologia. Neste grupo, a retenção tecidual de glutamina foi significativamente maior do que no grupo controle, sobretudo na presença de glicose. Conclui-se que a cinética na absorção de glutamina é dose e tempo dependente em animais saudáveis e que, em condições de endotoxemia, ocorre maior retenção de glutamina no tecido intestinal na presença de glicose. Sugere-se que a via da hexosamina está envolvida; no entanto, mais estudos são necessários para esclarecer tais mecanismos. / The various studies of glutamine supplementation in stressful situations demonstrate the physiological role of this essential amino acid in metabolism. Acutely, supplementation with glutamine improves glutaminemia. Chronically, there is a greater concentration of glutamine in tissues such as muscle and liver. However, it is not known whether these effects are direct result of glutamine oral supplementation or reduced uptake within the basolateral membrane of enterocytes. The kinetic study of the absorption of glutamine provides information related to the ratio of concentration of glutamine absorbed and retained in the intestinal tissue, according to the doses used, and points out the changes resulting from sepsis induced by endotoxemia. The objective of this study was to investigate the kinetics of glutamine uptake in mice subjected to endotoxemia. To evaluate the kinetics of intestinal absorption of glutamine intestinal eversion was performed in male mice, allowing to collect the liquid layers of mucosa and serosa with greater precision. The doses used were 10, 20, 40 and 50 mM L-glutamine associated with [14C]-glutamine at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. The results showed that high concentrations of glutamine (50 mM) a higher absorption occurs in relation to tissue retention and this is accomplished by active transport of amino acids. The animals subjected to endotoxemia by LPS (5mg/kg) showed structural changes in the intestinal tissue, detected by histology. In this group, the tissue retention of glutamine was significantly higher than in the control group, especially in the presence of glucose. It is concluded that the kinetics of glutamine uptake is dose and time dependent in healthy animals, and in conditions of endotoxemia, there is greater retention of glutamine in intestinal tissue in the presence of glucose. It is suggested that the hexosamine pathway is involved; however, more studies are needed to clarify these mechanisms.

O pedestrianismo vem se tornando cada vez mais expressivo na atualidade, principalmente por assegurar condições de bem-estar físico, psicológico e social ao praticante. Partindo-se do pressuposto que deficiências nutricionais prejudicam o desempenho durante a corrida, corredores de longa duração vêm usufruindo da suplementação esportiva com o intuito de otimizar o rendimento. Todavia, faltam evidências científicas quanto aos recursos ergogênicos proporcionados pelos diversos suplementos alimentares comercializados. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar o desempenho de corredores de longa duração em um protocolo de exercício físico em esteira composto por três situações diferentes de suplementação: placebo, carboidrato e carboidrato associado à proteína hidrolisada. A amostra foi composta por 14 atletas do sexo masculino e o estudo apresentou design cross over com caráter duplo-cego. Inicialmente, foi realizada avaliação cardiorrespiratória e nutricional, sendo que esta última foi composta por antropometria (peso e estatura) e composição corporal (dobras cutâneas). Os indivíduos foram submetidos a um exercício físico em esteira constituído por 60 minutos com velocidade e inclinação correspondente ao Limiar Anaeróbio e posteriormente perduraram a atividade até a exaustão com intensidade 10% acima desta variável. Foi analisado o consumo alimentar por meio drae feinrgeenstetã ao energética diária e da quantidade de macronutrientes ingeridos nas 24 e 2 horas antecedentes aos exercícios. Mensurou-se a glicemia, o lactato sanguíneo, a percepção subjetiva de esforço e a frequência cardíaca durante os três protocolos de suplementação. A glicemia inicial e 5 minutos após a exaustão foi menor para o grupo placebo quando comparada aos outros dois grupos. Houve um aumento na glicemia e no lactato nos três grupos ao comparar momentos antes e durante o exercício (60 minutos) com momentos após o término da atividade (exaustão e 5 minutos após este estágio). Observou-se aumento na percepção subjetiva de esforço e na frequência cardíaca nos três grupos concomitantemente ao aumento da duração e/ou intensidade do exercício. Ao analisar o consumo alimentar e o tempo de exaustão dos