Masters in Public Administration - MPA / This study examined the institutional challenges facing the City of Windhoek in the provision of water supply and sanitation in the Havana Informal Settlement. Like most cities in developing countries, Namibia is faced with the triple challenge of poverty, unemployment and inequality, even though Namibia after its liberation developed several policies to ensure that equitable service delivery is provided to all its citizens. Approximately 60% of the city’s population resides in informal settlements, with inadequate and poor service delivery such as sanitation and water supply. External factors such as climate change amongst others have a huge impact in a water-scarce country such as Namibia on attaining the sustainability of water resources.

Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / In this thesis I explore dispute resolution mechanisms within the context of the Extension of Security of Tenure Act, 62 of 1997 (ESTA) and more generally the extent to which the law and the court can be used to effect social change. I examine dispute resolution processes that parties to farm tenure utilise towards exercising their land rights. I give practical demonstrations of how parties on farms utilised processes to resolve eviction and burial disputes on farms in Limpopo province, South Africa. I focus on four case studies from farm dweller cases from Vhembe district, two evictions and two burials. The thesis compares and contrasts the cases settled through out of court settlements with those decided through the court processes. It is based on case files kept at the Nkuzi Development Association (Nkuzi) Elim office and follow up interviews with farm occupiers as well as court judgments on cases that were decided in court. I argue that decisions on choosing appropriate dispute resolution processes are determined by the parties’ economic position and the availability of land reform support Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and lawyers. The findings drawn from the case studies show that ESTA dispute resolution mechanisms do not give choices to the parties in deciding how best to resolve tenure disputes they face, rather, they are forced to approach the courts. Parties to farm tenure disputes face challenges in using mediation and arbitration processes due to a lack of support from the relevant government agencies. These challenges ultimately deprive parties in disputes from making effective choices when deciding on a dispute resolution process that is appropriate for the dispute they are confronted with. This study concludes that ESTA is limited when offering necessary choices to the farm parties in disputes. The findings of this study point to the need for amendment of ESTA to provide parties in farm disputes with a choice of using mediation or arbitration processes directly as an alternative for those who do not want to resolve the dispute in court. In addition, an amendment should include the negotiation process and make the use of negotiation, mediation and arbitration compulsory for parties to first exhaust their use before approaching the court.

The study is shortly presenting the urbanization-saga and the human settlement progression. It then proceeds to identify different types of tenure and the pertained definitions as such. The thesis will review and assess the strategies for Secure Tenure provided by UN-Habitat on an international and national level, as well as analyze the implementation tools brought forward. Diverse tenure policies and tools will be evaluated with an anchoring in the case study of Malawi and its National Land Policy and the implementation of the same.

Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / Fast track land reform in Zimbabwe has caused a raging debate drawing a lot of attention to the re-distribution programme. The invasion of commercial farms had a bearing on agricultural production, food security, security of tenure, rule of law and respect for property rights. This thesis examines the implications of such a frayed land reform resulting in strained donor and government relations. The crux of the argument is that land reform is harmful and damaging when the rule of law is flouted, directly impacting on social and power relations at grassroots level. These strained relations result from a lack of commitment by government, external donors and white commercial farmers to correct land injustices from the colonial period and ineffective agencies of restraint. This thesis will test these perceptions and views basing on the experiences of the grassroots people. It will also attempt to test whether the land question in Zimbabwe has finally been resolved or there are still aspects to it that need attention, since land reform is often viewed in moral and political terms. Was poverty alleviation prioritized in fast track land reform by giving land to the landless poor; to help redress population imbalances or meant to reward those who struggled for liberation? The thesis attempts to answer the question of ‘equity’ or restructuring of access over production and ownership of land. It then questions the equity trump card as touted by the government. Did the government commit another injustice while trying to redress past injustices by overlooking the rightful claimants in favour of entrenching state power? This thesis contributes to the raging debate on fast track land reform in Zimbabwe, using the case study of UMguza resettlement scheme.

