Le législateur a fait le pari que la lutte contre le risque de défaillance des entreprises pouvait être mieux menée que dans un rapport de confiance avec le débiteur puisqu’en tant que dirigeant de l’entreprise, il est, de facto, la personne la mieux placée. Mais il n’a pas placé cette confiance à tout débiteur. Il l’a fait seulement au débiteur diligent. C’est pourquoi à travers la loi n°2005-845 du 26 juillet 2005 il a créé une autre philosophie qui consiste à le traiter différemment de celui qui est en cessation de paiement. Et au fil des réformes de la loi de sauvegarde, il a davantage creusé cette différence. En effet, qu’il s’agisse des ordonnances (n°2008-1345 du 18 décembre 2008, n°2014-326 du 12 mars 2014 et n°2014-1088 du 26 septembre 2014) et des lois (n°2010-1249 du 22 octobre 2010, n°2015-990 du 6 août 2015 et n°2016-1547 du 18 novembre 2016), il est possible de constater de nombreuses prérogatives reconnues au débiteur diligent. L’objectif étant de le motiver à saisir le juge dès ses premières difficultés, c’est-à-dire en amont de la cessation des paiements. On le retrouve donc aussi bien lorsqu’il s’agit de la protection de l’entreprise que dans le traitement des difficultés, c'est-à-dire pendant la période d’observation et l’adoption du plan. / The legislator was betting that the fight against the risk of business failure could be better conducted than in a relationship of trust with the debtor since, as the company's manager, he is, de facto, the best person. to place. But he did not place this trust in any debtor. He did it only to the diligent debtor. That is why through the law of the n ° 2005-845 of July 26th, 2005 it created another philosophy which consists in treating it differently than that which is less it. And over time reforms of the law of safeguard, he further widened this difference. Indeed, these are the ordinances (n° 2008-1345 of December 18, 2008, n° 2014-326 of March 12, 2014 and n° 2014-1088 of September 26, 2014) and the laws (n° 2010-1249 of 22 October 2010, n° 2015-990 of 6 August 2015 and n° 2016-1547 of 18 November 2016), it is possible to note many prerogatives recognized to the diligent debtor. The aim is to motivate him to seize the judge from his first difficulties, that is to say before the cessation of payments. It is therefore found both in the protection of the company and in the treatment of difficulties, that is to say during the observation period and the adoption of the plan.

Le dispositif des secteurs sauvegardés, créé par la « Loi Malraux » en 1962, avait pour ambition non seulement d’assurer la conservation des ensembles architecturaux historiques mais aussi de leur redonner une place active au sein de la ville contemporaine. Considérés pendant longtemps comme des monuments à part entière, les secteurs sauvegardés tendent depuis une dizaine d’années à s’affirmer comme des lieux d’innovation en matière de réhabilitation architecturale. Ces quartiers anciens, qui ne représentent plus aujourd’hui qu’une infime partie de l’espace urbanisé français, se distinguent par la durabilité des constructions qui les composent et par l’intelligence de leur morphologie. Le cœur historique de Vitré, dont les transformations sont encadrées par un secteur sauvegardé depuis 1976, témoigne de la richesse de l’histoire économique, politique et sociale de la ville depuis le 13ème siècle. Épargné de l’urbanisme brutal qui se généralise dans la première moitié du 20ème siècle grâce à la volonté du service des Monuments historiques, il fait l’objet depuis la création du secteur sauvegardé de nombreuses interventions de restau-ration et de réhabilitation. À partir de l’étude de la ville de Vitré, cette recherche analyse ce qu’était le patrimoine logement avant la création du secteur sauvegardé, ce qu’on en a fait, et ce qu’il tend à devenir. L’étude est présentée en cinq volumes associant le texte (volume I), les cartes, plans, tableaux et documents iconographiques (volume II), ainsi que les notices se rapportant aux études d’inventaire (volume III à V). / The safeguarded sectors plan, created by the "Malraux Law" in 1962, aimed not only to ensure historical architecture sets preservation but also to give them back an active place within the contem-porary city. Considered for a long time as monuments in their own right, the safeguarded sectors have been tending over the past ten years to become innovation places in terms of architectural rehabilitation. These old districts which are today representing only a tiny portion of the french urbanized areas are distinguishable by the durability of their buildings and the cleverness of their morphology. The historic core of Vitré, whose the transformations are regulated by a safeguarded sector since 1976, testify the economic, political, and social richness of the city history from the 13th century. Spared from the brutal city planning which has spread in the first half of the 20th century thanks to the will of the Historic Monuments Department, it has been subject of numerous restoration and rehabilitation since the creation of the safeguarded sector. From the study of the Vitré city, this research looks at the housing heritage before the creation of the safeguarded sector, what has been achieved with it and what it tends to become. The study is composed of five volumes: the text (Volume I), the maps, plans, tables and iconographic documents (Volume II) and the inventory studies catalogue (Volume III to V).

