In the past 30 years there has been a rapid and exponential growth in the numbers of people electing to complete all or part of their studies outside of their country of origin. This phenomenon has attracted considerable research attention, not least from those who are interested to describe the benefits seen to accrue from the opportunity this provides for an extended encounter with linguistic and cultural diversity. Notably, the widespread assumption that this can generate a new form of learning, commonly referred to as intercultural learning, which is understood to comprise increased tolerance, empathy and openness to the linguistic and cultural other. Despite the limited research data to substantiate these claims, among those interested to develop educational responses to globalization, the potential of intercultural contact to generate intercultural learning has considerable appeal and has been co-opted in the development of policy and practice to promote global citizenship at all levels of education. This has contributed to the emergence of a particular discourse about intercultural learning and is further fuelling the development of both short and long-stay study abroad programmes. This discourse is, however, increasingly called into question on account of the perceived overly-simplistic constructions of interculturality and learning on which it is premised. In particular, there is a growing recognition of the need to develop situated accounts of people’s everyday encounters with linguistic and cultural others which acknowledge the exigencies of the setting, as well as the impact of wider political economic and historical discourses on their positioning in intercultural encounters. The generation of ‘thick’ descriptions of people’s lived experiences of interculturality in global educational contact zones, it is argued, can lead to a more nuanced account of the intercultural learning these can afford. This was the aim of the study reported in this thesis. The study undertaken explores the relationship between an experience of interculturality and learning among 14 international students during their year-long sojourn at a university in the UK. Drawing upon a socially constructed relational understanding of learning informed by the transactional and dialogic conceptualization of learning developed by Dewey and Bakhtin among others, the study sought to generate a narrative account of participants’ experiences and learning generated from periodic individual and group interviews over the year as well as reflective accounts in participants portfolios and other opportunistic conversations recorded in the researcher log. Primary analysis of the data revealed that participants’ experiences generated a number of forms of learning. One of these, ‘learning about self in relation to linguistic and cultural other’ was identified as a form of intercultural learning, comprising learning to be more open to the other and learning about linguistic and cultural positioning. This was subsequently explored in more depth, revealing a complex interplay between these two elements and the strategic actions taken by participants to manage their encounters with linguistic and cultural others. These results revealed considerable differences in the learning trajectories and outcomes resulting from their intercultural encounter. The findings also point to the importance of sustained commitment to intercultural dialogue on the part of individuals and the perception of their ethical treatment by others as important to the direction their learning trajectories take. On the basis of these findings, it is argued that while an encounter with linguistic and cultural other may lead to increased tolerance, empathy and openness to other associated with the way intercultural learning is employed in much of the research literature, the strategic actions learners take to negotiate their linguistic and cultural positioning will critically inform the extent to which they develop these qualities. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the ways in which a situated and relational conceptualization of interculturality and learning is seen to contribute to a more informed and deeper understanding of the sorts of intercultural learning that are made possible by an intercultural encounter. I also identify a number of research agendas which can build upon the insights provided by the study.

Innovative educators seek technologies to facilitate or enhance the learning experience while taking nothing away from the message of instruction. Simulations have been shown to meet this requirement. While simulations cannot replace the teacher or the message of instruction, they can provide a deeper and more cognitively engaging learning experience. Classroom use of simulations has been ongoing since the 1960's. However, substantive research on their efficacy remains limited. What research has been conducted indicates that simulations possess great potential as aids to instruction. The author of this dissertation pursued this question focusing on whether simulations contribute to instruction by facilitating transfer, improved motivation and increased engagement. This dissertation documents a study in which instructional simulations were used in undergraduate science courses to promote engagement, transfer and knowledge-seeking behavior. The study took place at Midwestern State University (MSU), a public university located in north-central Texas with a student population of approximately 5,500. The study ran during the fall 2006 and spring 2007 terms. Samples consisted of students enrolled in GNSC 1104 Life / Earth Science during the fall term and GNSC 1204 Physical Science during the spring term. Both courses were offered through the Department of Science and Mathematics at MSU. Both courses were taught by the same professor and are part of the core curriculum for undergraduates in the West College of Education at MSU. GNSC 1104 and GNSC 1204 yielded samples of n = 68 and n = 78 respectively. A simulation focusing on earthquakes was incorporated into the curriculum in GNSC 1104 while a simulation which presented concepts from wave propagation was included in GNSC 1204. Statistical results from this study were mixed. Nevertheless, studies of this type are warranted to gain a more complete understanding of how students are impacted by their interactions with simulations as well as the role simulations can play in the curriculum.

