Acidification of precipitation is an important environmental problem that emerged during the past century, especially after the Second World War. Acidification was primarily caused by human-made emissions of SOx (mostly SO2) and NOx, which are oxidized sulfur and nitrogen gases. The main sources of anthropogenic SOx emissions are non-ferrous ore refining, and the burning of fossil fuels and biofuels. SO2 emitted to the atmosphere combines with water vapor to produce sulfuric acid, which is one of the main compounds responsible for acid precipitation. In the 1970s and 1980s, more strict regulations regarding emissions of air pollutants such as SOx were established in Western Europe and North America, which led to declining levels of SO2 emissions and by this, declining levels of acidification in surface waters. This project was preformed by assembling and analyzing existing, publicly- available datasets of anthropogenic SO2 emissions for the period 1970 to 2010 from ten different regions in the Northern Hemisphere, and compare them with SO42- concentrations in precipitation and river chemistry in Sweden and Norway for the same period. It was discovered that it is the SO2 emissions from Northwestern Europe, the UK & Ireland and from the USA that have the greatest influence over the SO42- concentration in Scandinavian rivers. The SO42- concentration in stream water is also declining faster than the concentration in precipitation, with a faster decline in the southern parts of Scandinavia. / Försurning av nederbörd är ett miljöproblem som uppstod under det senaste århundradet, särskilt efter andra världskriget. Försurningen orsakades främst av mänskliga utsläpp av SOx (mestadels SO2) och NOx, vilka är oxiderade svavel- och kvävgaser. Huvudkällorna för dessa antropogena SOx-utsläpp är malmförädling samt förbränning av fossila bränslen och biobränslen. SO2 som släpps ut i atmosfären reagerar med vattenånga och bildar svavelsyra, vilket är en av huvudföreningarna ansvarig för sur nederbörd. På 1970- och 1980-talet fastställdes strängare bestämmelser beträffande utsläpp av luftföroreningar (som SOx) i Västra Europa och i Nordamerika. Detta ledde till minskande nivåer av SO2-utsläpp och genom denna sänkning även en minskning av försurning av ytvatten. Det här arbetet utfördes genom att befintlig, offentligt tillgänglig data samlades in och analyserades. Antropogena SO2-utsläpp för perioden 1970-2010 från tio olika regioner på norra halvklotet jämfördes med koncentrationer av SO42- i nederbörd och i vattendrag i Sverige och Norge för samma period. Genom detta fastslogs att de regioner som har störst inflytande över koncentrationen i skandinaviska vattendrag är SO2-utsläpp från nordvästra Europa, Storbritannien och Irland samt från USA. SO42- koncentrationen i vattendragen sjunker också snabbare än koncentrationen i nederbörden, med en snabbare nedgång i de södra delarna av Skandinavien.

De moderna beskrivningarna av Gotlands invasion 1361 delar ett ofta använt narrativ, där de gotländska och danska arméerna beskrivs som motsatser. Den danska armén sägs ha bestått av proffs, som var välutbildade och välutrustade. Den gotländska bondemilisen är däremot beskriven som en bondehop, dåligt utbildad och utrustad med föråldrade vapen och rustningar. Men hur stämmer det här narrativet om den gotländska bondemilisen med källorna? I den här uppsatsen studeras den gotländska bondemilisen utifrån samtida källor, regleringar genom lagar och representation i massgravarna efter slaget vid Visby.  Detta genom en källpluralistisk metod där skriftligt och arkeologiskt materialet studeras, i kombination av isotopanalyser på mänskliga kvarlevor. Detta som svar på det moderna narrativet och historiografin om invasionen av Gotland 1361.

Russia has since the beginning of the Cold War been a security problem and a threat to the Scandinavian countries, this considered by the countries' respective intelligence service, actors that are analysing Russia and the threat to the countries. However, information about Russia as a threat from the intelligence services' own perspective has so far been limited to information related to the Cold War period. This study thus aims to fill the research gap that exists on how intelligence services currently view Russia and contribute to more knowledge about how they view the threat from Russia, through their annual reports concerning the years 2012-2019. These annual reports are published by the intelligence services and describe their focus areas. This thesis uses a qualitative method to study the annual reports. To analyse what emerged from the annual reports, three different analytical frameworks are used: Buzan’s expanded security concept, the regional security complex theory and the balance of threat theory. What has emerged from examining these annual reports is that the threat from Russia has become increasingly complex and that Russia today and in contrast to the Cold War period, operates not only in the traditional military and political sector, but also in the economic and the societal sector. Based on the intelligence services' annual reports, Russia has increased as a threat and affects more regions concerning the security than its own. In order to be able to fully understand Scandinavia's region and security, Russia as a threat to the countries must be included. Sweden has not chosen to respond to the threat from Russia by joining NATO, where both Denmark and Norway are already members. The three Scandinavian countries have responded to the threat from Russia by increasing their focus on the national defence.