atletas não foram constatadas diferenças estatísticas entre os três suplementos utilizados. Diante disto, analisando agudamente, não há justificativa para adicionar proteína ao suplemento de carboidrato durante a realização de exercícios de endurance com características semelhantes ao de nosso estudo. / The pedestrianism is becoming increasingly significant nowadays, mainly for ensuring conditions of physical, psychological and social well-being practitioner. Starting from the assumption that nutritional deficiencies impair performance during the race, long runners come enjoying the sports supplementation in order to optimize performance. However, they lack scientific evidence about the ergogenic resources provided by the various food supplements marketed. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the performance of long runners in a physical exercise protocol on a treadmill consists of three different situations supplementation: placebo, carbohydrate and carbohydrate associated with hydrolyzed protein. The sample consisted of 14 male athletes and this study was double-blind with crossover design. Initially, individual performed cardiopulmonary and nutritional evaluation and the latter consisted of anthropometry (weight and height) and body composition (skinfold). The subjects underwent a physical exercise on a treadmill consists of 60 minutes with speed and inclination corresponding to Anaerobic Threshold and then endured the activity to exhaustion intensity with respect to 10% higher this variable. Food consumption through daily energy intake and the amount of macronutrients ingested in 24 and 02 hours before the exercise was analyzed. blood glucose, blood lactate, the perceived exertion and heart rat eI td wurainsg m theea stuhrreede supplementary protocols. The initial blood glucose and 5 minutes after the exhaustion was lower in the placebo group compared to the other two groups. There was an increase in blood glucose and lactate in the three groups when comparing time before and during exercise (60 minutes) with moments after the end of the activity (exhaustion and 5 minutes after this stage). There was an increase in perceived exertion and heart rate in the three groups concomitantly with increasing duration and/or intensity of exercise. By analyzing the food consumption and time to exhaustion of athletes were not found statistical differences between the three supplements used. Given this, there would be no acute justification for adding protein to carbohydrate supplement when performing endurance exercise with characteristics similar to our study.

Esse trabalho objetivou estudar os efeitos da suplementação de novilhos Nelore de sobreano no período das águas em pastagem e a posterior terminação em confinamento. O experimento foi conduzido com 40 animais, inicialmente em quatro piquetes de 6,75 ha cada, de Brachiaria brizantha e teve duração de seis meses. Após esse período, os animais foram levados para baias individuais do confinamento, que teve duração variável e terminava quando os animais atingiam o peso de abate (450,00 kg). Para a suplementação em pastagem, os 40 animais foram divididos em 4 grupos de 10 animais (um para cada pasto), sendo que dois grupos receberam suplemento mineral (controle) e dois, suplemento energético (suplementado). Após o período em pastagem, os animais foram terminados em confinamento, com dieta única. A suplementação energética em pastagem propiciou maior ganho em peso dos animais (P< 0,05). No confinamento, os animais que receberam suplementação nas águas atingiram o peso de abate mais cedo, mas os do grupo controle apresentaram os maiores ganhos (P<= 0,05). / This research investigated the effects of yearling Nellore supplementation during the water period of grazing and subsequent feedlot finishing. The experiment was conduced with 40 animals, initially in four paddocks of 6,75 ha each, of Brachiaria brizantha during six months. After this period, the animals were moved to individual stalls in feedlot area, wich had variable duration and ended when the animals reached slaughter weight (450.00 kg). For the supplementation in grazing period, the 40 animals were divided in four groups of 10 animals (one for each paddock), and two groups were fed with mineral supplement (control) and two with energy supplement (supplemented). After the grazing period, the animals were finished in feedlot with only one diet. Energy supplementation in grazing period causes greater weight gain of animals (P< 0,05). In feedlot, animals that were supplemented in water period reached slaughter weight earlier, but the unsupplemented group had the highest weight gain (P<= 0.05).