Cette étude qui s’inscrit dans la perspective de l’action située, vise à comprendre le phénomène de (re)construction des communautés de pratique (CoPs) en contexte de fusion hospitalière. La recherche repose sur un devis d’étude de cas longitudinale qui combine plusieurs sources de données : documentaires, d’entretiens semi-directifs et d’observations de terrain. La stratégie d’analyse combine deux méthodes : l’une processuelle, permettant un ordonnancement temporel de récits d’événements et d'activités qui ont contribué à situer l’action dans le temps; l’autre selon l’approche de la théorisation ancrée, a permis la comparaison des données par leur regroupement systématique en catégories et sous catégories, tout au long de la collecte des données. La démarche de recherche processuelle adoptée, nous a conduit à révéler la dynamique de construction d’une communauté de pratique (CoP) à partir des caractéristiques inter reliées, identifiées dans la littérature et qui font référence à un engagement mutuel, une entreprise commune et un répertoire partagé. Ainsi, nos analyses montrent que le domaine d’action qui vient délimiter les points de convergence des participants, constitue le dénominateur commun de la pratique de la communauté qui met à jour des savoirs tacites et explicites qui s’échangent et se développent dans le temps. Cette pratique partagée, éminemment sociale, génère des connaissances et des règles négociées et entretenues par les membres dans le cadre de leurs rencontres. Nos analyses révèlent également que le processus d’évolution d’une communauté de pratique, s’inscrit dans une trajectoire d’apprentissages continue où se combinent de façon dynamique, des temps de participation intense, propices à la construction progressive d’une compréhension commune et négociée du domaine d’action (participation) et des temps de mise en forme de ces représentations (réification). Ici, la dialectique participation/réification qui se donne à voir, révèle un véritable travail d’organisation où la construction du sens à donner à l’action s’instruit à l’aune d’une régulation sociale omniprésente. Toutefois, le résultat de la régulation sociale, n’implique pas de facto, la rencontre d’une régulation conjointe. Plutôt, nos résultats mettent à jour un ensemble de régulations, tantôt concurrentes, tantôt en équilibre en regard du contexte dans lequel sont placés les acteurs. Enfin, nos résultats sur la dynamique de (re)construction des communautés de pratique en contexte de fusion, permettent d’appréhender le changement organisationnel non plus sous ses seuls aspects stratégiques et en direction des équipes dirigeantes, mais également sous l’angle des capacités d’acteurs « ordinaires » à l’initier dans une perspective continue et située. / This study, which draws on the situated action approach, aims to understand the (re)construction of communities of practice (CoPs) in the context of a hospital merger. Combining documentary sources, semi-open ended interviews and observations data, the analysis strategy is twofold. A first method takes into account the merging process itself and the situation of action in time and place. A second method is guided by grounded theory as data are continuously categorized and compared throughout the data collection phase. Within this perspective, where the notion of process is a key figure, we have identified, in link with current literature, interrelated characteristics, such as mutual engagement, a joint enterprise, shared repertoire that intervene in the reconstruction of a community of practice (CoP). Our analysis points to the action domain as the common denominator of community practices, domain where tacit and explicit knowledge tend to converge in time. This shared practice, eminently social in nature, generates knowledge and negotiated rules that are upheld by its members within the framework of their meetings. This perspective has also brought forth how communities of practice take shape within processes of continuous learning that combine phases of intense participation that favor a shared understand of the action domain and the reification of their representations. In this specific study, the participation/reification dialectic reveals a “making sense” process where meaning of action and social regulation are intricately linked. Nevertheless, the resulting social regulation does not de facto, imply the encounter of a shared regulation. Rather, our results reveal an ensemble of regulations, sometimes concurrent, sometimes in equilibrium, in relation of the context within actors are situated. These findings on the dynamics of the reconstruction of communities of practice offer a new way of thinking changes within organizations such as the hospital, not only in respect to strategic dimensions and changes amongst team leaders but also in taking into account the lay actors and their capacities of thinking and acting out change.