Additive manufacturing is an industrial process, developed in the early 1980s and currently used in several industries such as the medical, aircraft and automotive industries. In the first place,additive manufacturing was mostly usedby manufacturing industries to produce prototypes, models and patterns. Nowadays, this technology can be used at any point in the lifecycle of a product from pre-production(rapid prototyping and rapid tooling) to production (direct manufacturing). This technology is especially adapted for the production of limited series of small and geometrically complex components.The purpose of this study is to identify howadditive manufacturing affects operational performance during the development and production phases, specifically in the case of the automotive industry.With this purpose in mind, I have collected primary and secondary data through a qualitative study using both in-depth semi-structured interviewsand archival records found on automotive companies’ websites. The objective of collecting multiple sources datawas to gain a reliable and comprehensive perception of the situation and understand the effects of additive manufacturing on operational performance, and more precisely on the seven production wastesdefined on lean practices, to be able to answer my research question. The data are analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis approach and testthe presupposition that emerged from the empirical findings. Through the analysis of the data collected, I came to the conclusion that additive manufacturing is mostly used during the prototyping phase and sometimes also used for rapid tooling. But it appears that this technology is only used for direct manufacturing in some specific niche markets such as luxury carmakers. Another interesting finding concerns the use of additive manufacturing for marketing purpose. Concerning operational performance, the impacts of additivemanufacturing remainlimited, and contrary to what some authors said, the use of this technology is still marginal in the automotive industry compared to traditional manufacturing.

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / The purpose of the study was to determine the contribution Edu-K can make to the way that people are able to actualise themselves. Two literature studies were done. The first literature study dealt with the existing theories on self actualisation. After this study a list was drawn up that consisted of the characteristics of the actualiser. The second literature study dealt with the Seven Dimensions of Intelligence, as described by Edu-K. A connection was drawn between the characteristics of the actualiser and the Seven Dimensions. A clear connection was drawn theoretically between the characteristics of the actualiser and the seven dimensions. The empirical study also shows an improvement in the academical performance as well as the characteristics of the actualiser. / Die doel van hierdie studie is om te bepaal watter bydrae Edu-Kinesiologie (Edu-K) kan lewer tot die bereiking van selfaktualisering, veral op akademiese gebied Vir die verkenning is twee literatuurstudies gedoen. Die eerste literatuurstudie het gehandel oor die teoriee wat bestaan oor selfaktualisering. Na hierdie studie is 'n vraelys oor eienskappe wat kenmerkend van selfaktualiseerders is, saamgestel. Die tweede literatuurstudie het gegaan oor die Sewe Dimensies van lntelligensie wat deur Edu-K beskryf word, en daar is 'n verband getrek tussen die Sewe Dimensies en die eienskappe van selfaktualisering. Daar is teoreties 'n duidelike verband getrek tussen selfaktualisering en die Sewe Dimensies van lntelligensie. Die empiriese studie het ook aan die lig gebring dat daar 'n verbetering in akademiese prestasie, sowel as eienskappe van selfaktualisering is na terapie. / M. Ed.(Guidance and Counselling)

In light of often derogatory and unqualified assessments of Yiddish literature adapted from German narrative models, this thesis will propose a different approach to viewing these adaptations. Building on methodologies and frameworks of analyses developed in contemporary medieval scholarship, this thesis pushes for a re-assessment of this literature and suggests a flexible model of adaptation that views adaptation as a creative interaction between two texts. In response to unsatisfactory approaches to judaizing strategies found in Yiddish texts adapted from German literature, this thesis also suggests a different approach. Judaizing processes can either be part of overall processes of adaptation aimed at coding the text as Jewish within an overarching framework of renewed cultural specificity; or, they can function as translation principles by achieving equivalence with the original model. To illustrate both ends of this scale of adaptation, this thesis centres on two early modern Yiddish texts: the Kuhbukh (Verona, 1595) and the Siben weisen mainster bichel (Basel, 1602). The four chapters at the core of this thesis develop and apply extensive frameworks of literary analyses which enable us to rigorously assess the differing levels of adaptations (translation and Wiedererzählen) of both texts. This thesis pushes for a future reassessment of other popular Yiddish narratives adapted from German models. This could ideally be achieved by a positioning of each individual Yiddish text based on German narratives on the proposed scale of adaptation. This should be backed by verifiable methodologies and analyses devoid of unjustifiably dismissive opinions. This would consequently move scholarship towards structured, methodological analyses of early Yiddish secular literature.

