Nous nous proposons de suivre l’histoire du portrait littéraire et la place de Molière en tant que portraitiste dans deux de ses piè ces les plus célèbres, Le Tartuffe et Le Misanthrope. Molière déplace l’intérêt de l’action dans ses comédies vers les portraits des personnages. S’appuyant sur les principes des Anciens : « castigat ridendo mores », Molière rév èle à travers les portraits, les vices, surtout l’hypocrisie, et l’importance du masque dans la société du XVIIe siècle. La grande varié ;té des portraits sera illustrée de nombreux exemples. Nous nous intéressons aux diverses fonctions des portraits. Ils dévoilent l’intérêt pour le réalisme psychologique et témoignent d’une mode de divertissement mondain. En mettant l’accent sur les défauts et le ridicule des personnages, avec les portraits, les pièces se chargent d’une dimension satirique.

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Littérature française--Lille 3, 2005. / Bibliogr. p. 517-576. Index.

This dissertation analyzes the discourse of three infotainment television shows built around their hosts – characters who have gained considerable importance and influence in their respective countries: American Jon Stewart (host of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart); British comedian Sacha Baron Cohen (the actor who incarnates the popular characters Borat, Bruno, and Ali G in the Da Ali G Show), and Peruvian Jaime Bayly (host of the Peruvian TV show El Francotirador/The Sniper). These three shows responded to their specific national, cultural, social, and political contexts, while simultaneously demonstrating important similarities: they parody journalistic genres while questioning traditional journalism authority and arbitrary media norms; they use humor to develop political, social, and cultural critiques; and they revolve around a talented character who is a media celebrity. Drawing upon theory and literature related to media spectacle, infotainment, tabloidization, celebrity, and the carnivalesque, this research analyzes the three media characters’ discourse and critiques within their respective national and cultural contexts in order to understand their role in those societies and how they negotiate discursive power in the public sphere. This analysis also seeks to reveal how Stewart challenges the mainstream news media by exposing the difficulties of debate in the U.S.; how the subaltern voices of Ali G, Bruno, and Borat position Sacha Baron Cohen to confront hegemonic culture and identity; and how ambiguity and contradiction allow Bayly to be a transgressor in a society where entertainment has a particular political history. This research establishes commonalities and differences among these three representative cases in relation to the broader, global phenomenon of satiric infotainment, and introduces the notion of “critical infotainment” to characterize this satiric trend that combines entertainment, comedy, journalism, popular culture, and politics to develop social critique. Critical infotainment is interpreted as a result of and a transgressive reaction to the process of tabloidization and the cult of celebrity in the media spectacle era. Finally, this dissertation includes recommendations for future critical infotainment experiments to fill the gap left by the traditional press in today’s mediascape. / text

Les chansons populaires et les bouts rimés, sources trop longtemps négligées par l'historiographie, offrent une lunette d'observation originale pour qui désire étudier une société. À travers leurs propos, il est permis de découvrir les traces d'une culture populaire où une multitude d'informations circule dans toutes les classes sociales, démocratisant ainsi l'accès à l'information grâce au caractère oral souvent attaché à la forme brève versifiée. Réfutant l'idée d'opposition entre une culture populaire et une autre réservée aux élites, l'analyse de la poésie d'actualité à Paris au début de la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle permet d'affirmer l'existence d'une « culture ordinaire » où tous ont la capacité d'acquérir des bases communes. Parmi celles-ci il est permis, à l'aide d'une analyse sérielle, qualitative et d'une confrontation des propos de la poésie d'actualité et d'une écriture de témoignage, de dégager une importante présence d'informations politiques participant alors à une politisation ordinaire de la société. Les chansons et les bouts rimés circulant dans les années 1750 donnent l'occasion au peuple de s'initier à la politique du royaume et ce processus est stimulé par une culture du divertissement dans laquelle la poésie d'actualité s'inscrit. L'étude comparée des propos des chansons et bouts rimés permet de déceler la présence d'une opinion publique défavorable à la monarchie qui prend racine dans toutes les classes sociales de la population allant jusqu'à témoigner de la désacralisation royale qui s'amorce au tournant des années 1750. De ce fait, l'analyse de la poésie d'actualité nous offre la possibilité de découvrir un médium de communication puissant et qui, grâce à son caractère oral, démocratise l'accès à l'information bien plus que les livres et gazettes qui sont, à l'époque, l'apanage d'un groupe plus restreint de lecteurs. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : chanson, poésie, culture, politique, satire, Paris, XVIIIe siècle