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-09-27T13:25:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Vitória Vieira Mattiello da Silva_.pdf: 2383128 bytes, checksum: 1cd451c92d4a9262fcda8bef7770eac1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-27T13:25:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Vitória Vieira Mattiello da Silva_.pdf: 2383128 bytes, checksum: 1cd451c92d4a9262fcda8bef7770eac1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-19 / Nenhuma / O Microempreendedor individual (MEI) é a pessoa que trabalha por conta própria e se legaliza como pequeno empresário. Pressupõe-se que esses empresários enfrentem dificuldades em participar de processos de capacitação, em razão do tempo e de recursos escassos, pois, pelo fato de trabalharem sozinhos (ou com pouca ajuda), a participação em capacitações presenciais é inviável, na maioria das vezes. Por outro lado, sabe-se que há uma variedade de tecnologias disponíveis no mercado, como Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TICs) móveis, que viabilizam o Mobile Learning. Dessa forma, entende-se que o M-learning são processos de aprendizagem apoiados pelo uso de tecnologias da informação ou comunicação móvel e sem fio, onde a característica fundamental é a mobilidade dos aprendizes (SACCOL; SCHLEMMER; BARBOSA, 2011), possibilitando que os MEIs aprendam em seu próprio contexto, onde a aprendizagem pode ser situada, autêntica, personalizada e colaborativa. O objetivo central desta pesquisa é analisar as potencialidades (affordances) e os desafios do M-learning para o desenvolvimento de competências empreendedoras de Microempreendedores Individuais. Utilizou-se o método Design Science Research (DSR), na geração de um artefato - um método de capacitação de MEIs na modalidade m-learning, usando como plataforma o aplicativo whatsapp. O processo da pesquisa seguiu as etapas da DSR (entendimento do problema, sugestão, desenvolvimento, avaliação e conclusão), e os resultados gerados em cada etapa tornaram-se oportunos para compreender as vantagens e os desafios da modalidade M-learning. Na ocasião do entendimento do problema, compreendeu-se as competências a serem desenvolvidas sobre o ponto de vista teórico, bem como o entendimento das abordagens de aprendizagem a serem consideradas: a da aprendizagem situada (LAVE; WENGER, 1991) e da pedagogia da autonomia (FREIRE, 1996). Realizou-se também uma survey com 206 empreendedores individuais, permitindo compreender as suas principais necessidades de capacitação; se buscam (ou não) capacitar-se, por quais meios e a quais TICs teriam acesso. Na etapa de sugestão de problema, deu-se a elaboração do método de capacitação sob a ótica das abordagens de aprendizagem adotadas no estudo. Na etapa de desenvolvimento, aplicou-se o artefato (método) com uma 1ª turma da capacitação, com 30 MEIs. Após essa realização, o artefato foi avaliado, aprimorado, e, depois reaplicado com uma 2ª. Turma de capacitação envolvendo mais 45 MEIs. Na etapa de avaliação, foi possível avaliar o artefato, identificando os atributos desenvolvidos da competência empreendedora, as potencialidades e os desafios da modalidade testada. Finalmente, compreendeu-se que as potencialidades (affordances) do M-learning contribuíram significativamente para o processo e viabilização da capacitação, identificadas como: acesso à multimídia, conectividade, informação e captura de dados, presença social, aprendizagem personalizada, interação, colaboração, motivação, expressão emocional, representação de conhecimentos e suporte a vários pontos de entrada e caminhos de aprendizagem. Quanto aos desafios do m-learning, percebe-se dois aspectos: 1) aspectos externos da tecnologia (internet, custo, uso de dados, memória) e 2) aspectos de ordem pedagógica e contextual, que, acredita-se, foram parcialmente superados. Porém, observou-se que essa modalidade possibilitou desenvolver alguns atributos da