Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Bakgrund När revisionsplikten avskaffades för mindre bolag under år 2010 gjordes detta med argument om att revisionen var en stor kostnad för de mindre bolagen, som ofta har mindre resurser. Efter avskaffandet gavs mindre bolag möjligheten att själva bestämma vilka ekonomiska tjänster som skulle köpas in. Något som beskrevs som en strukturell förändring inom branschen och som medförde ett ökat ansvar och ökade karriärmöjligheter inom professionen redovisningskonsulter. Men vad är anledningen till att redovisningskonsulter idag anlitas vid mindre bolag, som idag har valt bort revisorn? Syfte Syftet med studien är att utforska varför icke revisionspliktiga mindre bolag väljer att anlita en redovisningskonsult samt hur dessa mindre bolag upplever att redovisningskonsulten genererar värde till organisationen. Metod Studien har utförts genom en kvalitativ metod med ett deduktivt synsätt. Samtliga empiriska data utgörs av primärdata och har inhämtats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Slutsats Mindre bolag saknar ofta den kunskap och tid som krävs för att internt sköta bolagets ekonomi. Genom redovisningskonsulten sparas även tid och indirekt pengar, vilket gör att kärnverksamheten kan prioriteras. Vidare framkommer att det upplevda värdet är: förmedlad seriositet, trovärdighet och upplevd trygghet, vilka alla genereras av bolagets redovisningskonsult. / Introduction In 2010 the mandatory audit was abolished for smaller firms in Sweden with arguments that audit was a big expense for smaller firms, which often have less resources. After the abolition, smaller firms were given the opportunity to decide which financial services to hire. Something that was described as a structural change, which led to increased responsibility and career opportunities within the accountant consultants’ profession. But what is the reason why accounting consultants are hired by smaller firms who are exempt from mandatory audit? Purpose The purpose with this thesis is to explore why smaller firms, exempted from mandatory audit, choose to hire an accountant consultant and what value these smaller firms perceive that the accountant consultant brings to the organization. Method The study has been conducted through a qualitative method with a deductive approach. All empirical data consist of primary data obtained through semi-structured interviews. Conclusion Smaller firms often lack the knowledge and time required to internally manage the company´s finances. The accountant consultants also save time and indirect money for the smaller firms, which means that their core business can be prioritized. Furthermore, the following keyword appears: mediated seriousness, credibility and perceived safeness, all of which are generated by the company´s accountant consultant.

No intuito de investigar alguns temas e expedientes narrativos apresentados no romance Quincas Borba, a presente pesquisa inspirou-se na leitura da tradição romanesca do século XIX realizada por Franco Moretti, crítico que leu a seriedade burguesa como forma constituinte do romance em literaturas específicas. Por essa razão, o movimento argumentativo deste trabalho se orientará pelo deslocamento dialético do exposto por Moretti, bem como pela contraposição de suas ideias sobre a romanesca oitocentista com as análises do próprio Machado de Assis em seu exercício como crítico literário e da fortuna crítica machadiana de autores como Augusto Meyer, Lúcia Miguel Pereira e Roberto Schwarz. Assim, Quincas Borba será interpretado em seus diversos contextos, tanto no âmbito da trajetória de seu autor como romancista quanto no panorama mais amplo, representado pela literatura de autores como Balzac e Eça de Queirós. Isso porque, como pretendemos demonstrar, esse romance machadiano estrutura-se com uma forma enganosa em seu aparente ajustamento aos expedientes narrativos em voga em seu tempo. / In order to investigate some themes and narrative expedients presented in the novel named Quincas Borba, this research got its inspiration from the reading of the Romanesca tradition of the XIX (nineteenth) century performed by Franco Moretti, a critic who read the bourgeoisie’s seriousness (serious style) as an essential part of the novel in specific literatures. Because of that, the argumentative movement of this study is guided by the dialectical shift shown by Moretti. This reaserch is also guided by the contrast of Moretti’s ideas about the Romanesca literature of the nineteen century with analysis of Machado de Assis himself as a literary critic and literary criticism of Machado de Assis made by authors such as Augusto Meyer, Lúcia Miguel Pereira and Roberto Schwarz. Thus, Quincas Borba is interpreted in its various contexts, taking into account the author’s journey as a novelist and the broader landscape represented by the literature of authors such as Balzac and Eça de Queirós. These two aspects are considered because we intend to demonstrate that this Machado’s novel is structured using a misleading way in its apparent adjustment to the narrative expedients used in his time.