The inland of northern Scandinavia has received more attention in archaeological research in recent years than before. This has among other things resulted in a better understanding of the trading systems within Iron Age Scandinavia and highlighted the importance of raw materials produced in the boreal regions. A significant part of the iron, antler and furs used in central agricultural areas like the Mälaren Valley during the Iron Age originated in northern Sweden. This indicates that central places to the south were dependent on products from the forested areas of the north, and that the two probably would have developed differently without this relation. The aim of this study is to perform a spatial analysis of swords found in northern Sweden to better understand the contacts and trading systems within the region during the middle and late Iron Age. This is based on the hypothesis that the swords indicate places with important functions, and that they are especially prominent in areas which controlled the trade of products like iron, antler, and furs. The results of the study show that swords are most frequent in agricultural areas by the coast connected to the largest rivers, where these raw materials were mainly transported. This pattern is apparent in all represented periods of the Iron Age except for the Vendel Period from which most swords have been found in outland locations far from the coast. This indicates that the Vendel Period differs clearly from other periods of the Iron Age in northern Sweden, concerning how the inter-regional trade was performed.

New research has shed light on the origin of the Danish glass beads dating to the BronzeAge and the increase in long-distance exchange during this period. This has provided newknowledge about glass beads during the Bronze Age, which unlocked the question of whatit looks like in the rest of Scandinavia. To get a broader perspective I have chosen to studythe first evidence of early craft sites where glass beads were made in Scandinavia. Then acomparison is made between the Bronze and Iron Ages from a broader perspective, whichincludes both the use of glass beads and the glass productions sites. I have therefore chosento study glass beads from a long-term perspective, from the introduction of the first glassbeads in Scandinavia during the Early Bronze Age until the Vendel period when the firstglass beads were manufactured in Scandinavia. By studying glass beads from a long-termperspective, we can learn more about the significance of glass beads in society.

The diploma thesis is focused on project documentation of Meat packing plant. Along with meat processing the documentation solve question of accomodation for employees. Building consists of two main sections: The processing – it is structured under requierements of meat packing industry. Second one is residential part set in 2nd, 3rd and 4th floor. Main inspiration for design are meat packing plants in Scandinavian countries, where is often need to provide accomodation to employess because of disadvantageous geographic locality. Building is built of Heluz building system, perimeter walls consists of insulation filled blocks. Building is without basement and it is based on footings of plaint. The roof is flat, partially designed as extensive green roof. Isover system is used to thermal insulation. A part of object is also asphalted plain for transport goods to and from the meat packing plant.