competência empreendedora ligada à categoria de negócio e gestão, sendo elas: habilidades de gestão, habilidades financeiro-orçamentárias e habilidades operacionais do negócio. / The Individual Microentrepeneur (IM) is the person who works on their own account and becomes a small entrepreneur under the law. It is assumed that these entrepreneurs face difficulties to take part of qualification processes due to lack of time and scarce resources, because since they work alone (or with little help), taking part of onsite qualification trainings is not feasible, most of the times. On the other hand, it is known that there is a variety of technologies available in the market, such as the mobile Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), which makes Mobile Learning feasible. In this way, M-learning is understood as learning processes supported by mobile or wireless information and communication technologies, where the major characteristic is the mobility of the learners (SACCOL; SCHLEMMER; BARBOSA, 2011), allowing the IMs to learn in their own context, where learning can be situated, authentic, personalized and collaborative. The main objective of this research is to analyze the potentials (affordances) and the challenges of M-learning for the development of entrepreneurial competences of Individual Microentrepreneurs. The method Design Science Research (DSR) was used to generate an artifact — a method of qualification of IMs through M-learning, using the Whatsapp application as platform. The research process followed the steps of the DSR (understanding the problem, suggestion, development, evaluation and conclusion), and the results generated in each step were crucial for the understanding of the advantages and challenges of the M-learning modality. During the period of understanding the problem, the competences to be developed under the theoretical point of view were comprehended, as well as the learning approaches to be considered: the situated learning (LAVE; WENGER, 1991), and the pedagogy of autonomy (FREIRE, 1996). A survey was also carried out with 206 individual entrepreneurs, through which their main qualification necessities were known; if they try (or not) to get qualification, through which means and to which ICTs they would have access to. During the problem suggestion step, the qualification method, under the point of view of the learning approaches adopted during the study, was developed. During the development step, the artifact (method) was applied to the first group of qualification, with 30 IMs. After that, the artifact was evaluated, enhanced and, later, applied to the second group of qualification, with other 45 IMs. During the evaluation step, it was possible to evaluate the artifact, identifying the attributes developed for the entrepreneurial competence, the potentials and the challenges of the tested modality. Finally, it was understood that the potentials (affordances) of M-learning had a key role for the process and viability of qualification, which are: access to multimedia, connectivity, information and data collection, social presence, personalized learning, interaction, collaboration, motivation, emotional expression, knowledge representation and support to several entry points and ways of learning. In terms of M-learning challenges, two aspects stand out: 1) technology external aspects (internet, cost, data use, memory) and 2) pedagogical and contextual aspects which, it is believed, were partially outdated. However, it was possible to observe that this modality allowed the development of some attributes of entrepreneurial competence related to the category of business and management, which are: management skills, financial and budgeting skills and business operational skills.

Residency models for education in the medical profession have existed for many years. Nationwide, policies are being implemented to bring this model to the field of teacher preparation. How this plays out within education programs is less researched, and there is a need to document the transition from traditional teacher education, that is, education that is based heavily in the college classroom, to a residency model, where preservice teachers spend a significant amount of time in an elementary school classroom. This paper describes how a year-long residency model is implemented and presents the changes in curriculum, scheduling and challenges encountered.