Recent scholarship on conceptual writing has turned to the role of affect in poetry. Critics such as Calvin Bedient claim that by using appropriated text and appealing to intellectual encounters with poetry based around a central “concept,” conceptual writing diminishes or even ignores affect. Bedient in particular is concerned with affect's relationship with political efficacy, a relationship I call “æffect.” I make the case that because of its use of appropriated material, we must examine the transformation from source text to poetic work when discussing affect in conceptual writing. Kenneth Goldsmith's Seven American Deaths and Disasters, which consists of transcriptions of audio recordings made during and immediately following major American tragedies, involves a specific kind of affective transformation: the cliché. I discuss what makes a cliché, especially in relation to affect, before turning to Sianne Ngai's Ugly Feelings and her concept of “stuplimity.” Stuplimity is an often ignored and not easily articulated affect that arises from boredom and repetition. Stuplimity is critical for Seven American Deaths and Disasters, especially for the “open feeling” that it produces in its wake. This uncanny feeling indicates a changing tide in conversations about conceptual writing. Rather than focus on the affect of æffect, we should instead turn to the effect. / text

International aviation regulations on emissions are becoming more strict. Improvements goals on fuel efficiency demand development of technologies capable of reducing fuel consumption and gas emissions. Morphing structures capability to adapt their aerodynamic shape for optimal condition in flight brings potential for reduction of aircraft drag and operating fuel consumption, minimizing gas emissions and fuel expenses. This study presents an investigation on the impact of a camber morphing winglet on midsize business jet using numerical simulation and wind tunnel experiments. A genetic algorithm was used to optimize the winglet sections camber for different flight conditions. Optimized geometries achieved total drag reduction of up to 0.58% compared to original winglet for single condition optimization, reaching up to 7 % reduction on consumed fuel on a typical mission. This efficiency improvement allows aircraft to carry 900 kg additional load, comprising the morphing system and extra payload. There is an indication of even better results for applications on a bigger commercial jet. Presented methodology is also suitable for new winglet fixed geometry design or incorporating morphing technology. Aerodynamic balance force measurements showed that optimized winglets increased the wing effective aspect ratio (AReff), reducing the lift-induced drag, and maximum lift coefficient (CLmax). However, maximum lift to drag ratio (L/Dmax) was reduced on CL optimization region due to flow differences between optimization and wind tunnel conditions. Aerodynamic efficiency improvement was found for greater lift coefficients (CL). Reductions on wing tip vortex size and intensity due to winglet installation are seen on measured vorticity map, showing liftinduced drag reduction according to Maskells equation. Parabolic drag polar and Maskells equation methods were used for lift-induced drag calculation, using balance force and flowing mapping data for calculations. The presented concept showed considerable aircraft performance improvement, using a feasible device with greater certification ease than other morphing structures concepts, once the failure of this system would not compromise flight safety. Further investigation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and wind tunnel experiments is necessary to develop and test a functional camber morphing winglet device. / Regulamentações internacionais sobre emissões estão se tornando mais rigorosas. Metas de melhoria da eficiência de consumo de combustível demandam o desenvolvimento de tecnologias capazes de reduzir o consumo e emissões de gases. Estruturas capazes de adaptar sua forma aerodinâmica para condição ótima em voo trazem potencial de redução do arrasto e consumo de combustível da aeronave, minimizando as emissões de gases e gastos com combustível. Este estudo apresenta uma investigação sobre o impacto de uma winglet de camber variável em um jato executivo da categoria mid size utilizando simulação numérica e experimentos em túnel de vento. Um algoritmo genético foi usado para otimizar o camber das seções para diferentes fases de voo. As geometrias otimizadas reduziram o arrasto total em até 0.58% comparadas a winglet original na otimização de condição única, alcançando até 7% de redução no combustível consumido em missão típica. Essa melhoria de eficiência permite a