No intuito de investigar alguns temas e expedientes narrativos apresentados no romance Quincas Borba, a presente pesquisa inspirou-se na leitura da tradição romanesca do século XIX realizada por Franco Moretti, crítico que leu a seriedade burguesa como forma constituinte do romance em literaturas específicas. Por essa razão, o movimento argumentativo deste trabalho se orientará pelo deslocamento dialético do exposto por Moretti, bem como pela contraposição de suas ideias sobre a romanesca oitocentista com as análises do próprio Machado de Assis em seu exercício como crítico literário e da fortuna crítica machadiana de autores como Augusto Meyer, Lúcia Miguel Pereira e Roberto Schwarz. Assim, Quincas Borba será interpretado em seus diversos contextos, tanto no âmbito da trajetória de seu autor como romancista quanto no panorama mais amplo, representado pela literatura de autores como Balzac e Eça de Queirós. Isso porque, como pretendemos demonstrar, esse romance machadiano estrutura-se com uma forma enganosa em seu aparente ajustamento aos expedientes narrativos em voga em seu tempo. / In order to investigate some themes and narrative expedients presented in the novel named Quincas Borba, this research got its inspiration from the reading of the Romanesca tradition of the XIX (nineteenth) century performed by Franco Moretti, a critic who read the bourgeoisie’s seriousness (serious style) as an essential part of the novel in specific literatures. Because of that, the argumentative movement of this study is guided by the dialectical shift shown by Moretti. This reaserch is also guided by the contrast of Moretti’s ideas about the Romanesca literature of the nineteen century with analysis of Machado de Assis himself as a literary critic and literary criticism of Machado de Assis made by authors such as Augusto Meyer, Lúcia Miguel Pereira and Roberto Schwarz. Thus, Quincas Borba is interpreted in its various contexts, taking into account the author’s journey as a novelist and the broader landscape represented by the literature of authors such as Balzac and Eça de Queirós. These two aspects are considered because we intend to demonstrate that this Machado’s novel is structured using a misleading way in its apparent adjustment to the narrative expedients used in his time.

No intuito de investigar alguns temas e expedientes narrativos apresentados no romance Quincas Borba, a presente pesquisa inspirou-se na leitura da tradição romanesca do século XIX realizada por Franco Moretti, crítico que leu a seriedade burguesa como forma constituinte do romance em literaturas específicas. Por essa razão, o movimento argumentativo deste trabalho se orientará pelo deslocamento dialético do exposto por Moretti, bem como pela contraposição de suas ideias sobre a romanesca oitocentista com as análises do próprio Machado de Assis em seu exercício como crítico literário e da fortuna crítica machadiana de autores como Augusto Meyer, Lúcia Miguel Pereira e Roberto Schwarz. Assim, Quincas Borba será interpretado em seus diversos contextos, tanto no âmbito da trajetória de seu autor como romancista quanto no panorama mais amplo, representado pela literatura de autores como Balzac e Eça de Queirós. Isso porque, como pretendemos demonstrar, esse romance machadiano estrutura-se com uma forma enganosa em seu aparente ajustamento aos expedientes narrativos em voga em seu tempo. / In order to investigate some themes and narrative expedients presented in the novel named Quincas Borba, this research got its inspiration from the reading of the Romanesca tradition of the XIX (nineteenth) century performed by Franco Moretti, a critic who read the bourgeoisie’s seriousness (serious style) as an essential part of the novel in specific literatures. Because of that, the argumentative movement of this study is guided by the dialectical shift shown by Moretti. This reaserch is also guided by the contrast of Moretti’s ideas about the Romanesca literature of the nineteen century with analysis of Machado de Assis himself as a literary critic and literary criticism of Machado de Assis made by authors such as Augusto Meyer, Lúcia Miguel Pereira and Roberto Schwarz. Thus, Quincas Borba is interpreted in its various contexts, taking into account the author’s journey as a novelist and the broader landscape represented by the literature of authors such as Balzac and Eça de Queirós. These two aspects are considered because we intend to demonstrate that this Machado’s novel is structured using a misleading way in its apparent adjustment to the narrative expedients used in his time.