Health is a complex concept and therefore difficult to define. The concept today playsan important role in society as well as in school, due to the inactivity of today’s youth. Thelatest curriculum for the compulsory school, Lpo 94, has increased the focus on the concept ofhealth, as a part of the physical education, but how the teacher chooses to construct theeducation is still up to each individual, which leads to a vast room for personal interpretation.This is the starting-point of our qualitative, ethnographical, study, that has resulted inthis composition. By passively participating during four lessons as well as interviewing twoteachers in physical education we have been able to analyse how the education regarding theconcept of health was constructed. The main questions we wanted to analyse were: whichdefinition of the concept of health do the teachers in the education regarding health advocate?How is this made explicitly for the students during the lessons? How is the educationregarding the concept of health structured?Our theoretical framework consists of theories regarding education as well as theconcept of health. Concepts such as socialization, interaction, situated learning, didactics andsalutogenic and pathogenic perspectives of health are part of this framework.Our study suggests that the education regarding the concept of health can be explainedin terms of both salutogenic and pathogenic tendencies. Teachers’ definitions and views onthe concept of health have a salutogenic perspective, which becomes evident during theinterviews where physical, psychological and social aspects of health are taken into account.However, the education is structured and presented from a pathogenic perspective and istherefore dominated by the physical aspect of health. This leads to the fact that the teachers’way of talking about the concept of health differs from their way of teaching during thelessons.

In recent years, experts and organizations involved in mathematics education have emphasized the importance of collaboration between mathematicians and mathematics teacher educators as a means of improving the professional preparation of mathematics teachers. While several such collaborative endeavors have been documented in the extant literature, most research reports have focused on the products, rather than the process, of collaboration. The purpose of this interpretative phenomenological case study is to gain an understanding of the lived experiences of a mathematician and a mathematics teacher educator as they engaged in a team-teaching collaboration within the context of prospective secondary mathematics teacher preparation. Participants in this study are a mathematician (Dejan) and a mathematics teacher educator (Angela) who worked together to plan, implement, and assess prospective secondary mathematics teachers enrolled in a mathematics content course (Geometry) and a mathematics methods course (Teaching Senior High School Mathematics). I employed interpretative phenomenological analysis (Smith, Flowers, & Larkin, 2009) as the methodological framework. Consequently, I attempted to make sense of Dejan and Angela's experiences as they engaged in active reflection on those experiences. I also utilized the situated learning perspective (Lave and Wenger, 1991; Wenger, 1998) as a theoretical lens to guide the design and interpretation of this study. I assumed that learning, meaning, and understanding are situated in communities of practice, and therefore, to understand the meaning-making of Dejan and Angela during their team-teaching experiences, I paid particular attention to their understandings and identities as members of their respective communities of practice in mathematics and mathematics education. The themes that emerged from my analysis illustrate (a) how crossing community boundaries led to Dejan and Angela's increased awareness of their practice, (b) the roles of coach and student taken on by Angela and Dejan throughout the collaboration in an effort to increase Dejan's awareness of the needs of PSMTs, and (c) the influence of mutuality as a driving force in the instructors' collaborative experiences. In using the situated learning perspective as an interpretive lens to describe and explain Dejan and Angela's meaning-making throughout their collaboration, I demonstrate (a) the importance of the dual processes of participation and reification to facilitate learning and meaning between instructors, (b) the ways in which a lack of shared history can hinder communication between collaborators, (c) the influence of a community's "regime of mutual accountability" on collaborators' decision making and interactions, and (d) the value and complexities of brokering and crossing boundaries.