aeronave carregar 900 kg de carga adicional, composta pelo sistema de adaptação e carga paga extra. Há uma indicação de resultados ainda melhores para aplicação em um jato comercial maior. A metodologia apresentada é apropriada para projeto de uma nova winglet de geometria fixa ou que incorpore a tecnologia de adaptação. Medidas de força com balança aerodinâmica mostraram que as winglets otimizadas aumentaram o alongamento efetivo da asa (AReff), reduzindo o arrasto induzido, e o coeficiente de sustentação máximo (CLmax). No entanto, a máxima razão entre sustentação e arrasto (L/Dmax) foi reduzida dentro do intervalo de CL da otimização devido as diferenças entre as condições do escoamento na otimização e no túnel de vento. Melhoria na eficiência aerodinâmica foi obtida para coeficientes de sustentação (CL) maiores. Reduções no tamanho e intensidade do vórtice de ponta de asa são vistas nos mapas de vorticidade medidos, mostrando redução do arrasto induzido segundo a equação de Maskell. Os métodos da polar de arrasto parabólica e da equação de Maskell foram usados para o cálculo do arrasto induzido, utilizando nos cálculos os dados de força da balança e o mapeamento do escoamento. O conceito apresentado mostrou melhoria considerável no desempenho da aeronave, utilizando um sistema factível e com maior facilidade para certificação que outros conceitos de estruturas adaptáveis, uma vez que a falha desse sistema não comprometeria a segurança do voo. Mais estudos são necessários para desenvolver e testar uma winglet de camber varável funcional.

Le personnel des gouverneurs des colonies sous la période royale regroupe les gouverneurs généraux et particuliers qui administrent les colonies françaises de 1763 à 1792 sous l’autorité de la couronne. Le gouverneur est un homme de guerre, choisis par le ministre de la Marine et nommé par le roi. Il s’agit pour lui de défendre un empire, de contrôler les pratiques locales et de veiller à l’exécution des lois du royaume. La nature de la charge et l’étendue des pouvoirs s’adaptent aux circonstances locales, sans oublier la personnalité et l’envergure du titulaire, sa position sociale, les cumuls de fonctions dont il peut bénéficier. Si la place de premier personnage de la colonie, l’appartenance à l’élite administrative et la prérogative de représentant du roi laissent supposer un poste brillant, la réalité est moins reluisante. L’autorité du gouverneur est affaiblie par de nombreux obstacles à un exercice efficace du pouvoir. Le gouverneur tente d’asseoir sa puissance sur d’autres marqueurs distinctifs, mais la réalité de la charge reste peu enviable, faite d’un mélange d’insalubrité et de déplacements, en proie à la méfiance des élites locales ou des autres administrateurs métropolitains. Les compensations financières et l’argument de promettre une place plus avantageuse après le gouvernement sont de plus en plus illusoires au fur et à mesure que le climat se complique à l’approche de la Révolution. La charge de gouverneur des colonies, poste de passage dans une carrière à forte dimension coloniale, est une charge isolée des cercles d’influence de la cour, atypique dans son recrutement et limitée dans les perspectives de carrière qu’elle offre à la fin du XVIIIe siècle. / The executive staff of colonial governors under royal period comprises governors-general and individuals who rule the French colonies from 1763 to 1792 by appointment of the crown. The governor is a man of war, appointed by the King on the advice of the Navy Minister. It is for him to defend an Empire, to control local customs and to enforce royal laws. The importance of the position and the range of power that comes with it depend on local circumstances, not to mention the personality and the scale of the holder, his social ranking, and the combining of functions he can benefit from. If being the ruler of the colony, being part of the administrative elite and representing the King suggest both a prestigious and exotic job, reality is less rosy. The governor's authority has to face numerous obstacles, which results in the weakening of the effective ruling of the country. The governor tries to assert power over other distinctive markers, however the office remains unenviable, as it implies squalor and constant travel and is plagued by distrust of local elites or other metropolitan administrators. The financial perks and the promise of a more prestigious position after serving as Colonial governor are increasingly unrealistic as the French Revolution approaches. The office of Colonial governor, one of several steps in a colonial career, is actually isolated from the power and influence which rule the court, atypical in its appointment and provides very few career opportunities.