Cette thèse est le fruit d'une étude comparative de la peinture et de la poésie des XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Dans ce document, la poésie et la peinture se répondent, s'entrecroisent, s'éclairent à tour de rôle, grâce à une analyse comparée des similitudes et différences qu'elles expriment sur le même thème, qui est le portrait satirique baroque. Notre étude est ancrée dans une approche esthétique de l'univers visuel baroque, et met l'accent sur la réception des œuvres d'art par le spectateur. Quant à la poésie, nous nous éloignerons du modèle classique de la satire, pour pénétrer la littérature satirique, riche d'une langue imagée, et bien souvent obscène. Notre thèse est composée de cinq chapitres. Nous donnerons tout d'abord une définition du portrait en poésie et en peinture. Dans un deuxième temps, nous montrerons qu'en représentant un individu, l'artiste dévoile également son âme, et que, dans cette époque tourmentée, l'âme apparaît à travers laideur et difformité dans les portraits sociaux et misogynes. Le troisième chapitre sera consacré à la notion d'esthétique paradoxale, qui montre l'homme et l'univers de façon renversée, comme un écho au monde bouleversé du tournant de XVIème siècle, avec les conséquences que cela implique sur le récepteur de l'œuvre d'art. Nous analyserons ensuite plus particulièrement la poésie misogyne de Sigogne, avant de conclure notre travail sur l'étude du monde fantastique et surnaturel qui s'empare de sa poésie, et de la poésie baroque de manière générale.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation examines the novel Os tambores silenciosos (1977), by Josué Guimarães, and attemps to verify how the elements of the grotesque, the satire and carnivalization are used to construct the characters and the plot with the purpose of a critical representation of two critical historical periods corresponding with each other: the 1930 s and the contemporary construction of the text - the 1970 s. The censorship, the authoritarianism and the political repression are common to both periods. These aspects are dramatized in Os tambores silenciosos, which employs satirical elements and the construction of unusual situations that represent military and their arbitrary attitudes, flattering and weak politicians and violent policemen, denouncing the arbitrariness of a dictatorial regime. This work aims to highlight the grotesque, the carnivalization and the menippean satire, based on the Mikhail Bakhtin s theoretical formulations, in order to understand adequately the relations suggested by the presence of comic and unusual events in the novel under consideration. / Esta dissertação analisa o romance Os tambores Silenciosos (1977) e busca verificar como os elementos do grotesco, da sátira e da carnavalização são utilizados na construção das personagens e do enredo com vistas à representação crítica de dois períodos históricos correspondentes entre si: a década de 1930 e a época contemporânea à construção do texto década de 1970. A censura, o autoritarismo e a repressão política são comuns aos dois períodos. Tais aspectos são tematizados em Os tambores silenciosos, que se vale de elementos satíricos e insólitos na construção de personagens e situações que representam militares e suas atitudes arbitrárias, políticos impotentes e bajuladores e policiais violentos, denunciando a arbitrariedade de um regime ditatorial. Esta dissertação, ao destacar o grotesco, a carnavalização e a sátira menipéia, com base nas formulações teóricas de Mikhail Bakhtin, busca compreender adequadamente as relações sugeridas pela presença do cômico e do insólito na obra de Josué Guimarães.

This research pursuits analyze inside of universal literacy that is multiple, the satirical poems of Brazilian writer of Romanticism called Luiz Gama. Making analysis in theories supported by studies in a satirical humor in literature, we will observe as this humor was configured in a poetical structure like social and politics critique form in XIX century. Moreover, we analyze like the critical literary was revealed, in a white and elitist literary environment in a formation of the Brazilian literary canon. With this, the investigation will settle the artistic productions from this poet who was strongly constituted literarily cut above the previously established canonic concepts in period of his production, assuming with this, a position of ethical formularizations from the uncommon, but behold for literary field. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A pesquisa analisa, com base em estudos críticos como os de Henri Bergson e Georges Minois, que analisaram a inserção crítica do riso satírico na literatura, a contribuição do poeta do Romantismo brasileiro Luiz Gama, cujos versos foram estruturados poeticamente sob a forma de crítica social e política no século XIX. Além disso, analisa e classifica, frente à recepção do texto, no qual o leitor teve papel de destaque, uma poesia-comunicação social , observando sua recepção diante da crítica literária daquele momento histórico que, normalmente, se situava em um ambiente literário branco e elitista quando do julgamento da formação do cânone literário brasileiro. Com isso, as investigações povoarão as produções artísticas desse poeta que se constituiu inovador literariamente, frente aos conceitos canônicos preestabelecidos no período de sua produção, assumindo com isso, uma posição de formulações éticas do incomum, mas contemplada pelo campo literário.

The aim of this dissertation is to critically explore elements of comedy and satiric elements in two television dramas of D.M. Mothibi, / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

The work aims to analyse and interpret the Czech satirical output of the second half of the 19th century considering the so called Parnassianism. Following the work Concepts of Satire in the National Revival Literature, the first part introduces the genre of satire, its origination and forming during the literary history, then the concept of Parnassianism is worked out together with its current state of research. In the second part, the initial premises are confronted with the results of the studies of the particular works in which the poetics and the literary genre are implemented. The attention is paid to the pieces written by S. Čech: poems Evropa, Hanuman and Šotek and three prosaic texts with the main character called Matěj Brouček - Pravý výlet pana Broučka do Měsíce, Nový epochální výlet pana Broučka, tentokráte do XV. století and Matěj Brouček na výstavě.

Este trabalho inclui a tradução e análise do romance História de uma cidade (1869) do escritor russo Mikhail Evgráfovitch Saltykov-Schedrin (1826-1889). Trata-se de uma obra essencialmente satírica e paródica, que descreve os governantes e o povo de um local fantástico, onde o desvario e o despotismo daqueles conjugam-se com a ignorância e a passividade deste. Ao discutir questões de poder, Saltykov-Schedrin recorre a dados históricos sobre a Rússia e parodia, inclusive, o estilo dos livros de história. Apesar da ligação estreita com a versão histórica oficial, na qualidade de obra literária, o romance ganha um colorido cômico e irônico, mesclando fatos da época do surgimento da nação com acontecimentos pontuais da segunda metade do século XIX. Propõe-se aqui analisar os procedimentos estilísticos e linguísticos que distinguem o autor e a obra. / This work offers a direct translation from Russian into Portuguese of History of a town (1869) written by the Russian author Mikhail Evgrafovitch Saltykov-Schedrin (1826-1889) and analyses its satirical aspects. The author depicts in this novel a fantastic town, where despotic governors rule passive people. Discussing political and social problems of Russia in the 19th century, Saltykov-Schedrin also talks about power relation in every society. With irony and humor, the novel is closely related to the Russian history and in this sense parodies history books. Besides its close relation to history, the novel is a literary masterpiece, combining comic caricatures of Russian sovereigns and ministers and the foolish way in which people react to them. The first part of this work deals with the translation; the second presents some linguistic and stylistic aspects of the novel.