<p>The research paper seeks to investigate the possible ways in which African countries can maximise their benefit from the existing special and differential treatment clauses for trade in agriculture, and, then, make recommendations as to what should be the potential bargaining position of African countries with regard to future trade negotiations on agricultural trade.</p>

<p>The research paper seeks to investigate the possible ways in which African countries can maximise their benefit from the existing special and differential treatment clauses for trade in agriculture, and, then, make recommendations as to what should be the potential bargaining position of African countries with regard to future trade negotiations on agricultural trade.</p>

Tendo como premissas a conformação constitucional do Estado de Direito e das garantias processuais, este estudo pretende ser uma contribuição à dicsussão acerca da utilização da prova pericial, sua admissibilidade, valoração controle, no sistema processual brasileiro. O Estado Democrático de Direito impõe aos seus agentes a motivação, não somente das decisões judiciais, mas de todos os atos que tenham cunho decisório, e imponham alguma restrição, por menor que seja, à liberdade do indivíduo. Por sua vez, o contraditório, expressão do princípio político da participação democrática, afirma a necessidade de possibilitar a participação do indivíduo na formação de uma decisão que afete sua esfera de interesses. A orientação do processo como instrumento a serviço da realização da justiça, e da construção de decisões justas, pressupõe o correto acertamento da verdade fática. Isto impõe que seja adotada uma concepção do fenômeno probatório que a compreenda como um instrumento demonstrativo e epistemológico. Nessa perspectiva, a utilização da prova pericial, especialmente aquelas que se revestem de cunho científico, se mostra um eficaz meio da obtenção da verdade no processo, desde que, tais provas sejam relevantes e confiáveis, demonstrando a necessidade de seu controle. / Taking as premises the conformation of the constitutional rule of law and procedural safeguards, this study is a contribution to the dicsussion about the use of expert evidence, its admissibility, and valuation control, at the Brazilian procedural system. The Democratic State imposes on its agents the motivation, not only of judgments, but of all the acts that have decision-making matrix, and impose some restrictions, however small, in the freedom of the individual. In turn, the contradictory, expression of political principle of democratic participation, says the need to enable participation of the individual in forming a decision that affects their area of interest. The orientation of the process as a tool in the service of achieving justice, and the construction of fair decisions, presupposes a correct assertion of factual truth. This requires that adopted a conception of the phenomenon that the evidence as a tool to understand and epistemological statement. From this perspective, the use of expert testimony, especially those which are of a scientific nature, proves an effective means of obtaining the truth in the process, provided that such evidence is relevant and reliable, demonstrating the need for its control.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A questão do patrimônio vem ganhando destaque nos últimos anos, sendo relacionada a temas e universos sociais variados e bastantes distintos. Este trabalho discute um dos aspectos mais recentes das políticas de patrimônio no Brasil, a política de inventário, registro e salvaguarda, instituída pelo Decreto 3.551. A tônica desta pesquisa foi refletir sobre a dinâmica do processo de transformação de determinadas expressões e práticas culturais em "bens patrimoniais", processo caracterizado aqui como a patrimonialização da cultura. O trabalho discute os impasses decorrentes da aplicação e operacionalização da política do patrimônio imaterial tendo como suporte o estudo do processo de inventário, registro e salvaguarda do jongo no Sudeste, realizado pelas equipes de pesquisa do Centro Nacional de Folclore e Cultura Popular CNFCP como parte do Projeto Celebrações e Saberes da Cultura Popular. / The issue of heritage has been gaining attention in recent years, related to diverse and quite distinct topics and social worlds. This paper discusses one of the most recent aspects of the heritage policies in Brazil, ie, the policy of inventory, registration and safeguard, established by Decree 3551, in 2000. The emphasis of this research was to reflect on the dynamics of the transformation of certain expressions and cultural practices in "patrimonial goods", a process characterized here as patrimonialization of culture. The work aims to discuss the impasse arising from the implementation and operationalization of the intangible heritage policy having as support the study of the inventory, registration and safeguard process of the jongo conducted by research teams of the National Center for Folklore and Popular Culture CNFCP, as part of Celebrations and Knowledge of Popular Culture Project.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A questão do patrimônio vem ganhando destaque nos últimos anos, sendo relacionada a temas e universos sociais variados e bastantes distintos. Este trabalho discute um dos aspectos mais recentes das políticas de patrimônio no Brasil, a política de inventário, registro e salvaguarda, instituída pelo Decreto 3.551. A tônica desta pesquisa foi refletir sobre a dinâmica do processo de transformação de determinadas expressões e práticas culturais em "bens patrimoniais", processo caracterizado aqui como a patrimonialização da cultura. O trabalho discute os impasses decorrentes da aplicação e operacionalização da política do patrimônio imaterial tendo como suporte o estudo do processo de inventário, registro e salvaguarda do jongo no Sudeste, realizado pelas equipes de pesquisa do Centro Nacional de Folclore e Cultura Popular CNFCP como parte do Projeto Celebrações e Saberes da Cultura Popular. / The issue of heritage has been gaining attention in recent years, related to diverse and quite distinct topics and social worlds. This paper discusses one of the most recent aspects of the heritage policies in Brazil, ie, the policy of inventory, registration and safeguard, established by Decree 3551, in 2000. The emphasis of this research was to reflect on the dynamics of the transformation of certain expressions and cultural practices in "patrimonial goods", a process characterized here as patrimonialization of culture. The work aims to discuss the impasse arising from the implementation and operationalization of the intangible heritage policy having as support the study of the inventory, registration and safeguard process of the jongo conducted by research teams of the National Center for Folklore and Popular Culture CNFCP, as part of Celebrations and Knowledge of Popular Culture Project.