Objectifs: L’objectif principal de ce mémoire consiste à comprendre les caractéristiques des carrières criminelles d’individus connus de la police pour avoir perpétré une infraction de leurre d’enfants sur Internet. Aussi, par une analyse typologique à l’aide des antécédents criminels, il sera possible d’établir une typologie d’individus ayant leurré des enfants sur Internet. Également, il sera question de vérifier s’il y a un lien entre les caractéristiques des antécédents criminels de ces individus sur la perpétration de l’agression sexuelle hors ligne. Méthodologie: Provenant de données officielles de la communauté policière du Québec, l’échantillon comprend les parcours de criminels ayant perpétré une infraction de leurre d’enfants sur Internet. Des analyses descriptives en lien avec les différents paramètres de la carrière criminelle seront effectuées. Ensuite, des tests de moyenne et une analyse de régression Cox permettront de vérifier la présence ou non d’un lien statistique entre les caractéristiques des antécédents criminels des individus connus de la police pour leurre d’enfants sur Internet et le passage à l’acte physique. Résultats: Les analyses ont montré que la majorité des sujets n’avaient aucun antécédent judiciaire. Pour la plupart, le leurre d’enfants est le crime le plus grave perpétré au cours de leur carrière criminelle. Trois catégories d’individus ont été décelées : les amateurs, les spécialistes et les généralistes. Ce sont les individus polymorphes ayant une carrière criminelle plus grave et plus longue qui sont portés à agresser sexuellement avant le leurre. Cependant, ce sont des individus spécialisés ayant une importante proportion de délits sexuels dans leurs antécédents criminels qui ont plus de chance d’agresser sexuellement suite à l’exploitation sexuelle sur Internet. / Objectives: The aim of this paper is to understand the criminal career characteristics of people who are known from the police to have committed child luring on the Internet. Using a taxonomic analysis created with the criminal history of these individuals, it will be possible to establish a typology of people who have lured children online. Ultimately, the variance in characteristics of the criminal background on the commission of offline sexual abuse will also be verified. Methodology: Drawing from official data of Quebec’s police community, the sample includes criminal careers of people having committed the offense of luring children over the Internet. Some descriptive analyses related to the different parameters of the criminal history will be included. Moreover, a mean test and a Cox regression analysis will verify the significance and the predictability of acting out prior and after the act of luring children online based on criminal background. Results: Analyses have shown that the majority of subjects have no criminal record. For many of them, children luring is the most serious crime committed in their criminal career. Three categories of individuals have been identified: amateurs, specialists and generalists. Those who are tempted to commit sexual abuse before luring are the polymorphic subjects with a more serious criminal history. However, those who are considered specialists with a significant proportion of sexual offenses in their career are more likely to commit sexual assault following sexual exploitation on Internet.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:59:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Madalena Resina.pdf: 625606 bytes, checksum: 3ef35c5b04bfc05cd08fe7de812602b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-12 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The present dissertation aimed at studying the laughter manifestation and the risible in Luís Fernando Veríssimo s chronicles, especially in Bobos I (1982) and Ri, Gervásio (1987) which, according to the humor theory, emphasizes both, the laughter ambivalence and ambiguity, principally its serious perspective. Firstly, it is briefly explained the main characteristics of the chronicle genre, in which Veríssimo s humor it is manifested. The objective is to observe a certain relationship between genre and the object of study. Secondly, inside the risible