The emergence of online learning environments and advances in web-based technologies enable teachers to interact and exchange ideas and experiences in online communities. However, these rapid technological advances also cause such online communities to disband quickly, before they have the opportunity to evolve into a community of practice, in which a group of teachers build a shared history, a shared repertoire of resources and activities, and mutually engage in collaborative professional development, over time. Moreover, rapid advances in technology necessitate on-going collaboration among teachers so that they develop meaningful technology integration practice. While such collaborations have taken place in face-to-face settings, how this might be achieved through participation in an online teacher community of practice has been under-researched. Therefore, the present study examines one long-standing, globally-distributed, online community of practice created by English language teachers, called "Webheads in Action", whose shared domain of interest centers on exploring the pedagogical uses of web-based technologies in English language teaching. The study employs netnography, or online ethnography, in which the researcher collects data through participant observation, interviews, and archiving, all of which is conducted completely online. The aim of this study was to understand the broader culture of learning, collaboration, and mentoring in this online language teacher community by exploring and analyzing its shared repertoire of resources, and activities; ways members engage in the collective development of this technology integration practice; and the role of participation in such an online community of practice on developing language teachers' technological pedagogical content knowledge when designing instruction. The data for this study comes from various sources of data collected through online participant observation in this community's activities over a year, reflective observational fieldnotes, online interviews, and archived data. Throughout my online fieldwork, I participated in this online community's activities both synchronously and asynchronously. At the same time, I took reflective observational fieldnotes of my participation and observations during these activities, as well as community's spaces and email communications. As for archival data, I archived the email communication that occurred during my time in the field, as well as screenshots of the community spaces and platforms. I conducted in-depth interviews with four key people in this community in order to better understand the organization and background of this community and its activities, and interviewed five individual members in order to learn about their stories with and as Webheads. Through qualitative data analysis procedures, namely coding, categorizing and finding themes, the study provides a rich and thick description as well as an analysis of this community and its culture in the light of my experiences and observations, as well as the experiences of others. The study reveals insights as to the culture of teacher learning in an online community of practice and the mediation of technological pedagogical content knowledge in online communities of practice. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are also presented, as well as an in-depth discussion of how ethnographic fieldwork practices are adapted in netnography with online communities of practice.

