Self-rated health is a powerful predictor of long-term health, but relatively little is known about what determines an individual’s rating of her perceived health status. Psychoneuroimmunological research has found links between immune activity and behaviour, and a relation between low-grade inflammation and poor self-rated health, primarily in women. The principal aim of this paper was to examine the relation between self-rated health and inflammation, measured by erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), in young men. A secondary objective was to investigate whether self-rated health and ESR may be associated to mortality. Pearson correlation and Cox regression analyses were used to examine data collected in 1969-70 when 49,321 men underwent military conscription, together with information from the national cause of death register in 2006. Background factors (BMI, emotional control, psychiatric diagnosis and smoking) were included in multivariate analyses. The results show that self-rated health was significantly related to ESR (r=0.08, p<0.001), also after control for background factors. Furthermore, subjects with poor self-rated health had a near two-fold increased risk of mortality during 37 years of follow-up. In addition, ESR was a significant predictor of mortality (beta=0.051, p<0.002). To conclude, in this cohort of young, healthy men, the association between self-rated health and inflammation was significant but modest. Instead, low emotional control showed a stronger independent correlation to poor self-rated health (r=-0.284, p<0.001). Moreover, adding to a growing body of evidence, poor self-rated health was a strong predictor of mortality.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo desta tese é enriquecer o campo do trânsito religioso investigando a associação da religião com a saúde das pessoas e com seus hábitos de vida principalmente o cigarro. A tese foi dividida em duas partes: a primeira visa identificar a associação entre a autopercepção da saúde, a religião e o trânsito religioso. A segunda entre religião, trânsito religioso e o hábito de fumar. Para tanto, foram analisados dados transversais do Estudo Pró-Saúde realizado no Rio de Janeiro-RJ no ano de 1999. As religiões foram categorizadas de acordo com os critérios do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e o trânsito religioso derivou da comparação entre religião de criação e religião relatada em 1999. Os resultados evidenciaram que 62% dos participantes mantiveram-se na religião de criação, 26% mudaram de religião e 12% mudaram para sem religião. O trânsito religioso foi marcado por um crescimento de kardecistas e do grupo sem religião. As pessoas que perceberam a sua saúde regular ou ruim apresentaram chance 40% mais elevada de ter mudado de religião, quando comparadas àquelas que a perceberam como boa ou muito boa (artigo 1). A maior parte das religiões apresentaram-se negativamente associadas ao consumo de cigarros quando comparados às pessoas sem religião ajustadas por variáveis sociodemográficas, relacionadas à saúde e transtorno mental comum. Os pentecostais e protestantes históricos apresentaram uma maior associação negativa com o consumo de cigarros e apenas a religião afro-brasileira apresentou uma chance mais elevada de consumo. As pessoas que mudaram de religião apresentaram uma chance 40% mais elevada de ser um ex-fumante quando comparadas a quem não mudou de religião (artigo 2). Para esclarecer as associações observadas na presente tese, é necessário a realização de estudos posteriores com emprego de outras metodologias, especialmente com o delineamento longitudinal.

The current study is part of a broader study called the Women’s Reproductive Health Survey (WRHS) which aimed to examine various aspects of women’s life experiences. This study examined the moderating effect of rurality on several factors of healthcare in a sample of women between the ages of 18 and 50. Self-rated health (SRH) was hypothesized to predict healthcare satisfaction, healthcare adherence, and medical mistrust. Furthermore, rurality was hypothesized to weaken the relationships between SRH and healthcare satisfaction and adherence; it was further hypothesized to exacerbate the relationship between SRH and medical mistrust. A survey containing a single-item measure of SRH and rurality, a seven-item measure of medical mistrust, and an exploratory measure of both healthcare satisfaction and adherence, was uploaded to the Internet forum Redditt. Participants received informed consent and monetary compensation for their time. Bivariate correlations and moderation analysis was conducted on the resulting data. Self-rated health was found to be a significant predictor of healthcare satisfaction, healthcare adherence, and medical mistrust. Rurality was a nonsignificant moderator. Healthcare systems may consider enhancing patient portfolios with a measure of SRH. This may have implications for improved quality of care and health outcomes. Limitations within the study included the participant demographics, which were mostly White and of a high socioeconomic status, as well as the broader survey from which this study originated. Future studies may consider comparing populations from a high socioeconomic status to populations from a low socioeconomic status.