context, it is pointed out not only the differences between the humorous and humor, based on the Pirandello s work (1996), but also the imprecisions which involve the humorous, according to Propp (1992) arguments and other authors, and the most part of them it is mentioned by him. It is exposed some of the humoristic characteristics used in the present study manifesting a ludic laughter and, above all, a reflexive laughter, which is proper of humor. Apart from that, an overview of Veríssimo s biography was developed, pointing out his mainly works, his way of writing and peculiar style. The referred chronicles which composed this research corpus were analyzed employing the language resources related to the humorous and humor. In order to conclude, anguish is presented not only as a strategy and a language phenomenon, but mainly as a powerful tool that the author makes use to critically portray situations which brings to light the anguish, the weakness and the human addictions, and also to provoke into the reader s mind a reflexive analysis on such situation / A dissertação tem por objeto de estudo a manifestação do riso e do risível, em crônicas de Luís Fernando Veríssimo, sobretudo em Bobos I (1982) e Ri, Gervásio (1987), que, analisadas à luz da teoria da comicidade e do humor, põem em evidência a ambivalência e a ambigüidade do riso, principalmente, sua face séria. Num primeiro momento, são brevemente explanadas as principais características do gênero cronístico, texto em que se manifesta o humor de Veríssimo, a fim de que se faça notar uma afinidade entre gênero e objeto de estudo. Numa segunda etapa, adentrando no universo do risível, apontamos não só as diferenças entre o cômico e o humor, apoiando-nos na obra de Pirandello (1996), mas também as imprecisões que envolvem o cômico, segundo os apontamentos de Propp (1992) e de outros teóricos, sendo que a maioria é citada por ele; expusemos alguns dos artifícios da comicidade utilizados em nosso estudo, que acabam manifestando não só um riso lúdico, mas, sobretudo, um riso reflexivo, próprio do humor. Além disso, fizemos um panorama da carreira literária de Veríssimo, destacando suas principais obras, sua escritura e estilo peculiares; analisamos as duas crônicas tomadas como corpus de pesquisa, aplicando os recursos de linguagem referentes à comicidade e ao humor e, por fim, procuramos apresentar a ironia não só como estratégia e fenômeno de linguagem, mas, principalmente, como arma poderosa, de que se vale o cronista, para retratar criticamente situações que põem à luz as angústias, as fraquezas e os vícios humanos, e suscitar, no leitor, uma análise reflexiva em torno de tais situações

L’approche de la carrière criminelle a été appliquée à maintes reprises auprès de délinquants sexuels afin d’approfondir les connaissances relatives à leur participation criminelle, à la fréquence de leur passage à l’acte, à la durée de leur parcours criminel, à la gravité de leurs crimes et au polymorphisme dont ces délinquants font preuve. Parallèlement à l’essor des nouvelles technologies, un besoin grandissant d’en apprendre davantage sur la carrière criminelle des auteurs de leurre informatique s’est fait ressentir. À ce jour, peu d’études ont analysé le parcours criminel emprunté par ces cyberdélinquants sexuels en ayant recours au cadre d’analyse de la carrière criminelle. Afin de remédier à cette limite, le présent mémoire a comme objectif principal d’analyser les parcours criminels des auteurs de leurre informatique afin d’élargir les connaissances quant à la participation, la fréquence, la durée, la gravité et le polymorphisme. Plus précisément, l’objectif spécifique est d’analyser les tendances en termes de carrières criminelles. Pour ce faire, une analyse de profils latents a été menée auprès d’un échantillon de 1 201 auteurs de leurre. Les résultats indiquent l’existence de divers parcours criminels des auteurs de leurre et mettent en lumière quatre profils, soit (1) l’auteur de leurre « ponctuel à délinquance unique », (2) l’auteur de leurre « versatile tardif », (3) l’auteur de leurre « délinquant sexuel spécialiste » et (4) l’auteur de leurre « polymorphe prolifique ». Le premier profil identifié est composé d’auteurs de