Η ανάπτυξη του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα είναι μια καινοτόμος μέθοδος ανάπτυξης λογισμικού και εφαρμογών του, η οποία έχει να επιδείξειαρκετές επιτυχίες τα τελευταία οκτώ με δέκα χρόνια. Έτσι, έχουν διαμορφωθεί διάφορες θεωρίες για να εξηγήσουν την επιτυχία της, κυρίως από τη σκοπιά της οικονομικής επιστήμης και των επιστημών της οργάνωσης και της διοίκησης επιχειρήσεων. Η εργασία αυτή εξετάζει διάφορες πτυχές των ζητημάτων της ανάπτυξης του λογισμικού του ανοικτού κώδικα. Στo Κεφάλαιο 1, εισάγονται κάποιες βασικές έννοιες για το λογισμικό ανοικτού κώδικα και παρουσιάζονται μερικές από τις γνωστότερες άδειες χρήσης του ανοικτού λογισμικού. Ιδιαίτερα, εξετάζουμε τους ορισμούς και τις διαφορές μεταξύ του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα και του ελεύθερου λογισμικού. Επίσης, εστιάζουμε την προσοχή μας στις εξής άδεις χρήσης: δημόσιας κυριότητας (public domain), BSD, καλλιτεχνικής άδειας, GPL και LGPL. Τέλος, δίνουμε μια σύντομη περιγραφή της χρονολογικής εξέλιξης των προσπαθειών ανάπτυξης του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 2, αναλύονται τα σημαντικότερα χαρακτηριστικά της οργάνωσης και της ροής εργασίας στα έργα ανοικτού κώδικα. Αυτά αναφέρονται σε κάποια χαρακτηριστικά μεγέθη, στη δομή των έργων, στις διαδικασίες ανάπτυξής τους, στους χρήστες τους (την ομάδα στόχο), στην επικοινωνιακή-πληροφοριακή υποδομή και στην τεκμηρίωση των έργων αυτών. Με βάση αυτά τα χαρακτηριστικά γνωρίσματα, ο σκοπός είναι να μπορεί να περιγραφεί οποιοδήποτε έργο ανοικτού κώδικα και να μπορείεπίσης και να κατηγοριοποιηθεί. Μια τέτοια κατηγοριοποίηση διευκολύνει αφενός την έρευνα, μέσω του ορισμού εννοιών καθολικής ισχύος, και αφετέρου στηρίζει την οργάνωση των ίδιων των έργων, καθώς και την επιλογή τους από την ελεύθερη οικονομία. Στο Κεφάλαιο 3, ακολουθούμε τη δουλειά των Healy & Schussman (2003), οι οποίοι έχουν αναλύσει ένα πολύ μεγάλο δείγμα έργων ανοικτού κώδικα και, έτσι, έχουν εντοπίσει κάποια εντυπωσιακά δομικά χαρακτηριστικά των κοινοτήτων ανάπτυξης λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα. Οι Healy & Schussman παρατήρησαν ότι η κατανομή των έργων αυτών για μια σειρά από δείκτες των δραστηριοτήτων, που αναπτύσσονται σε αυτά, είναι εντυπωσιακά ανομοιόμορφη. Εντόπισαν όμως ένα σχετικά μικρό αριθμό έργων, που παρουσιάζουν στοιχεία ισχυρής συνεργατικής δραστηριότητας. Τα έργα αυτά υποτίθεται ότι είναι χαρακτηριστικά για τις τυπικές διαδικασίες ανάπτυξης, που ακολουθούνται για τη διαμόρφωση του ανοικτού κώδικα. Τα συμπεράσματα των Healy & Schussman συμφωνούν με προγενέστερες μικρότερης κλίμακας εμπειρικές έρευνες. Μελετώντας τις διαφορές μεταξύ ενεργών και ανενεργών έργων, οι Healy & Schussman προτείνουν ότι αυτές μπορούν να εξηγηθούν με βάση τα κοινωνικο-δομικά χαρακτηριστικά των κοινοτήτων ανάπτυξης των αντίστοιχων έργων, τα οποία έχουν τύχει ελάχιστης προσοχής στην υπάρχουσα βιβλιογραφία. Επιπλέον, όπως θα δούμε, οι Healy & Schussman διαμορφώνουν ορισμένες υποθέσεις εργασίας, μέσω των οποίων να μπορεί να γίνει καλύτερα κατανοητή η "οικολογία" των έργων ανάπτυξης λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 4, προσπαθούμε να μελετήσουμε το φαινόμενο του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα κάτω από το πρίσμα των οικονομικών. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, μας απασχολούν οι ρόλοι των συνεργατών στα έργα ανάπτυξης τέτοιου λογισμικού, είτε σαν μεμονωμένα άτομα ή σαν οργανώσεις, και οι σχέσεις τους με τον ευρύτερο δημόσιο τομέα. Ακόμη, κάνουμε μια συζήτηση για τις νέες οικονομικές δυνατότητες, που ανοίγονται από τη χρήση του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα. Έτσι, έχει ενδιαφέρον να δούμε τις επιχειρήσεις από τρεις διαφορετικές γωνίες: σαν χρήστες, σαν συνεργάτες και σαν παροχείς υπηρεσιών για την ανάπτυξη του λογισμικού αυτού. Τέλος, με βάση το έργο BerliOS, συζητάμε κάποια παραδείγματα μακροοικονομικών προοπτικών στην