Sammanfattning   Revision är ett än mer aktuellt ämne nu än på flera decennier då det debatteras vitt och brett kring vad en revisor skall eller bör göra. I och med de tidigare införda byrårotationskraven begränsar det företag av allmänt intresse att inte under mer än maximalt tio år använda samma revisionsbyrå, med chans till förlängning. Vi har därför valt att undersöka hur längden på revisionsuppdragen kan inverka på stora onoterade bolag i en mindre geografisk zon, i vårt fall Umeå kommun med omnejd genom att intervjua tre revisorer och deras klienter.   Baserat på problemdiskussionen har vi bestämt följande problemformulering för studien.      Hur upplever revisionsbyråerna och deras klienter att oberoendet samt revisionskvalitet samspelar med revisionsprocessen vid korta respektive långa revisionsuppdrag?   Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka hur förhållandet mellan klient och revisor upplevs ha en samverkan med kvaliteten i revisionen samt på revisorernas oberoende till deras klienter över tid. Detta kan ligga till grund för framtida diskussioner gällande byrårotation för huruvida oberoende och revisionskvalitet utvecklas över tid under revisionsuppdraget.   Med en kvalitativ ansats har vi genomfört nio intervjuer med tre revisorer samt sex klienter. Klientförhållandena till respektive revisor är ett långvarigt revisionsuppdrag (fler än fem år) och ett kortvarigt revisionsuppdrag (mindre än 5 år sedan övertagandet). Denna unika inblick i revisor-klientförhållandet kopplas till flertalet faktorer samt teorier vilka kan ha en samverkan och förklaring till förändringen i oberoendet samt revisionskvaliteten.    Vi kommer i vår studie fram till att revisionsprocessen ser väldigt lik ut vid korta samt långa revisionsuppdrag där första året är speciellt omfattande, men år 2 och framåt vanligtvis är lika omfattande år efter år. Vad gäller oberoende finner vi att desto längre relation som skapas mellan klient och revisionsbyrå desto mer omfattande blir rådgivningen till klienten vilket kan påverka revisionsbyråns oberoende mot klienten rent finansiellt. Vidare är revisionskvalitet en term som definieras olika, men i teorin hävdar flertalet att detta kan speglas av oberoendet till klienten. I vår studie har definitionen uppfattats olika mellan revisor och klient vilket visar på ett förväntningsgap mellan de båda. Enligt respondenterna är revisionskvalitet något som skulle kunna förbättras av byrårotation när flera anser att långa revisionsuppdrag kan bli för rutinmässiga och att det skulle vara bra om nya individer kommer in och tittar på uppdraget från ett nytt perspektiv.   Förslag till vidare forskning skulle till exempel vara en enkätundersökning med ett mer omfattande geografiskt område där fler företag av större storlek innefattas av populationen för att kunna jämställa dessa med de företag som redan omfattas av reglerna om obligatorisk byrårotation.   Nyckelord: Audit, big four, big seven, audit quality, audit independence, audit firm rotation, auditor rotation, expectation gap, evidential matter, audit procedures och audit tenure.