Examensarbetets titel - Besittningsskyddets balansering mellan hyresgäst och hyresvärd.Inlämningsdatum - 2017-05-18.Kurs - FF321F Fastighetsvetenskap: examensarbete.Författare - Johanna Helm, Catharina Swartz.Handledare - Peter Gottschalk.Nyckelord - Besittningsskydd, hyresgäst, hyresvärd, förverkandegrunder,hyresrätt, rättsfallSyfte - Syftet med studien är att analysera besittningsskyddet och se omdet är i behov av att balanseras om.Metod - Vi har valt att använda en rättsdogmatisk metod till denna studiedå den är bäst lämpad. Vi har bland annat studerat och fastställtgällande rätt, men även historien bakom besittningsskyddetsuppkomst. Detta gjordes genom att studera rättskälleläran sominnefattar lagar, propositioner, offentliga utredningar, rättspraxisoch doktrin.Gällande rätt - Vi har valt att fokusera på besittningsskyddets förverkandegrunderobetald hyra, vanvård av bostad, brottslig verksamhet samt olovligöverlåtelse. Vi har studerat rättsfall och domslut kring dessa.Analys och slutsats - Vi har kommit fram till att besittningsskyddet borde omformulerasnär det kommer till obetald hyra och vanvård av bostad. Det hadeäven varit bra om det förtydligats inom brottslig verksamhet då detär många rekvisit som ska uppfyllas. / Title - The balancing of the security of tenure between the tenant and thelandlord.Date - of submission 2017-05-18.Course - FF321F Real Estate Science: Degree Thesis.Authors - Johanna Helm, Catharina Swartz.Advisor - Peter Gottschalk.Key words - Security of tenure, tenant, landlord, forfeiture of property, tenancy,case.Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the security of tenure andsee if it needs re-balancing.Methodology - For this paper we have chosen the legal method, because it is bestsuited for the purpose. We have studied and concluded the lawregarding the security of tenure and its history. We did this bystudying sources of the law, which are: the law, government bills,case law and doctrine.The Law - We chose to focus on the security of tenure´s forfeiture of propertyunpaid rent/part of rent, mismanagement of the apartment, criminalactivity and illegal transfer of tenant.Conclusion - We concluded that the security of tenure should be rewritten whenit comes to unpaid rent and mismanagement of the apartment. Wealso think it would be good if the necessary conditions for criminalactivity would be clarified.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to analyze the right to adequate housing, through the urban instruments of land regularization of social interest, such as the urban demarcation, the legitimacy of ownership and administrative adverse possession, created by Law No. 11,977 / 2009, as a way extrajudicial solution of urban land conflicts. This is on the problem of illegal occupation of land in cities, irregular, illegal and illegal settlements and the lack of legal regulation of ownership, rapid urbanization in this context that prevents the exercise of the right to adequate housing. The problem stems from the rapid and unplanned growth of cities, from the beginning of the industrialization process, with the rural exodus that, to meet the intense labor recruitment, fostered the cluttered appearance of settlements without housing in large cities . The development and expansion of cities in Brazil occurred without any control or predetermined orientation, despite being the municipality the legal entity of public law responsible for the use and occupation of land, as advocated in the articles 182 and 183 of the Federal Constitution, which establish the guidelines of the national urban policy. The 1988 Constitution, in Article 1, has among the reasons the dignity of the human person, the social values of work and free enterprise, and has the fundamental right of item XXII of Article 5, the right to property, corollary of the right to free enterprise, which should meet the social function. As the housing is directly related to the dignity of the human person, the Constitution busied grant ownership to those using urban property to house his and his family, in accordance with art. 183, requiring the property an obligation to fulfill a social purpose, especially for citizens of lower economic potential, so that both the Constitution and the laws aimed infra grant these citizens the right to housing, even without property, and a second time, consolidate both rights, housing and property through legal and administrative instruments in favor of the citizen. Search will be conceptualizing the possession and ownership, as well as housing, housing in this context the right to the city and the urbanization process, and identify the objectives and purposes of land tenure in Brazil, mainly from the Law No. 11,977 / 2009 with the changes introduced by Law No. 12,424 / 2011, analyzing the urban instruments of urban land regularization of social interest created with the new legislation, to ensure effectiveness of the fundamental right to housing, showing up mainly that administrative prescription is one way of consolidating these rights. / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar o direito à moradia adequada, através dos instrumentos urbanísticos de regularização fundiária de interesse social, a exemplo da demarcação urbanística, da legitimação da posse e da usucapião administrativa, criados pela Lei nº 11.977/2009, como forma de solução extrajudicial de conflitos fundiários urbanos. Parte-se do problema da ocupação irregular de terras nas cidades, dos loteamentos irregulares, ilegais e clandestinos e da falta de regularização jurídica da posse, neste contexto urbanização desenfreada que impede o exercício do direito à moradia adequada. O problema tem origem no crescimento acelerado e desordenado das cidades, a partir do início do processo de industrialização, com o êxodo rural que, visando atender ao intenso recrutamento de mão de obra, fomentou o surgimento desordenado de assentamentos sem condições de habitação nas grandes cidades. O desenvolvimento e a expansão das cidades no Brasil ocorreram sem qualquer controle ou orientação predeterminada, em que pese ser o Município a pessoa jurídica de direito público interno responsável pelo uso e ocupação do solo, conforme preconizam os artigos 182 e 183 da Constituição Federal, que estabelecem as diretrizes da política urbana nacional. A Carta Magna de 1988, em seu artigo 1º, tem entre os seus fundamentos a dignidade da pessoa humana, os valores sociais do trabalho e da livre iniciativa, e tem por direito fundamental, no inciso XXII do artigo 5º, o direito à propriedade, corolário do direito à livre iniciativa, que deverá atender à função social. Como a moradia está diretamente relacionada com a dignidade da pessoa humana, a Constituição se ocupou em outorgar a propriedade àqueles que utilizam imóvel urbano para moradia sua e de sua família, nos termos do art. 183, impondo à propriedade a obrigação de cumprir uma finalidade social, especialmente em favor dos cidadãos de menor potencial econômico, de modo que tanto a Constituição como as leis infraconstitucionais objetivaram outorgar a estes cidadãos o direito à moradia, mesmo sem propriedade e, num segundo momento, consolidar ambos os direitos, moradia e propriedade, através de instrumentos jurídicos e administrativos em favor do cidadão. Buscar-se-á conceituar a posse e a propriedade, bem como a moradia, habitação, neste contexto do direito à cidade e processo de urbanização, e identificar os objetivos e finalidades da regularização fundiária no Brasil, principalmente a partir da Lei nº 11.977/2009, com as alterações trazidas pela Lei nº 12.424/2011, analisando-se os instrumentos urbanísticos de regularização fundiária urbana de interesse social criados com a nova legislação, de forma a garantir efetividade do direito fundamental a moradia, demonstrando-se, principalmente, que a usucapião administrativa é uma das formas de consolidação desses direitos.