leurre ne commettant qu’un seul crime à travers leur parcours criminel selon les données officielles. Le second profil, pour sa part, regroupe les individus commettant plusieurs crimes sexuels et non sexuels et qui mettent fin tardivement à leur carrière criminelle. Ensuite, le troisième profil identifié comprend les auteurs ayant un penchant pour les crimes de sexuels, bien que leur carrière criminelle soit limitée en termes de participation et de fréquence. Dernièrement, le quatrième profil est constitué d’auteurs polymorphes commettant une variété de crimes sexuels et non sexuels. / The criminal career approach has been extensively applied in the context of sexual delinquency and allowed to deepen knowledge regarding the crimes committed by sex offenders, the duration of their criminal involvement, the seriousness of their criminal behaviors, and the variety of crimes they commit. Along with the rise of new technologies, there has been a growing need to learn more about the criminal careers of online groomers. To date, no studies have analyzed the criminal path of these online sex offenders using a criminal career framework. To remedy this limitation, the main objective of this paper is to analyze the criminal paths of online groomers as to broaden knowledge on participation, frequency, duration, seriousness, and versatility. Specifically, the objective is to identify tendencies in regards to their criminal careers. To do so, a latent profile analysis was performed on a sample of 1 201 online groomers. The results support the existence of multiple delinquent paths of individuals who sexually solicit youth online and highlight the existence of four profiles: (1) the “one-timer” groomer, (2) the “versatile and late” groomer, (3) the “specialist sex offender” groomer, and (4) the “versatile and prolific” groomer. The first profile identified consists of online groomers committing a single crime across their criminal path. The second profile includes individuals who commit multiple sexual and non-sexual crimes and who end their criminal career belatedly. The third identified profile includes perpetrators with a preference for sexual crimes, but whose criminal careers are limited in terms of participation and frequency. Lastly, the fourth profile is composed of versatile offenders committing a variety of sexual and non-sexual crimes.

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / The study explores the beliefs and wishes of respondents in Pretoria concerning crime seriousness and criminal sentencing in South Africa. It is suggested that in a democracy, the legal system must reflect the values of the individual citizen if it is to achieve a legitimacy based upon the concepts of moral consent and universality, and argues that this can only be achieved when all citizens have a voice. The study undertakes and reports on a survey of 400 units, across race divisions in and around the City of Pretoria by initially emulating, and thereafter extending, the British Crime Survey. The thesis offers seven chapters divided into two primary components. The first component, chapters one to four, systematically debate the historical/theoretical foundations of sentencing practice (both globally and in respect of South Africa), and identifies the inherent problems faced by contemporary criminal justice systems. The study utilises sentencing literature to provide an in-depth appraisal of theoretical paradigms and, thereafter, evaluates the successes and failures of various sentencing options. The second component, chapters five to seven, unpack the Pretorian research in relation to various other foreign research surveys, and culminates by offering a South African sentencing guide (severity index) based upon the research findings. The findings identify the people of Pretoria to be punitive. Respondents are shown to regard rape and driving whilst over the legal alcohol level causing the death of an innocent victim as the most serious crimes, followed by deliberate murder, selling illegal drugs and terrorism. Percentage differential between these "most serious" crimes is negligible. Many respondents indicate long prison sentences or the death penalty for these specific offences. Overall, Blacks