Bullying can have a negative impact on children’s development andmental health. Studentswith disabilities aremore likely to be targeted for bullying than studentswithout disabilities. In particu- lar, studies have shown that studentswith disabilities are at greater risk of bullying than students without disabilities. In addition, childrenwithdisabilities have higher riskof lowsubjective health. Results showed that therewere significant differences in the dependent variables among four dif- ferent groups of bullying participants (disabled victims, victimswithout disabilities, non victims with disabilitiesandnon-victimswithoutdisabilities).Non-disabledstudentswhowere not bullied had the highest level of subjective health,while the subjective health of disabled students who are not bullied is higher than that of disabled students who are bullied and non-disabled students who are bullied. Thismeans that as the risk of exposure to bullying increases, the subjective health of childrenwith disabilitieswillbefurther lower.Childrenwithdisabilities alone have higher life satisfaction than those with disabilities who and bullied and have higher life satisfaction than those bullied without disabilities. And childrenwithdisabilities aremore likely to report somatic and psychological symptoms than childrenwithout disabilities.Children who were bullied reportedmore somatic symptoms than childrenwho were not bullied. Therefore, schools should establish student violence prevention interventions to reduce peer victimization regardless of students’ disabilities.

This study examines the role of mother's health and socioeconomic status on daughter's self-rated health using data spanning three decades from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Mature Women and Young Women (N = 1,848 matched mother-daughter pairs; 1,201 White and 647 African American). Using nested growth curve models, we investigated whether mother's self-rated health affected the daughter's self-rated health and whether socioeconomic status mediated this relationship. Mother's health significantly influenced daughters' self-rated health, but the findings were mediated by mother's socioeconomic status. African American daughters reported lower self-rated health and experienced more decline over time compared with White daughters, accounting for mother's and daughter's covariates. Our findings reveal maternal health and resources as a significant predictor of daughters' self-rated health and confirm the role of socioeconomic status and racial disparities over time.

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Syftet med studien var att undersöka om en ökad upplevelse av trakasserier i arbetslivet ger en ökad självskattad (o) hälsa. Vidare undersöker studien eventuella skillnader mellan män och kvinnor. Studien genomfördes genom en internetbaserad enkät som skickades ut till 420 stycken medarbetare på en större organisation. Enkäten baserades på mätinstrumenten Harassment Scale (Savicki, Cooley och Gjesvolds, 2003) och The Karolinska Exhaustion Scale (KES) (Saboonchi, Perski & Grossi, 2012). Studiens huvudresultat visade att trakasserier påverkar den självskattade (o) hälsan inom samtliga delområden(kognitiv utmattning, störd sömn, överdriven trötthet, fysiska symptom, lättretlighet och negativa känslor) av (o)hälsan. Studien visade även att männens självskattade (o) hälsa påverkades starkare av trakasserier än vad kvinnorna påverkades inom alla förutom ett delområde. / The purpose of the study was to investigate if high experienced harassment can explain high self-rated (un) health.  This was done by asking 420 employees to answer an internet questionnaire consisting based on the measuring intstruments Harassment Scale (Savicki, Cooley och Gjesvolds, 2003) and The Karolinska Exhaustion Scale (KES) (Saboonchi, Perski & Grossi, 2012).  The main result of the study showed that harassment in workplace has an impact on the self- rated health in all of the different areas of health (cognitive exhaustion, disturbed sleep, fatigue, somatic symptoms, irritability, negative affect) the results also showed that there is a difference between men and women consider harassments effects on the self-rated health. The results showed that men´s self-rated health was affected more than women in all of the areas except one.