This longitudinal study evaluates the role of a follower's self-concept and implicit leadership theories on the interpretation of transformational leadership behaviors and the development of leader-member exchange. Leadership behaviors were hypothesized as antecedents to leader-member exchange. The hypotheses draw upon the social cognition theory of self-verification. Implicit leadership theories were evaluated as absolute differences between actual and recognized leadership behaviors. Both implicit leadership theories and self-concepts were tested for moderation of the leadership behaviors and leader-member exchange. Additional dependent variables included turnover intentions, organizational identification, and perceived organizational support. A key contribution of this research is the application of these variables to new organizational entrants. Two-hundred and ten new followers at a single organization completed three surveys upon organizational entry, 30 days post hire, and approximately 90 days post hire. Structural equation modeling was utilized to conduct confirmatory factor analyses and the development of the measurement and structural models. Leadership behaviors were significantly related to the development of leader-member exchange. Leader-member exchange also fully mediated the leadership behaviors. The collective and relational self-concept levels were correlated with leader-member exchange but failed to reach significance in the full structural model. Implicit leadership theories and absolute difference scores were significantly related to leader-member exchange development. Neither the self-concept nor implicit leadership theories moderated the relationship between leadership behaviors and leader-member exchange. Leader-member exchange had significant effects on all of the outcome variables.

A comparação social é um elemento ubíquo na sociedade, na qual os indivíduos, consciente ou inconscientemente, utilizam emoções, habilidades e opiniões dos demais para se avaliarem, se aprimorarem ou se promoverem. Por sua constante presença nas relações interpessoais e na vida das pessoas, a comparação social tem sido investigada e reconhecida a partir de uma ampla gama de consequências como emoções, julgamentos, atitudes e comportamento, e dentro deste último o comportamento de consumo. Para a melhor compreensão e aplicação da comparação social para a área de marketing, no entanto, é fundamental entender que suas consequências não ocorrem de maneira homogênea e o que influencia nessa heterogeneidade. Diante disso, esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida, buscando investigar como elementos individuais, como os valores pessoais, e variáveis associadas às relações sociais, como a sensação de poder, podem atuar no fenômeno da comparação social e em suas consequências, buscando assim contribuir para o maior reconhecimento teórico e prático deste fenômeno. Foi delimitado como campo de estudo a comparação social estética devido aos impactos psicológicos e sociais que este campo possui nos indivíduos, principalmente nas mulheres, sendo estas delimitadas como a população desta pesquisa. A partir da realização de três estudos empíricos, utilizando os métodos survey e experimental, foi possível comprovar a moderação dos valores de autopromoção e da sensação de poder na comparação social estética. Os valores de autopromoção exercem um impacto positivo na comparação social, estando correlacionados positivamente com a orientação que os indivíduos têm em se compararem, assim como estão associados com as consequências psicológicas geradas a partir da comparação. A sensação de poder, por sua vez, apresentou um impacto negativo sobre a comparação social estética, minimizando suas consequências psicológicas. A partir desta pesquisa buscou-se contribuir para a teoria da comparação social, abordando-a a partir da visão ainda pouco explorada do fenômeno de comparação como bietápico e, assim, cooperar para minimizar a existente carência de poder preditivo que a comparação social sofre, a qual limita o reconhecimento do seu papel central para as ciências sociais e para a área de marketing. Juntamente a isso pretendeu-se propor novas possíveis estratégias que possam minimizar os efeitos negativos da comparação social estética imposta pela mídia na forma como as mulheres se percebem. / Social comparison is an ubiquitous element in society, where individuals consciously or unconsciously use others emotions, skills and opinions to evaluate, to promote or to improve themselves. For its continuous presence in interpersonal relations and in people's lives, the social comparison has been investigated and recognized for a wide range of consequences such as emotions, judgments, attitudes and behavior, and also consumption behavior. To improve the comprehension and application of social comparison to the marketing area it is necessary to understand that its consequences are not homogeneous through the individuals, and what can impact this heterogeneity. Considering that, this research was developed in order to investigate how individual elements, such as personal values, and variables associated with social relations, such as the power sense, can influence the phenomenon of social comparison and its consequences. By this, we expect to contribute to the improvement of theoretical and practical recognition of social comparison phenomenon. It was delimitated as a research field the aesthetics social comparison considering its psychological e social consequences to humans, specially women, being this gender the target population of this research. Through three empirical studies, one survey and two experimental studies, it was possible to prove the moderation of self-promotion values and the power sense at aesthetics social comparison. The self-promotion values had a positive impact at social comparison, firstly by its positive correlation with social comparison orientation, and second by influencing the intensity of psychological consequences of social comparison. The power sense, on the other hand, had a negative impact on the aesthetic social comparison, minimizing its psychological consequences. This research aimed to contribute to the theory of social comparison, addressing it from the still underexplored vision of social comparison as a two-stage phenomenon, and thus cooperate to minimize the existing lack of predictive power that this phenomenon suffers, limiting its recognition as a central role in the social sciences and in marketing field. Related to this, it was proposed new strategies that can be used to minimize the negative effects of aesthetic social comparison imposed by the media in the way women perceive themselves.