prefer imprisonment whilst Whites are shown to be more conservative and more amenable to other sentencing options. Gender differences in relation to seriousness and sentence scores are slight, but females and the older age group are noted to be more fearful of being victimised even though this fear is not supported by actual victimisation rates. The study justifies the motivation fot the inclusion of public opinion into sentencing policy by recording a 72 percent positive response to people involvement in the sentencing of offenders. / Hierdie navorsing verken respondente in Pretoria se menings en verwagtinge aangaande die erns van misdaad en vonnisoplegging in Suid·Afrika. Die uitgangspunt is dat die regsplegingstelsel veronderstel is om die waardes van die gemeenskap te reftekteer, gebaseer op die konsepte van morele eenstemmigheid en universaliteit, en argumenteer dat dit binne 'n demokrattese bestel slegs kan realiseer as alle inwoners inspraak daarin het. Die navorsing en rapportering gaan oor 'n opname van 400 eenhede in en om die stad Pretoria oor rassegrense heen. Die Britse misdaadopname het as vertrekpunt gedien vir die ontwikkeling van die opname. Die tesis bestaan uit sewe hoofstukke wat verdeel is in twee hoofkomponente. Die eerste komponent, hoofstukke een tot vier, debatteer sistematies die histories/teoretiese begrondings van die vonnisopleggingspraktyk (beide globaal en ten opsigte van Suld-Afrika), en identifiseer die inherente probleme waarmee kontemporere strafregsplegingstelsels gekonfronteer word. Die navorsing gebruik vonnisopleggingsliteratuur om 'n in-diepte beoordeling te maak aan teoretiese paradigma om die sukses en mislukking van die verskillende vonnisopleggingaopsies te evalueer. Die tweede komponent, hoofstukke vyf tot sewe, behels die navorsing in Pretoria in vergelyking met verskeie ander buitelandse navorsingsondersoeke en bereik 'n hoogtepunt deur 'n Suid-Afrikaanse vonnisopleggingsgids (ernsindeks) voor te hou, gebaseer op die navorsingsbevindings. Die navorsingsbevindings identlfiseer respondente van Pretoria as strafgeorienteerd. Respondente beskou verkragting en bestuur van 'n motor terwyl die persoon se alkoholbloedinhoud oor die wettige perk is en die dood van 'n onskuldige slagoffer veroorsaak, as die ernstigste misdade. Dit word gevolg deur opsetlike moord, die handel in onwettige dwelmmiddels en terrorisme. Persentasie afwykings tussen die "ernstige" misdade is onbeduidend. Menige respondente is van mening dat lang termyne van gevangenisstraf of die doodsvonnis vir hierdie misdade toepaslik is. Oorhoofs gesien, verkies Swartmense gevangesetting, terwyl blankes meer konserwatief maar ook meer ontvanklik blyk te wees met betrekking tot ander vonnisopsies. Genderverskille in verhouding tot die erns- en die vonnistellings is gering, maar vroue en die ouer ouderdomsgroepe vertoon groter vrees vir viktimisasie, alhoewel hierdie vrees nie ondersteun word deur werklike viktimisasieratio's nie. Hierdie navorsing onderskryf die motivering vir die oorweging van die gemeenskapsmening in formulering van vonnisopleggingsbeleid met die resultaat dat 72 persent respondente gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid in die vonnisoplgeging voorstaan. ' / Criminology and Security Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / The study explores the beliefs and wishes of respondents in Pretoria concerning crime seriousness and criminal sentencing in South Africa. It is suggested that in a democracy, the legal system must reflect the values of the individual citizen if it is to achieve a legitimacy based upon the concepts of moral consent and universality, and argues that this can only be achieved when all citizens have a voice. The study undertakes and reports on a survey of 400 units, across race divisions in and around the City of Pretoria by initially emulating, and thereafter extending, the British Crime Survey. The thesis offers seven chapters divided into two primary components. The first component, chapters one to four, systematically debate the historical/theoretical foundations of sentencing practice (both globally and in respect of South Africa), and identifies the inherent problems faced by contemporary