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos que as fontes orgânicas e inorgânicas de cobre e enxofre possuem na interação cobre-enxofre-molibdênio, estimando a biodisponibilidade de duas fontes de cobre na dieta de ovinos. Para isso, foram utilizados 40 ovinos desmamados, com aproximadamente 3 meses e peso médio 20 kg, distribuídos em 10 tratamentos, sendo: 1) dieta basal; 2) dieta basal contendo 10 mg de molibdênio/kg de MS; 3) dieta basal + 10 mg cobre inorgânico/kg de MS + 0,2% enxofre inorgânico/kg de MS; 4) dieta basal + 10 mg cobre inorgânico/kg de MS + 0,2% enxofre orgânico/kg de MS; 5) dieta basal + 10 mg cobre orgânico/kg de MS + 0,2% enxofre inorgânico/kg de MS; 6) dieta basal + 10 mg cobre orgânico/kg de MS + 0,2% enxofre orgânico/kg de MS; 7) dieta com 10 mg molibdênio + 10 mg cobre inorgânico/kg de MS + 0,2% enxofre inorgânico/kg de MS; 8) dieta com 10 mg molibdênio + 10 mg cobre inorgânico/kg de MS + 0,2% enxofre orgânico/kg de MS; 9) dieta com 10 mg molibdênio + 10 mg cobre orgânico/kg de MS + 0,2% enxofre inorgânico/kg de MS; 10) dieta com 10 mg molibdênio + 10 mg cobre orgânico/kg de MS + 0,2% enxofre orgânico/kg de MS. O experimento teve duração total de 84 dias, sendo realizadas pesagens dos animais nos dias 1, 28, 56 e 84 dias para acompanhamento do desenvolvimento. Foram realizadas também coletas sanguíneas para estudo de teores de cobre, enxofre e molibdênio sanguíneos, teores de glicose, albumina, ureia, colesterol, triglicerídeos, hematócrito e ceruloplasmina. Foram realizadas biópsias do fígado no tempo zero para análises de cobre, enxofre e molibdênio. Ao término do período experimental os animais foram abatidos e colheu-se amostras de fígado e líquido biliar para determinação final dos teores de minerais, bem como acompanhamento do pH e peso das carcaças quente e fria. No terço final do período experimental foi realizado um balanço metabólico para cobre, enxofre e molibdênio, sendo a biodisponibilidade do cobre calculada pela técnica \"slope ratio\", utilizando-se os teores de cobre hepático. Os parâmetros foram analisados considerando-se a existência de uma estrutura de tratamento fatorial 2 x 2 x 2 (com e sem molibdênio, cobre orgânico e inorgânico e enxofre orgânico e inorgânico) e uma dieta basal e uma basal mais molibdênio, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As concentrações de glicose, albumina, ureia, colesterol e hematócrito sanguíneos não sofreram efeito (P&gt;0,05) pela adição de molibdênio ou adição de cobre e enxofre, ou pela interação cobre-enxofre-molibdênio. Entretanto as concentrações de triglicerídeos sanguíneos foram alteradas (P&lt;0,05) pela interação cobre-enxofre, mostrando redução na sua concentração quando da adição de cobre e enxofre nas fontes orgânicas. O peso vivo dos ovinos não foi influenciado (P&gt;0,05) pelos tratamentos, porém o ganho de peso foi influenciado pela interação cobre-enxofre-molibdênio onde se observou redução no ganho de peso com a adição de molibdênio exclusivo e aumento no ganho de peso quando adicionado molibdênio com cobre e enxofre nas fontes orgânicas quando comparados com as fontes inorgânicas. A suplementação de fontes de cobre e enxofre e adição de molibdênio não influenciaram (P&gt;0,05) os valores de pH e peso das carcaças. A presença de molibdênio na dieta diminuiu os teores de ceruloplasmina e a presença e molibdênio exclusivo reduziu as concentrações de cobre no soro dos ovinos, bem como a interação cobre-enxofre-molibdênio com as fontes inorgânicas dos minerais reduziu a ceruloplasmina e cobre no soro. Em contrapartida, a ceruloplasmina mostrou aumento nos níveis quando da administração de enxofre orgânico. Os teores de enxofre sanguíneos não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. No líquido biliar contatou-se efeito do molibdênio exclusivo sobre os minerais, mostrando redução nas concentrações de cobre e enxofre e aumento na concentração de molibdênio. Os valores hepáticos de cobre e enxofre não foram influenciados (P&gt;0,05) pelos tratamentos, somente o molibdênio hepático mostrou efeito