Scandinavian rock carvings can be described as the special rock art languages that were written by prehistoric humans to express their ideas, beliefs and thoughts. Each piece of figurative motif language might tell a prehistoric story about for instance domestic life, social practice, ritual or cosmology. Among different motifs such as ship, human and animal, the wheel cross has received comparatively less attention. The wheel cross has many different variations, where the motif’s ambiguity and possible changing relations to other motifs as well as its relation to the rock itself and landscape over time, have not been studied in greater detail. To fill this gap, this work is aimed at investigating the multiple expressions and possible meanings of the wheel cross motif over time in South Scandinavian rock carvings. Two case study areas with rich rock carvings, Tanum and Enköping, located in the southwest and southeast of Sweden, respectively, are selected. The rock carving materials where the wheel cross motif is present are processed by chorological and chronological studies. A simple and general method is proposed to reconstruct the prehistoric shoreline of Scandinavia. The chronology of the wheel cross motif is analysed with stylistic and shoreline dating methods. The results of the chronological study are then analysed in a cultural-historical-geographical context using an intercontextual interpretation and comparative analysis method. It is suggested that the various visual expressions of the wheel cross, such as the wheel of a wagon or as the shield covering a human torso, have unique symbolic meanings beyond their practical and physical counterparts. With a cosmological meaning as the sun, and a religious meaning as a god, the wheel cross becomes the symbol of moving, fertility, power and life, which has been integrated into not only the rituals but also the domestic life of South Scandinavian society. Although the wheel cross motif is limited in number, its various forms, relating to other motifs, are argued to reflect how the Bronze Age society of Scandinavia imported and developed ideas, artefacts, stories, etc., from foreign cultures in Continental Europe and the Mediterranean area. Like the spoke physically supporting the cart, the wheel cross acts as the lifeline that closely links the landscape, ritual, artefact, human, and other materialities, to mentally support the South Scandinavian society. / Skandinaviens hällristningar kan på ett sätt beskrivas som ett slags språk, som ristats i berg av förhistoriska människor för att uttrycka till exempel idéer, social praxis, övertygelser och tankar. Varje figurativt motivspråk kan sägas framföra en förhistorisk berättelse om exempelvis det vardagliga livet, ritualer och/eller kosmologier. Bland olika motiv som skepp, människor och djur har det motiv som oftast kallas hjulkors jämförelsevis fått mindre uppmärksamhet. Hjulkorset finns i flera olika utföranden, och just motivets flertydighet i kombination med en studie av motivets relation till andra motiv, själva berghällarna samt plats i landskapet, har inte studerats detaljerat i någon större utsträckning. För att råda bot på denna kunskapsbrist syftar detta arbete till att undersöka motivets flerfaldiga uttryckssätt och möjliga betydelser i södra Skandinavien. För syftet har två fallstudieområden valts i Sverige, vilka bägge har rikligt med hällristningar. Den ena området är Tanum, beläget i sydvästra delen av Sydskandinavien, och Enköping, beläget i dess sydöstra del. Hällristningslokaler där hjulkors förekommer analyseras på flera sätt. En korologisk och kronologisk görs. En enkel och allmängiltig metod utvecklas vidare för att rekonstruera Skandinaviens förhistoriska strandlinjer. Kronologin för hjulkors utförs bland annat utifrån en stilistisk metod och en strandlinjedateringsmetod. Resultaten från den kronologiska studien analyseras sedan i ett kulturhistoriskt-geografiskt sammanhang med användande av en interkontextuell tolkningsmetod och en jämförande analysmetod. Det föreslås att de olika visuella uttryck i vilka hjulkors förekom, såsom exempelvis i form av vagnshjulet, eller i form av en sköld som täcker en mänsklig överkropp eller torso, har unika symboliska betydelser, utöver sina praktiska och fysiska motsvarigheter. Med en kosmologisk betydelse som solen och en religiös betydelse som gud, blir hjulkors-motivet en möjlig synonym för rörelse, fruktbarhet, makt och liv. Som sådan har den inte bara integrerats i ritualerna utan också i det vardagliga livet i de sydskandinaviska samhällena. Även om hjulkorsen är begränsade i antal, kan deras olika former och relation till andra motiv visa aspekter av hur bronsåldersamhället i Skandinavien importerade och utvecklade idéer, artefakter, berättelser och annat från främmande kulturer i Kontinentaleuropa och Medelhavsområdet. Liksom korset i betydelsen ekrar fysiskt stödjer ett vagnshjul fungerar hjulkorset även som en typ av livslinje som kopplade samman en mängd relationella företeelser, som var nödvändiga för det sydskandinaviska samhällets funktion på en mängd nivåer, exempelvis landskapet, ritualerna, artefakterna, människorna och förstås alla dessas samskapande och samverkande materialiteter.