Orientador: Paulo Ferreira de Araújo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T10:42:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_KeylaFerrari_M.pdf: 916485 bytes, checksum: b6d4bbb5e0a58ac1fa50675f0a4624e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A atualidade tem revelado dentre muitos fenômenos plausíveis de estudos, aqueles relacionados à atividade física e à pessoa em condição de deficiência. Neste sentido, este estudo busca refletir sobre a identidade social e auto - conceito do dançarino em cadeira de rodas no contexto de espetáculos abertos ao público e nas relações estabelecidas entre os dançarinos e os expectadores. Assim entende-se, para os fins propostos deste estudo, que a dança se faz relevante na medida em que cria um ambiente para a comunicação entre grupos ou identidades sociais, construídas na relação com o "outro". Como técnica de coleta de dados, realiza-se entrevistas com dançarinos atuantes em grupos e companhias de dança em cadeira de rodas, utilizando procedimentos da técnica de análise de conteúdo, a fim de levantar indicadores para análise das respostas dos dançarinos entrevistados. Por meio do material coletado nos foi possível tecer considerações sobre a identidade social e o papel social do artista dançarino com deficiência mediado pelas relações estabelecidas entre a dança, corpo com deficiência, sociedade e auto - conceito mediado pelas relações e feedbacks entre dançarinos e expectadores nos contexto dos ensaios, espetáculos e pós- espetáculos / Abstract: Present time has shown, among many study plausible phenomena, those related to physical activity and to person presenting a disability condition. In this sense, the purpose of this study is to reflect about social identity and self-concept of wheelchair dancer, within context of spectacles open to the public and relations created between dancers and audience. Thus, for this study purposes, it is understood that dance becomes relevant as it creates an environment for communication between groups or social identities, built in relation with the "other". As a data collection technique, interviews are carried out with dancers from wheelchair dance groups or companies, applying content analysis technique procedures, to find indicators for interviewed dancers' answers analysis. Collected material enabled us to comment disabled dancer artist's social identity and social role, mediated by relations established among dance, disabled body, society and self-concept, mediated by relations and feedbacks between dancers and audiences, within context of rehearsals, spectacles and post-spectacles / Mestrado / Atividade Fisica Adaptada / Mestre em Educação Física

This study investigates the relationship between peer group facilitation and the changes in self-concept, interpersonal relations and school interest of secondary students in an alternative school. To carry out the study, a peer group facilitation program was incorporated into the curriculum of an alternative high school.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar, no âmbito escolar, as possíveis diferenças opinativas decorrentes da prevalência de sobrepeso na percepção do autoconceito e suas dimensões constitucionais. Participaram do estudo 785 escolares, 410 meninas e 375 meninos (11,44±1,84). A distribuição da amostra em grupos considerados de peso normal e sobrepesados foi realizada por medidas antropométricas (peso corporal, estatura e índice de massa corporal), as características socioeconômicas e culturais foram investigados por inventários específicos e o autoconceito e suas dimensões por um instrumento validado - Piers-Harris 2. A distribuição dos valores em média e desvio padrão foi realizada por estatística descritiva, as análises intragrupos e intergrupos por teste t e Anova (p<0,05). A análise de todas as variáveis em conjunto foi realizada por conversão em score z e posteriormente por correlação e regressão múltipla. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas opiniões dos escolares quando as características da amostra foram analisadas individualmente: sexo, idade, nível socioeconômico, raça, e a percepção do comportamento de autoconceito total. Existe correlação entre o aumento do IMC e os valores atribuídos ao autoconceito total e suas dimensões comportamentais. Existe significância entre os valores atribuídos ao autoconceito total quando correlacionados com a faixa etária e ao próprio ambiente, nas diversas dimensões constituintes do autoconceito / The objective of this study was to analyze, in a school ambit, the possible option differences decurrent of the prevalence of overweight in the perception of the self concept and its constitutional dimensions. There had 785 schools participating in this study, 410 girls and 375 boys (11,44±1,84). The distribution of the sample in considered groups of normal and overweighed was carried through anthropometrics measures (corporal weight, stature and index of corporal mass), the socioeconomics and cultural characteristics had been investigated by specific inventories and the self concept and its dimensions for a validated instrument - Pier 2. The distribution of the values on average and shunting line standard was carried through by descriptive statistics, the intra-groups and inter-groups analyses for test t and Anova (p<0,05). The analysis of all the variables in set was carried through by conversion in score z and later by correlation and multiple regressions. There haven\'t been statistically differences significant in the opinions of the students when the characteristics of the sample were analyzed individually: sex, age, socioeconomic level, race, and the perception of the behavior of total self concept. There is correlation between the increase of the IMC and the attributed values to the total self concept and its behavior dimensions. There was significance between the attributed values to the total self concept when correlated with the age and to the proper environment, in the diverse constituent dimensions of the self concept