Tendo como premissas a conformação constitucional do Estado de Direito e das garantias processuais, este estudo pretende ser uma contribuição à dicsussão acerca da utilização da prova pericial, sua admissibilidade, valoração controle, no sistema processual brasileiro. O Estado Democrático de Direito impõe aos seus agentes a motivação, não somente das decisões judiciais, mas de todos os atos que tenham cunho decisório, e imponham alguma restrição, por menor que seja, à liberdade do indivíduo. Por sua vez, o contraditório, expressão do princípio político da participação democrática, afirma a necessidade de possibilitar a participação do indivíduo na formação de uma decisão que afete sua esfera de interesses. A orientação do processo como instrumento a serviço da realização da justiça, e da construção de decisões justas, pressupõe o correto acertamento da verdade fática. Isto impõe que seja adotada uma concepção do fenômeno probatório que a compreenda como um instrumento demonstrativo e epistemológico. Nessa perspectiva, a utilização da prova pericial, especialmente aquelas que se revestem de cunho científico, se mostra um eficaz meio da obtenção da verdade no processo, desde que, tais provas sejam relevantes e confiáveis, demonstrando a necessidade de seu controle. / Taking as premises the conformation of the constitutional rule of law and procedural safeguards, this study is a contribution to the dicsussion about the use of expert evidence, its admissibility, and valuation control, at the Brazilian procedural system. The Democratic State imposes on its agents the motivation, not only of judgments, but of all the acts that have decision-making matrix, and impose some restrictions, however small, in the freedom of the individual. In turn, the contradictory, expression of political principle of democratic participation, says the need to enable participation of the individual in forming a decision that affects their area of interest. The orientation of the process as a tool in the service of achieving justice, and the construction of fair decisions, presupposes a correct assertion of factual truth. This requires that adopted a conception of the phenomenon that the evidence as a tool to understand and epistemological statement. From this perspective, the use of expert testimony, especially those which are of a scientific nature, proves an effective means of obtaining the truth in the process, provided that such evidence is relevant and reliable, demonstrating the need for its control.

Magister Legum - LLM / The research paper seeks to investigate the possible ways in which African countries can maximise their benefit from the existing special and differential treatment clauses for trade in agriculture, and, then, make recommendations as to what should be the potential bargaining position of African countries with regard to future trade negotiations on agricultural trade. / South Africa

Si l’on reste dans les généralités, le droit français et le droit saoudien consacrent des solutions analogues aux entreprises en difficulté : ils prévoient l’un et l’autre la possibilité d’un traitement non contentieux des difficultés par le recours à un accord entre le débiteur et ses créanciers ; si ce traitement n’aboutit pas, une procédure collective sera mise en place. Mais la philosophie des deux systèmes est loin d’être la même : la principale préoccupation du droit français est de parvenir à sauver l’entreprise qu’il considère comme créatrice de richesses et d’emplois, alors que le droit saoudien n’a pour l’essentiel qu’une seule préoccupation, celle de sauvegarder les droits des créanciers. Pour réaliser les objectifs qu’il recherche, le droit français multiplie ses interventions en la matière, alors que le droit saoudien en reste à son règlement du 2 juin 1931 sur la faillite et à son décret sur la conciliation préventive de la faillite du 24 janvier 1996. A la complexité du système français du traitement des entreprises en difficulté correspond la simplicité du système saoudien. L’examen des problèmes de base en la matière conduit à s’interroger sur l’existence d’une troisième solution. / At a general level, French law and Saudi law provide similar solutions to companies facing financial difficulties: they both provide for the possibility of a non-contentious treatment of the difficulties through an agreement between the debtor and its creditors; if this process fails, an insolvency procedure will be initiated. However, the philosophy of the two systems is far from being the same: the main concern of French law is to achieve save the company, that it considers being creative of wealth and jobs, whereas Saudi law has essentially the concern of securing the creditors' rights. To achieve its objectives, French law has been very active in this area, while the Saudi law remains in its Regulation of 2 June 1931 on bankruptcy and its decree on preventive conciliation of bankruptcy dated 24 January 1996. Where the French insolvency system is complex, the Saudi one is simple. The analysis of the basic issues in this area leads to wonder whether a third route could be considered.