criminal justice systems. The study utilises sentencing literature to provide an in-depth appraisal of theoretical paradigms and, thereafter, evaluates the successes and failures of various sentencing options. The second component, chapters five to seven, unpack the Pretorian research in relation to various other foreign research surveys, and culminates by offering a South African sentencing guide (severity index) based upon the research findings. The findings identify the people of Pretoria to be punitive. Respondents are shown to regard rape and driving whilst over the legal alcohol level causing the death of an innocent victim as the most serious crimes, followed by deliberate murder, selling illegal drugs and terrorism. Percentage differential between these "most serious" crimes is negligible. Many respondents indicate long prison sentences or the death penalty for these specific offences. Overall, Blacks prefer imprisonment whilst Whites are shown to be more conservative and more amenable to other sentencing options. Gender differences in relation to seriousness and sentence scores are slight, but females and the older age group are noted to be more fearful of being victimised even though this fear is not supported by actual victimisation rates. The study justifies the motivation fot the inclusion of public opinion into sentencing policy by recording a 72 percent positive response to people involvement in the sentencing of offenders. / Hierdie navorsing verken respondente in Pretoria se menings en verwagtinge aangaande die erns van misdaad en vonnisoplegging in Suid·Afrika. Die uitgangspunt is dat die regsplegingstelsel veronderstel is om die waardes van die gemeenskap te reftekteer, gebaseer op die konsepte van morele eenstemmigheid en universaliteit, en argumenteer dat dit binne 'n demokrattese bestel slegs kan realiseer as alle inwoners inspraak daarin het. Die navorsing en rapportering gaan oor 'n opname van 400 eenhede in en om die stad Pretoria oor rassegrense heen. Die Britse misdaadopname het as vertrekpunt gedien vir die ontwikkeling van die opname. Die tesis bestaan uit sewe hoofstukke wat verdeel is in twee hoofkomponente. Die eerste komponent, hoofstukke een tot vier, debatteer sistematies die histories/teoretiese begrondings van die vonnisopleggingspraktyk (beide globaal en ten opsigte van Suld-Afrika), en identifiseer die inherente probleme waarmee kontemporere strafregsplegingstelsels gekonfronteer word. Die navorsing gebruik vonnisopleggingsliteratuur om 'n in-diepte beoordeling te maak aan teoretiese paradigma om die sukses en mislukking van die verskillende vonnisopleggingaopsies te evalueer. Die tweede komponent, hoofstukke vyf tot sewe, behels die navorsing in Pretoria in vergelyking met verskeie ander buitelandse navorsingsondersoeke en bereik 'n hoogtepunt deur 'n Suid-Afrikaanse vonnisopleggingsgids (ernsindeks) voor te hou, gebaseer op die navorsingsbevindings. Die navorsingsbevindings identlfiseer respondente van Pretoria as strafgeorienteerd. Respondente beskou verkragting en bestuur van 'n motor terwyl die persoon se alkoholbloedinhoud oor die wettige perk is en die dood van 'n onskuldige slagoffer veroorsaak, as die ernstigste misdade. Dit word gevolg deur opsetlike moord, die handel in onwettige dwelmmiddels en terrorisme. Persentasie afwykings tussen die "ernstige" misdade is onbeduidend. Menige respondente is van mening dat lang termyne van gevangenisstraf of die doodsvonnis vir hierdie misdade toepaslik is. Oorhoofs gesien, verkies Swartmense gevangesetting, terwyl blankes meer konserwatief maar ook meer ontvanklik blyk te wees met betrekking tot ander vonnisopsies. Genderverskille in verhouding tot die erns- en die vonnistellings is gering, maar vroue en die ouer ouderdomsgroepe vertoon groter vrees vir viktimisasie, alhoewel hierdie vrees nie ondersteun word deur werklike viktimisasieratio's nie. Hierdie navorsing onderskryf die motivering vir die oorweging van die gemeenskapsmening in formulering van vonnisopleggingsbeleid met die resultaat dat 72 persent respondente gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid in die vonnisoplgeging voorstaan. ' / Criminology and Security Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)