Esta dissertação está dividida em duas partes, intituladas: 1) reações de expansão de anel promovidas por iodo(III) e 2) estudos visando à oxidação de octalinas e metileno-ciclo-hexanos. Na primeira parte foram estudadas reações de expansão de anel de álcoois alílicos protegidos com TMS (trimetilsilano) e de benzo-metilenos com iodo(III). O principal reagente de iodo hipervalente utilizado foi o hidróxi(tosilóxi)iodobenzeno (HTIB). O comportamento de cinco álcoois alílicos protegidos foi investigado: dois contendo metoxilas no anel aromático, um contendo bromo no anel aromático, um derivado de tetra-hidroquinolina e um derivado de benzofurano. Verificou-se a formação de produtos com anéis de sete membros em rendimentos de cerca de 70%. As condições reacionais empregadas foram: temperaturas de -72 a 50 °C, MeOH ou mistura MeOH/AcOEt e tempos de reação de 2-6 h. É importante frisar a formação de uma benzo-azepina. Além disso, empregando um substrato aromático rico em elétrons, obtivemos um produto de desaromatização, em uma reação pouco usual para as condições empregadas. Nas reações dos benzo-metilenos com iodo(III) foram testados quatro substratos: um derivado de benzo-furano, um derivado de indol, um benzo-pirano e uma benzoxepina. As reações foram realizadas em MeOH, à t.a., em 20-60 min. Os produtos de expansão de anel heterocíclicos foram formados em rendimentos de aproximadamente 60%, sendo destaque a obtenção de anéis de oito membros com oxigênio. Finalmente, na segunda parte do trabalho, foram realizados estudos visando à contração de anel de uma cis-octalina e à expansão de um metileno-ciclo-hexano utilizando HTIB. Os testes apontaram para a formação de produtos de adição e de contração de anel em quantidade de traço. / This Master\'s Thesis is divided in two parts, titled: 1) ring expansion reactions promoted by iodine(III) and 2) studies toward the oxidation of octalins and methylenecyclohexanes. On the first part, ring expansion reactions of TMS (trimethylsilane) protected allylic alcohols and benzomethylenes promoted by iodine(III) were studied. The main hypervalent iodine reagent employed was hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodobenzene (HTIB). Five protected allylic alcohols were explored: two containing methoxy groups on the aromatic ring, one containing a bromine on the aromatic ring, one tetrahydroquinoline derivative, and one benzofurane derivative. Seven-membered ring compounds were formed in nearly 70% yield. Reaction conditions were: temperature from -72°C to 50 °C, MeOH or MeOH/AcOEt as solvent and reaction time of 2-6 h. The formation of a benzoazepine needs to be highlighted. In addition, using an electron-rich aromatic substrate, a dearomatization product was obtained. This is an unusual result considering the conditions used. Regarding reactions of benzomethylenes with iodine(III), the behavior of four substrates was studied: a benzofuran derivative, an indole derivative, a benzopyran and a benzoxepin. Reactions were performed in MeOH, at r.t. in 20-60 min. The ring expanded products were obtained with yields of approximately 60%. The formation of eight-membered rings O-heterocycle was achieved. Finally, on the second part of this work, reactions of HTIB with a cis-octalin and with a methylenecyclohexane were studied aiming ring contraction and expansion products, respectively. Tests showed the formation of addition and ring contraction products as traces

O mundo está passando por uma mudança paradigmática. O paradigma moderno baseado nas ideias de René Descartes e Isaac Newton está sendo substituído por um novo paradigma chamado de pós-moderno ou complexo. Essa mudança tem gerado uma crise em toda a sociedade, e essa crise pode ser muito bem percebida na escola. Enquanto o mundo passa a valorizar a criatividade, a autonomia e habilidades como o trabalho em equipe e a capacidade de resolução de problemas complexos, a escola procura se fechar em torno de si mesma, exigindo a memorização e reprodução de conteúdos prontos, visando a solução de problemas artificiais que em nada se relaciona com o cotidiano e os interesses dessa nova sociedade. Nessa perspectiva, esse trabalho propõe uma metodologia para o ensino do conteúdo de Física do primeiro ano do Ensino Médio inspirada na teoria do pensamento complexo de Edgar Morin. Para isso, desenvolvemos uma sequência didática com atividades que visam não só abordar os conteúdos previstos pelo Currículo Oficial do Estado de São Paulo de maneira contextualizada e motivadora, mas abordá-los com o objetivo de procurar iniciar o desenvolvimento do pensamento complexo dos alunos. Assim, para alcançar esse objetivo, na elaboração de cada atividade, levamos em consideração \"Os Sete Saberes Necessários à Educação do Futuro\" de Morin assim como as competências e habilidades que estão previstas nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN). Sabemos que o pensamento complexo não se desenvolve do dia para noite, pois é um processo que se estende por toda a vida. Entretanto esperamos que com esse trabalho, possamos dar uma contribuição nesse sentido, e vislumbrar durante o ano letivo o princípio do desenvolvimento desse modo de pensar nos alunos. / The world is going through a paradigm shift. The modern paradigm based on René Descartes and ideas of Isaac Newton is being replaced by a new paradigm called postmodern or complex. This change has generated a crisis in the whole society, and this crisis can be perceived very well in school. As the world goes to value creativity, autonomy and skills like teamwork and the resolution capability of complex problems, the school seeks to close around itself, requiring the storage and playback of content ready, aimed at solution artificial problems that in no way relates to the everyday life and the interests of this new society. From this perspective this work proposes a methodology for the physics content of teaching the first year of high school inspired by the theory of complex thought of Edgar Morin. For this we have developed a teaching sequence with activities designed to address not only the content provided by the Curriculum Officer of the State of São Paulo in context and motivating way, but address them in order to start looking for the development of complex thinking of students. So to achieve this goal, in the preparation of each activity, we consider \"The Seven Knowledge Required for Future Education\" Morin as well as the skills and abilities that are set out in the National Curriculum Parameters (PCN). We know that complex thinking does not develop overnight, it is a process that extends throughout life. However we hope that with this work, we can make a contribution in this direction, and glimpse during the school year the beginning of the development of this way of thinking in students.