na interação cobre-enxofre-molibdênio. A biodisponibilidade do cobre proteinado (145,09%) foi superior à do sulfato de cobre (100%), independente da fonte de enxofre e na ausência e molibdênio, quando determinado pela regressão múltipla \"slope ratio\". / This research aim to study the effect of organic and inorganic copper and sulfur sources in the interaction copper-sulfur-molybdenum, estimating the bioavailability of two sources of copper in the diet of sheep. For that used 40 weaned sheep at about 3 months of age and weighing 20 kg and distributed in 10 treatments, as follows: 1) basal diet; 2) diet containing molybdenum; 3) basal diet + copper inorganic + sulfur inorganic; 4) basal diet + copper inorganic + sulfur organic; 5) basal diet + copper organic + sulfur, inorganic; 6) basal diet + copper organic + sulfur organic; 7) diet with molybdenum + copper inorganic + sulfur inorganic; 8) diet with molybdenum + copper inorganic + organic sulfur; 9) diet with molybdenum + copper organic + sulfur inorganic, 10) diet with molybdenum + organic copper + organic sulfur. The experimental period lasted 84 days, animal weighing was performed on days 0, 28, 56 and 84 days to monitor its development. Blood collections to study levels of copper, sulfur and molybdenum, concentrations of glucose, albumin, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, hematocrit and ceruloplasmin were also performed. Liver biopsies were made on zero day for copper, sulfur and molybdenum analysis. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were slaughtered and samples were collected from liver and bile fluid for final determination of mineral, and was measured pH and weight of hot and cold carcasses. At the end of the third experimental period was done a metabolic balance of copper, molybdenum and sulfur. The bioavailability of copper was calculated by \"slope ratio\" technique, using the concentration of copper in the liver. The parameters were analyzed considering the existence of a factorial structure 2 x 2 x 2 (with and without molybdenum, organic and inorganic copper and organic and inorganic sulphur) and a basal diet and a basal diet plus molybdenum. The concentrations of glucose, albumin, urea, cholesterol and blood hematocrit levels were not affected (P&gt;0,05) by the addition of molybdenum or adding copper and sulfur, or the copper-molybdenum-sulfur interaction. However, blood triglyceride concentrations were changed (P&lt;0.05) by copper-sulfur interaction, with a reduction in their concentration after the addition of copper and sulfur in organic sources. The live weight of the sheep was not affected (P&gt;0,05) by the treatments, but the weight gain was influenced by the interaction copper-molybdenum-sulfur there was a reduction in weight gain with the addition of molybdenum and an increase was observed in the weight gain when added with copper and molybdenum in the organic sulfur sources compared to the inorganic sources. The supplemental sources of copper and sulfur and addition of molybdenum had no effect (P&gt;0,05) on pH values and carcass weight. The presence of molybdenum in the diet reduced the levels of ceruloplasmin and the exclusive molybdenum presence reduced copper concentrations in the serum of the sheep. The copper-molybdenum-sulfur interaction with the inorganic sources of minerals decreased serum ceruloplasmin and copper. On the other hand, there was an increase in ceruloplasmin levels with organic sulfur administration. The blood levels of sulfur were not affected by treatments. Bile liquid was affected by molybdenum, it was a reduction in the concentrations of copper and sulfur with increase in the molybdenum concentration. The copper and sulfur liver levels were not influenced (P&gt;0,05) by treatments, only the liver Molybdenum effect showed on copper-molybdenum-sulfur interaction. The bioavailability of organic copper (145.09%) was higher than that of copper sulphate (100%), irrespective of the source and in the absence and sulfur and molybdenum, as determined by multiple regression slope ratio.