Through social landscape theory the aim of this thesis is to broaden the understanding of the bronze age monumental graves on the coast of Norrland. Questions about similarities between the stone ship settings and long cairns are analysed by looking at size and placement in the landscape. This shows the possible connections between the two construction types and were questioned throughout the process of writing. A reconstructed shoreline set to Late Nordic Bronze Age period IV, has been analysed by looking at the monuments placement to see possible connections through a maritory between Norrland and southern Sweden. In this thesis I have incorporated some instances of Gotlandic as well as other stone ship settings and long cairns from the Baltic Sea area, to strengthen the point of a possible maritory that connected the societies of northern Sweden with the societies placed around the Baltic Sea. The long cairns can be found in Gävleborg’s county from Söderala parish along the coast all the way up to Byske parish in Västerbotten’s county and seem to be constructed in a way that follow the shape of the mountain, with some anomalies. Stone ship settings can usually be found along the mouth of rivers and are placed more specific in the environment, where the orientation seems to relate to the ancient shoreline and in some cases the monument even point towards plausible routes that would be possible to follow with a ship inland. There is a clear concentration of all monument types in Västernorrland’s county, more specifically around the area of Docksta. The placement of the monuments above sea level in relation to the ancient shoreline, seems to be varied, with no clear rule of what height they should lay on. Many similarities can be found between the two, yet so many differences that only can be answered by excavations of more monuments. Further research and excavations is needed in Norrland with focus on the Bronze Age, which is crucial for the understanding of Sweden’s northern coastal areas and the trade across the Baltic Sea.

This study examines uncontested human remains from a staff- and institutional perspective in Scandinavia. Focusing on Sweden and Denmark, this study aims to understand more of the practice and approach concerning the Egyptian mummy, Bog bodies and Relics. Today, human remains are debated and treated in different ways depending on different ethical issues concerning the category. Here, we can talk about contested and uncontested human remains. Contested human remains is, for example, ancestral remains belonging to indigenous groups or remains of a more modern date that are deemed for have been inappropriately handled historically. The uncontested human remains however, are remains that do not fit in given examples above and that have not been seen as problematic as the contested human remains. With that said, the uncontested human remains are more prone to be covered, moved around or discussed, but in the end of the day they are still there in the exhibition or in the collection and not removed. This study is based on Tiffany Jenkins (2011) definition about the contested and uncontested and Berit Sellevold’s (2013) figure of ethical aspects in which groups of people and researchers view certain remains. Arisen from these theories and the earlier research of human remains this study attempts to examine the practice and the approach about uncontested human remains. The result of the nine case studies in this thesis shows that the Egyptian mummy, Bog bodies and Relics are used and being used for bringing human beings closer the human remains as the individuals they are and for telling stories of the past. In a concrete way of understanding this, it is the staff of the institution that makes this use and approach possible neither if it’s connecting humans to the individual, the history or the religious sphere. Two main results from this study are that the appearance and context are highly affecting whether the institution, mainly the museum, chooses to exhibit uncontested human remains or not. This is a two years master’s thesis in Museum and Cultural Heritage Studies.

Denna kandidatuppsats täcker användningen, deponeringen och handeln av Hallstattsvärd i Sverige under den yngre bronsåldern. Mycket har sagts om fynden, spridning och användning av svärden som hittats inom Hallstattkulturens geografiska gränser men jämförelsevis har lite skrivits om den rika samlingen av Hallstattsvärd som hittats i Sydskandinavien. Denna avhandling syftar till att diskutera kontexten kring dessa fynd genom rumslig och jämförande analys tillsammans med tolkningar av tidigare forskning för att ta reda på hur dessa främmande föremål kan ha använts utanför deras ursprungsområde. Resultaten drar slutsatsen att de svenska Hallstattsvärden har deponerats i de traditioner som rådde i Skandinavien under YBÅ, många av dessa visar även spår av lokal produktion. Svärdens eggskador tyder även på att de kan ha använts annorlunda från den tolkade användningen som kavallerivapen inom Hallstatt. Svärden har tolkats ur ett postprocessuellt perspektiv som levande föremål vars förstörelse och deponering efterliknar den mänskliga användarens död och begravning. / This bachelor’s thesis covers the usage, deposition and trade of hallstatt swords in Sweden during the late bronze age. While much has been said about the findings of hallstatt swords within the geographical boundaries of the Hallstatt culture comparably little has been written about the rich collection of the same swords found in southern Scandinavia. This thesis aims to discuss the context of these findings through spatial and comparative analysis together with the interpretations of previous archaeologists to figure out how these foreign objects may have been used outside of their area of origin. The findings conclude that the Swedish hallstatt swords have been deposited in the traditions prevalent in Scandinavia at the time and many of them show signs of local production. The blade damage prevalent on some swords suggest a different usage from the perceived cavalry weapons observed in Hallstatt. The swords have been interpreted from a post processual perspective as living objects whos destruction and deposit mimics that of the death and burial of the human user.