Dans un contexte de libéralisation globale de l'économie, la majorité des pays en développement ont, à partir des années 1980-1990, réformé leur législation minière dans le but d'attirer les capitaux étrangers. La Guinée, avec des ressources minérales potentielles estimées à plus de 45 milliards de tonnes, est considérée comme l'un des pays disposant du sous-sol le plus riche en Afrique. Conscient d'un tel potentiel pour le développement du pays, le législateur guinéen adopte, en 1995, un nouveau code minier pour rendre le territoire attractif pour les investisseurs privés étrangers. Cependant, avec l'avènement du concept de développement durable, comme l'un des nouveaux défis mondiaux, de nombreuses réglementations minières ont progressivement été modifiées pour s'adapter à ce dernier. La Guinée, une fois de plus, n'a pas échappé à cette tendance, en adoptant un nouveau code minier en 2011. Ce dernier est la conséquence d'une mobilisation sociale sans précédent dans le pays, ayant débutée dans la moitié des années 2000 et visant à dénoncer l'absence de retombées économiques et financières, issues du secteur minier, pour l'État et la population. Néanmoins, peu de temps après sa promulgation, cette nouvelle législation minière a suscité de vives critiques de la part des compagnies minières. Le gouvernement, prenant en compte ces recommandations, s'est donc engagé dans un processus d'amendement de certaines dispositions du code de 2011, qui s'est achevé par l'adoption d'une nouvelle loi minière en avril 2013. Par conséquent, ce travail a pour objectif d'analyser de quelle manière la réglementation minière en Guinée (2011 et 2013) prend en compte les meilleures pratiques internationales actuelles en matière d'attractivité et de développement durable. Pour ce faire, des comparaisons sont réalisées, à la fois avec le code minier de 1995, pour donner une dimension évolutive à cette étude, ainsi qu'avec les législations minières d'autres États dans le monde. / In the context of a general liberalisation of the economy, the majority of developing countries have since the years 1980-1990 reformed their mining legislation in order to attract foreign capital. Guinea, with its potential mineral resources estimated at more than 45 billion tons, is considered to be one of the African countries with the richest subsoil. Conscious of such potential for the development of the country, the legislature in Guinea adopted, in 1995, a new Mining Code in order to make the Guinean territory more attractive to foreign private investors. However, with the arrival of the concept of sustainable development as one of the new global challenges, numerous mining regulations have been progressively modified in order to adapt. Guinea, once again, did not escape this trend and adopted a new Mining Code in 2011. This code is the consequence of a social mobilization without precedent in the country, which started in the first half of the 2000s. Its goal was to denounce the absence of economic and financial repercussions born from the mining sector on the Government and the population. Nevertheless, not long after its promulgation, this new legislation was the subject of harsh criticism from mining companies. The government, taking into account its recommendations, undertook the process of amending certain dispositions of the Mining Code of 2011, which resulted in the passage of a new Mining Law in April of 2013. Consequently, this work will analyze how mining regulation in Guinea (of 2011 and 2013) takes into account current international best practice in terms of attractiveness and sustainable development. In order to do so, comparisons will be made with the Mining Code of 1995 in order to give an evolutionary dimension to this study, as well as with Mining Regulations from other countries in the world.