Chronic wounds represent an under-acknowledged socioeconomic epidemic, affecting 1.8 million new patients per year and costing the US health care system upwards of $25 billion annually. This substantial cost is rapidly growing due to a disproportionate occurrence in the ever-aging population. Key features associated with age-related impairment of wound healing include limited energy and nutrient exchange, unremitting inflammations, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), and diminished blood flow. Most chronic wound therapies target specific molecular mechanisms; however, there are often multiple mitigating factors that prevent normal wound closure. This is likely one reason most wound therapies are minimally effective. In the standard American diet, carbohydrates are broken down for fuel (glucose). While fasting, starvation, and calorie or carbohydrate restriction, beta-oxidation of stored fats in the liver produces ketone bodies (primarily acetoacetate (AcAc) and β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) to serve as energy metabolites for extra-hepatic tissues. In addition to enhancing metabolic physiology, ketone bodies have recently been discovered to have signaling properties that are independent of their function as energy metabolites. Here we present the evidence for a novel method of inducing therapeutic ketosis via exogenous ketone supplementation to promote enhanced ischemic wound healing in young and aged Fischer 344 rats. Preliminary mechanistic studies demonstrated that exogenous ketone supplementation enhanced wound healing via increasing proliferation and migration, decreasing lactate production, and decreasing ROS production as well as affecting inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. We conclude that exogenous ketone supplementation will be an effective, cost efficient, low toxicity therapy to promote enhancement of wound healing in an aged population.

À travers une recherche historique, nous explorerons les modèles qui ont orientés successivement les cliniciens confrontés à la psychose, tant leurs conceptions à propos du traitement qu’à propos de l’évolution et de la terminaison de la pathologie mentale. Deux paradigmes actuels seront plus précisément questionnés : celui de la psychiatrie contemporaine qui redécouvre depuis peu les possibilités de rémission de la psychose ; et celui de la psychanalyse, qui propose une autre définition, tant de la psychose que de la guérison, particulièrement avec Lacan. Puis, en nous plaçant dans ce deuxième paradigme, nous nous appuierons sur la clinique pour montrer comment s’élaborent de façon dynamique les solutions élégantes à la psychose. Les notions lacaniennes de compensation, suppléance, sinthome seront explorées. Nous proposerons de lire les symptômes à partir de leur fonction dans l’économie subjective pour en dresser une cartographie clinique nécessaire pour sortir d’une vision déficitaire de la psychose. Puis, en nous appuyant sur les témoignages de deux sujets psychotiques, l’un ayant rédigé ses mémoires, l’autre rencontré durant plusieurs années, nous proposeront de montrer en quoi l’élaboration d’une solution élégante singulière peut être le résultat d’un processus subjectif. Il s’agit de défendre l’existence de possibilités de suppléances à la psychose clinique, d’en proposer une lecture qui ne cède pas sur la singularité, mais qui tienne compte de quelques balises propre à la structure et aux conditions du lien social. / Through a historical research, we will explore the models that guided the clinicians confronted to psychosis; their conception of the treatment as much as evolution and outcome of mental pathology. Two current paradigms will be discussed: the contemporary psychiatry, which is newly rediscovering the possibilities of a remission in psychosis; and psychoanalysis, that offers another definition of psychosis as much as another definition of recovery/healing, especially with Lacan teaching.Then, following this second paradigm, and helped with clinical cases studies, we will show the dynamic development of the elegant solutions to psychosis. We will explore the lacanian concepts of compensation, supplementation, and sinthome. We will suggest to read the symptoms from their role in subjective economy in order to draw a clinical map, which is an essential key to stop considering psychosis as a deficit. Finally, with the help of two psychotic subjects; one who wrote his memories, and one met during several years; we will suggest that elaboration of a singular elegant solution can be resulting from a subjective process. We will defend that supplementations to clinical psychosis exist. We will offer a reading that does not only consider singularity, but that also consider some specific markers of the psychotic structure regarding some social link conditions.