Esta dissertação está dividida em duas partes, intituladas: 1) reações de expansão de anel promovidas por iodo(III) e 2) estudos visando à oxidação de octalinas e metileno-ciclo-hexanos. Na primeira parte foram estudadas reações de expansão de anel de álcoois alílicos protegidos com TMS (trimetilsilano) e de benzo-metilenos com iodo(III). O principal reagente de iodo hipervalente utilizado foi o hidróxi(tosilóxi)iodobenzeno (HTIB). O comportamento de cinco álcoois alílicos protegidos foi investigado: dois contendo metoxilas no anel aromático, um contendo bromo no anel aromático, um derivado de tetra-hidroquinolina e um derivado de benzofurano. Verificou-se a formação de produtos com anéis de sete membros em rendimentos de cerca de 70%. As condições reacionais empregadas foram: temperaturas de -72 a 50 °C, MeOH ou mistura MeOH/AcOEt e tempos de reação de 2-6 h. É importante frisar a formação de uma benzo-azepina. Além disso, empregando um substrato aromático rico em elétrons, obtivemos um produto de desaromatização, em uma reação pouco usual para as condições empregadas. Nas reações dos benzo-metilenos com iodo(III) foram testados quatro substratos: um derivado de benzo-furano, um derivado de indol, um benzo-pirano e uma benzoxepina. As reações foram realizadas em MeOH, à t.a., em 20-60 min. Os produtos de expansão de anel heterocíclicos foram formados em rendimentos de aproximadamente 60%, sendo destaque a obtenção de anéis de oito membros com oxigênio. Finalmente, na segunda parte do trabalho, foram realizados estudos visando à contração de anel de uma cis-octalina e à expansão de um metileno-ciclo-hexano utilizando HTIB. Os testes apontaram para a formação de produtos de adição e de contração de anel em quantidade de traço. / This Master\'s Thesis is divided in two parts, titled: 1) ring expansion reactions promoted by iodine(III) and 2) studies toward the oxidation of octalins and methylenecyclohexanes. On the first part, ring expansion reactions of TMS (trimethylsilane) protected allylic alcohols and benzomethylenes promoted by iodine(III) were studied. The main hypervalent iodine reagent employed was hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodobenzene (HTIB). Five protected allylic alcohols were explored: two containing methoxy groups on the aromatic ring, one containing a bromine on the aromatic ring, one tetrahydroquinoline derivative, and one benzofurane derivative. Seven-membered ring compounds were formed in nearly 70% yield. Reaction conditions were: temperature from -72°C to 50 °C, MeOH or MeOH/AcOEt as solvent and reaction time of 2-6 h. The formation of a benzoazepine needs to be highlighted. In addition, using an electron-rich aromatic substrate, a dearomatization product was obtained. This is an unusual result considering the conditions used. Regarding reactions of benzomethylenes with iodine(III), the behavior of four substrates was studied: a benzofuran derivative, an indole derivative, a benzopyran and a benzoxepin. Reactions were performed in MeOH, at r.t. in 20-60 min. The ring expanded products were obtained with yields of approximately 60%. The formation of eight-membered rings O-heterocycle was achieved. Finally, on the second part of this work, reactions of HTIB with a cis-octalin and with a methylenecyclohexane were studied aiming ring contraction and expansion products, respectively. Tests showed the formation of addition and ring contraction products as traces