Urbanisation in South African cities is a worrying phenomenon. Cities such as the City of Johannesburg are faced with a severe housing backlog. This situation could be attributed to many issues such as lack of suitable land for housing, and the existence of informal settlements. This study has been undertaken to investigate whether the interventions implemented by City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality to eradicate informal settlements are effective in addressing challenges faced by informal settlement dwellers. In South Africa, informal settlement upgrading process is acknowledged as an effective means of eradicating informal settlements. In this regard, interventions to eradicate informal settlements require extensive research in order to have proposals for future policy interventions. This study has been also undertaken to make some recommendations that might resolve the challenges of informal settlements in the City of Johannesburg. / Public Administration & Management / M.P.A.

Urbanisation in South African cities is a worrying phenomenon. Cities such as the City of Johannesburg are faced with a severe housing backlog. This situation could be attributed to many issues such as lack of suitable land for housing, and the existence of informal settlements. This study has been undertaken to investigate whether the interventions implemented by City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality to eradicate informal settlements are effective in addressing challenges faced by informal settlement dwellers. In South Africa, informal settlement upgrading process is acknowledged as an effective means of eradicating informal settlements. In this regard, interventions to eradicate informal settlements require extensive research in order to have proposals for future policy interventions. This study has been also undertaken to make some recommendations that might resolve the challenges of informal settlements in the City of Johannesburg. / Public Administration and Management / M.A. (Public Administration)