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes regimes de alimentação e de diferentes aditivos na dieta de suínos na fase de terminação. Foram utilizados 144 animais, da linhagem DB os quais foram pesados e distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 (2 regimes de alimentação: a vontade e restrito; 4 formas de suplementação de aditivos na dieta: sem adição, cromo, ractopamina, cromo + ractopamina), totalizando 8 tratamentos com 6 repetições (3 repetições de machos e 3 repetições de fêmeas) e 3 animais cada, no período de 42 dias. Antes do início do experimento, foi avaliado o consumo médio dos animais para o fornecimento das dietas experimentais, o qual era corrigido semanalmente. Foi realizada uma restrição quantitativa da dieta em 15% em relação ao consumo dos animais alimentados à vontade, sendo que a restrição foi aplicada desde o primeiro dia do experimento e o fornecimento das dietas contendo o cromo e a ractopamina, a partir do 15º dia do experimento, ou seja, nos últimos 28 dias. Entretanto, os níveis nutricionais foram acrescidos em 15% para garantir o consumo da mesma quantidade de nutrientes da dieta. No final do experimento, um animal por repetição foi abatido para determinar a qualidade da carcaça dos animais. Foram avaliados dados de desempenho (ganho de peso, consumo médio e conversão alimentar) e de rendimento de carcaça (espessura de toucinho; espessura de músculo; porcentagem de carne magra). Os tratamentos não apresentaram efeito significativo para o desempenho dos animais sobre o consumo médio diário e o ganho médio de peso. Não houve diferença significativa para as características de carcaça. Os animais com restrição alimentar apresentaram diferença significativa (P&lt;0,001) na conversão alimentar quando comparada com a alimentação à vontade. O uso do cromo e da ractopamina de forma isolada ou em conjunto melhoraram a conversão alimentar em comparação aos animais que receberam a ração controle. / The experiment was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of different feeding regimes and different additives in the diet of pigs in the finishing phase. A total of 144 animals of the DB lineage were used, which were weighed and distributed in a randomized block design, in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme (2 feeding regimes: will and restricted, 4 supplementation forms in the diet: Chrome, ractopamine, chromium + ractopamine), totaling 8 treatments with 6 replicates (3 replicates of males and 3 replicates of females) and 3 animals each, in the period of 42 days. Before the beginning of the experiment, the average consumption of the animals for the experimental diet was evaluated, which was corrected weekly. A quantitative restriction of the diet was performed in 15% in relation to the consumption of the animals fed at will. The restriction was applied from the first day of the experiment and the diets containing chromium and ractopamine were applied from the 15th day of the experiment. Experiment, that is, in the last 28 days. However, nutritional levels were increased by 15% to ensure consumption of the same amount of nutrients from the diet. At the end of the experiment, one animal per replicate was slaughtered to determine the quality of the carcass of the animals. Performance data (weight gain, mean intake and feed conversion) and carcass yield (fat thickness, muscle thickness, lean meat percentage) were evaluated. The treatments had no significant effect on the performance of the animals on average daily consumption and average weight gain. There was no significant difference in carcass characteristics. Feed restriction animals showed a significant difference (P &lt;0.001) in feed conversion when compared to feed at will. The use of chromium and ractopamine alone or in combination improved feed conversion compared to animals receiving the control ration.

Half a billion school aged children suffer from anemia, with the majority of anemia caused by iron deficiency. Researchers have shown a strong correlation between low hemoglobin levels and presence of intestinal parasites in children with anemia. Childhood anemia has profound negative effects on physical growth, maturation, and cognitive development leading to poorer educational achievement. Using hemoglobin as a measure of anemia, this quasi-experimental study investigated impact of either iron supplementation or an antiparasitic medication on hemoglobin levels in two groups of children in a rural region of Eastern Ghana. Surprisingly, after a 6-month intervention period, hemoglobin levels in both groups significantly decreased. Further research is needed toinvestigate other factors impacting nutrition and incidence of anemia in pediatric populations in developing countries.