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<div>With the rise of individuals’ interests in travelling for a meaningful experience, travelers today not only immerse themselves in consuming food for pleasure but also seek to gain meaningful outcomes. In particular, local food consumption experiences can facilitate travelers to enhance their sense of competence and perceived personal growth, referred to as eudaimonic wellbeing. As travelers experience the culture of the destination and enjoy the sense of exoticness through consumption of local food, they can recognize their capabilities and learn better about themselves through contrast with others. Yet, limited knowledge exists on the higher-level outcomes of such an experience and the process through which travelers encounter local food.</div><div><br></div><div>Therefore, the first study proposed to understand the procedures through which travelers experience local food, utilizing symbolic interactionism as a theoretical perspective. According to symbolic interactionists, role-playing is a paramount process that shapes individuals’ behaviors and experiences (Hewitt, 1976). Accordingly, this study outlined the role-playing process for each role-taking (taking the role of others to understand their role and associated expectations) and role-making (playing their own role and acting based on related expectations). In role-taking, four themes were identified including Utilization of Symbolic Cues, Imitating, Simulation of Other’s Position, and Comparison with Expected Characteristic of a Role. For role-making processes, three themes emerged including Performance of One’s Regular Role, Disassociation of Self from One’s Role, and Creation of a Desired Role. As such, various role-playing activities were identified as critical means through which travelers determine their behavior and appraisal of their local food consumption experience. Such a finding is valuable in extending the existing literature that mostly paid attention to cognition or emotion as the procedures through which people construct their experience (Hume, Mort, Liesch, & Winzar, 2006).</div><div><br></div><div>To understand the higher-level outcome of local food consumption experience that relates to eudaimonic wellbeing, the second study investigated changes in self-concept based on travelers’ encounters with local food. Individuals’ food choice behaviors or food practices have been identified as important bearers of their identity in the general food consumption literature (Valli & Traill, 2005). Yet, travelers’ food consumption activities have been mostly viewed merely as a pleasurable pursuit in the food and tourism studies (Kivela & Crotts, 2006). In line with the characteristic of one’s self-concept being subject to change (Festinger, 1954), the second study explored whether and how travelers modify their self-concept through their local food consumption experiences. The findings showed that self-concept change took place in terms of two themes of General Self-Concept and Eating Self-Concept. Within General Self-Concept, four aspects of self-concept appeared to have changed or emerged including Superiority, Satisfaction, Cultural Competency, and Appreciation. As for Eating Self-Concept, it was found that travelers’ self-concept changes involved Mindful Eating, International Food Expertise, and Eating Characteristics. Some of the factors that caused these self-concept modifications include the characteristic of local food experience being challenging, representative of local culture and identity, and exotic. Therefore, the findings are valuable in demonstrating local food consumption experience as a case in which people can change how they view themselves, what specifically change, and how they change based on their encounters with local food.</div><div><br></div><div>The third study aimed to investigate emotional bonding with the place, place attachment, as another outcome that is associated with eudaimonic wellbeing. Attention was paid to how travelers’ psychological comfort plays a role in their place attachment development. In addition, such an influence of psychological comfort on place attachment was explored by comparing Koreans and Americans to contrast possible cultural differences between the two groups regarding the degree to which comfort is valued in forming their place attachment level. Specifically, comfort was measured for three major elements of the local food consumption experience including atmospherics, interaction with service providers, and food. The findings showed that comfort with all three elements can influence travelers’ place attachment levels and that individuals from different cultures can vary in the degree to which comfort shapes their place attachment levels. Thus, this study expands our knowledge by proposing comfort with local food consumption experience as a critical trigger of emotional bonding development between travelers and the travel destination.</div><div><br></div><div>The synthesis of these key findings from the three studies explicates how travelers’ eudaimonic wellbeing can be enhanced from an overarching viewpoint. In line with the basic premise of self-determination theory which suggests that one’s eudaimonic wellbeing is promoted when three psychological needs (competence, autonomy, and relatedness) are satisfied (Deci & Ryan, 1985), propositions were outlined regarding how these psychological needs can be met through role-playing activity, self-concept change, and place attachment development based on consuming local food. As one’s general wellbeing comprises both hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing (Ryff & Keyes, 1995), the linkage proposed between local food consumption experience and eudaimonic wellbeing complements the current view that has been focused on hedonic aspects of travelers’ local dining experience.</div>

The purposes of the study were (1) to determine if differences exist between the self concepts of female intercollegiate starting and substitute athletes and between members of team and individual sports and (2) to determine if a significant relationship exists between coaches' ratings of an athlete and the athletes' self concepts. Subjects were forty-five college women who met the established criteria. The testing instrument was the Tennessee Self Concept Scale. Data were analyzed by the two-way analysis of variance method and the Spearman Rank Order Correlation. Alpha was .05. Conclusions of the investigation were that (1) the self concepts of athletes in basketball, softball, volleyball, tennis, and badminton are not significantly different, and (2) the coaches' ratings of athletes and athletes' self concept ratings are not significantly related.

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