This study was conducted with the aim to investigate the efficacy of exogenous enzyme supplementation in releasing metabolisable energy in broiler feeds. Two performance trials were conducted during this study. Effects were measured in terms of the body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality and production efficiency factor in broilers. Correct interpretation and practical application of the positive effects of exogenous enzyme supplementation to commercial broiler feeds can aid nutritionists to develop nutritionally balanced broiler feeds at lower costs. The negative effects of anti-nutritional factors in broilers feeds can be greatly reduced with the strategic use of exogenous enzyme addition to the feed. In the first performance trial, four treatment feeds were fed to broilers. The Positive control feed was a balanced diet, formulated according to standard nutrient specifications used by Daybreak Farms, with only the metabolisable energy marginally lower than the standard to ensure that energy was the first limiting nutrient. Nutrient specification met or exceeded recommendations by the NRC (1994). A Negative control feed, similar to the Positive control, was formulated with 0.35 MJ ME / kg feed less than the Positive control. An Avizyme treatment and a Hemicell treatment were formulated similar to the Negative control, with the addition of 0.05% Avizyme and 0.0125% Hemicell to the respective treatments. The addition of Avizyme and Hemicell to the respective treatments was hypothesised to release an additional 0.35 MJ ME / kg feed. Four thousand three hundred and twenty day-old Ross 788 chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups, each with eight replicates and 135 birds per replicate for the first seven days. After seven days birds were reduced to 126 birds per replicate. In the second performance trial, five treatment feeds were fed to broilers. The Positive control feed was a balanced diet, formulated according to standard nutrient specifications used by Daybreak Farms, with only the metabolisable energy marginally lower than the standard to ensure that energy was the first limiting nutrient. Nutrient specification met or exceeded recommendations by the NRC (1994). Results of the first performance trial indicated that more than the hypothesised 0.35 MJ ME / kg feed was being released from the feed with exogenous enzyme addition. Subsequently, the difference in metabolisable energy between the Negative control and Positive control treatments were increased for the second trial. A Negative control feed, similar to the Positive control, was formulated with 0.45 MJ ME / kg feed less than the Positive control. An Avizyme treatment and a Hemicell treatment were formulated similar to the Negative control, with the addition of 0.05% Avizyme and 0.0125% Hemicell to the respective treatments. A Combination treatment was formulated similar to the Negative control, with the addition of both 0.05% Avizyme and 0.0125% Hemicell to the feed. Seven thousand five hundred and sixty day-old Ross 788 chicks were randomly divided into five treatment groups, each with 12 replicates and 126 birds per replicate. For both trials, birds were housed in environmentally controlled houses with a similar lighting schedule and ad libitum access to feed and water. Body weights, feed intake and mortality were recorded weekly for the duration of the five week performance trials. The data was statistically analysed, using the general linear model function in SAS (Statistical Analysis Systems, 1989; Statistical Analysis Systems, 1994). Fischer’s protected test was used for the post hoc multiple comparison test. Repeated tests were included in the model. The confidence interval was set at 95%. Initial body weight was tested as a covariate in all the analyses. Incorrect dosing of the trial feeds during the first performance trial prevented the evaluation of the treatments for the entire 35 day period. The difference between the Positive control and the Negative control treatments were not large enough to enable the exact determination of the amount of metabolisable energy that the Avizyme released in the feed. It could, however, be concluded that Avizyme addition to a broiler feed increased broiler production efficacy. The Avizyme treatment was contributed at least 0.35 MJ ME / kg feed during the trial released more than 0.35 MJ ME / kg feed during the extended starter phase of the trial. The above mentioned conclusions served as a motivation to increase the metabolisable energy difference between the Positive control and the Negative control treatments for the next performance trial. Addition of Hemicell to the feed contributed 0.35 MJ ME / kg feed over a five week growing period. With the second performance trial, the Avizyme and Hemicell treatments released an additional 0.45 MJ ME / kg feed, supported by broiler production variables similar to the Positive treatment. The Combination treatment was shown to release more than 0.45 MJ ME / kg feed and significantly increased broiler performance. It was concluded that the combination of Hemicell and Avizyme in a broiler ration had a positive synergistic effect on each other in the young broiler, indicating that exogenous enzymes could be more effective in younger broilers. Although exogenous enzymes resulted in the release of a significant amount of additional metabolisable energy in the feed, the addition of these enzymes should undergo economical evaluation to ensure that the addition of these enzymes is viable under commercial circumstances. Addition of Avizyme with a calculated energy contribution of 0.35 MJ ME / kg and 0.45 MJ ME / kg to the feed realised an income over feed cost (IOFC) of 25 c / kg live weight and 4 c / kg live weight, respectively, during the five week period. The Hemicell treatment showed a negative IOFC (suggesting that Hemicell inclusion will decrease profit) of 24 c / kg live weight during the first four weeks of the first production trial and an IOFC of 2 c / kg live weight during the five week period of the second trial. The combination of both enzymes in the feed returned an IOFC of 16 c / kg live weight. In general the income over feed cost was the highest during the starter phase because of a higher efficacy of exogenous enzyme addition in younger broilers. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Resumo: Pastagens são importantes fontes de nutrientes para produção de ruminantes com custo reduzido. Com a crescente demanda por alimentos, a maximização do rendimento dos pastos é necessária. Portanto o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as características morfogênicas e estruturais e a dinâmica de perfilhamento do capim-Marandu, manejado sob lotação contínua em diferentes alturas do dossel, além do impacto da suplementação com concentrados na dieta dos animais em pastejo. O experimento foi desenvolvido no setor de Forragicultura, pertencente ao Departamento de Zootecnia UNESP - Jaboticabal, durante os períodos de dezembro de 2007 a maio de 2008 e dezembro de 2008 a maio de 2009 em área de aproximadamente 20 hectares dividida em 18 piquetes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso com dupla repetição no tempo (nos anos e meses) em esquema fatorial 3x2x2x4 (altura x suplementação x anos x meses). As três alturas estudadas foram 15, 25 e 35 cm com utilização de suplemento protéicoenergético e sal mineral. As taxas de senescência, alongamento de folhas e de colmo, filocrono, duração de vida da folha, comprimento final da lâmina, número de folhas vivas por perfilhos, e taxa de sobrevivência dos perfilhos do capim-Marandu apresentaram incremento com o aumento das alturas dos pastos. Verificou-se a maior média de número de folha vivas por pefilho (4,55 folhas vivas por perfilho), duração de vida das folhas (68 dias), taxa de alongamento de folhas (11,15 mm perfilho-1 dia-1), taxa de alongamento de colmo (0,58 mm perfilho-1 dia-1), comprimento final de folha (204,29 mm) e taxa de senescência (5,45 mm perfilho-1 dia-1), na altura de 35 cm. As características morfogênicas e estruturais, bem como da dinâmica populacional de perfilhos não foram influênciadas pelo uso do suplemento alimentar na dieta dos animais / Abstract: Pasture is an important resource of nutrients for ruminate production with low cost. With the increasing food necessity a grate pasture performance is a necessity. Therefore the objective of the present work was to evaluate the morphogenetic and structural characteristics and the tillering dynamics of Marandu grass, managed with continuous stocking in different heights, beyond supplementation with concentrated food in the animal diet. The experiment was carried out at Forragicultura sector in zootecnia department UNESP - Jaboticabal, during December of 2007 to May of 2008 and December of 2008 to May 2009, in an area of 20 hectares divided in 18 sub-areas. The experimental design used was complete randomized with double time repetition (years and moths) in factorial scheme 3x2x2x4 (height x supplementation x years x months). The three heights were 15, 25 e 35 cm with the use of supplementation and mineral salt. Senescence, leaves and stem elongation rate, filocrono, leave life time, leaf final length, number of leaves alive per tiller and surviving tiller rate of Marandu grass showed increase with the pasture heights increase. It was verified the biggest average of leaves alive per tillage (4.55 leaves alive per tillage), leave life time (68 days), leaves elongation rate (11.15 mm tillage-1 day-1), stem elongation rate (0.58 mm tillage-1 day-1), leaf final length (204,29 mm) and senescence rate (5.45 mm tillage-1 day-1) with 35 cm height. The morphogenic and structural characteristics, as the tillering dynamics were not influenced by the food supplementation in animal diet / Orientador: Ana Cláudia Ruggieri / Coorientador: Ricardo Andrade Reis / Banca: André Fischer Sbrissia / Banca: Pedro Luis da Costa Aguiar Alves / Mestre