ιδιωτική πρωτοβουλία, τις νέες αγορές και τη Νέα Οικονομία, που μπορούν να προκύψουν από την υιοθέτηση του επιχειρησιακού μοντέλου του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 5, ακολουθούμε την ανάλυση του Kelty (2001) για το κατά πόσο μπορεί κανείς να δει το ελεύθερο-δωρεάν λογισμικό σαν ένα κοινωνικό αγαθό παρόμοιο με την επιστήμη. Ιδιαίτερα, ο Kelty εξετάζει κατά πόσον το ελεύθερο-δωρεάν λογισμικό είναι - όπως η επιστήμη - μια "οικονομία ανταλλαγής δώρων", η οποία λειτουργεί με το δικό της νόμισμα. Ο βασικός ισχυρισμός του Kelty είναι ότι στην περίπτωση αυτή της οικονομίας του λογισμικού ελεύθερου και ανοικτού κώδικα, το νόμισμα των πληρωμών δεν είναι τίποτε άλλο παρά η φήμη, που αποκτούν οι ατομικοί ή συλλογικοί παράγοντες, οι οποίοι με τη συνεργασία τους συμβάλουν και συνεισφέρουν στην ανάπτυξη του λογισμικού αυτού. Έτσι, ο Kelty εξετάζει τα ζητήματα της φήμης και της αναγνώρισης της συμβολής, αφενός μέσω μιας συνοπτικής θεωρητικής ανασκόπησης της ιστορίας των επιστημών κι αφετέρου με τη σύγκριση - τόσο μεταφορικής όσο και πραγματικής - των διαφορετικών εννοιών της "συναλλαγής" και της "πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας", που εμφανίζονται σε διάφορους τομείς της επιστήμης και της οικονομίας. Στο Κεφάλαιο 6, ακολουθώντας τη σχετική εργασία του Edwards (2001a), η ανάπτυξη του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα αντιμετωπίζεται σαν μια διαδικασία, που γίνεται στα πλαίσια μιας "επιστημικής κοινότητας". Με τον όρο αυτό, αποδίδεται το γεγονός ότι, σε μια τέτοια κοινότητα, η ανάπτυξη του λογισμικού είναι μία διαδικασία ανοικτής μάθησης, στην οποίαν τα εμπλεκόμενα μέρη, συνεισφέροντας με το προσωπικό έργο τους στην επίτευξη των ομαδικών στόχων, ταυτόχρονα μορφώνονται και μαθαίνουν πολλές χρήσιμες γνώσεις από τη συνεργασία, την αλληλεπίδραση και την αλληλοβοήθεια με τους άλλους συνεργάτες. Ιδιαίτερα, εισάγοντας τις θεωρητικές έννοιες της "εγκατεστημένης μάθησης" και της "νομιμοποιημένης περιφερειακής συμμετοχής", ο Edwards μελετά πώς οι μαθησιακές διαδικασίες αυτές συμβάλουν στη διαμόρφωση του χαρακτήρα μιας επιστημικής κοινότητας, που αναπτύσσει λογισμικό ανοικτού κώδικα. Ο συνδυασμός αυτών των δύο εννοιών φαίνεται να είναι καρποφόρος και ικανός να εξηγήσει μερικές από τις εμπειρικές παρατηρήσεις τέτοιων κοινοτήτων, ρίχνοντας άπλετο φως στα ζητήματα της κατανόησης των κινήτρων, της συμπεριφοράς και της δυναμικής των ομάδων, που εμπλέκονται σε τέτοια έργα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 7, γίνεται μια συζήτηση των επιχειρησιακών προγραμμάτων του Υπουργείου Παιδείας για την πληροφορική στην εκπαίδευση. Το βασικό ερώτημα, που τίθεται, είναι αν τελικά το μάθημα της πληροφορικής ,έτσι όπως διδάσκεται, υπηρετεί τον αρχικό στόχο της πολιτικής, με τον οποίο οι υπολογιστές εισέβαλλαν στην εκπαίδευση. Εξετάζονται κάποια προβλήματα, που έχει η χρήση του κλειστού-εμπορικού λογισμικού στην εκπαίδευση. Παρατίθενται μια σειρά από πλεονεκτήματα για τη χρήση του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα στην εκπαίδευση, τα οποία του προσδίδουν σαφώς μεγαλύτερη παιδαγωγική αξία. Βεβαίως, σχολιάζονται τα συνήθη επιχειρήματα εναντίον του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα. Στο τέλος, γίνεται μια προσπάθεια να εξαχθούν ορισμένα συμπεράσματα και να διατυπωθούν κάποιες συγκεκριμένες προτάσεις για τις ευεργετικές δυνατότητες, που έχει το λογισμικό αυτό στις εκπαιδευτικές και μαθησιακές διαδικασίες. Στο Κεφάλαιο 8, περιγράφουμε μια σειρά από λογισμικά ανοικτού κώδικα, που ήδη χρησιμοποιούνται ή μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν στην εκπαίδευση. Πρόκειται για λογισμικό σε σχέση με εφαρμογές γραφείου, επεξεργασίας εικόνας και διαφόρων οπτικοποιήσεων (visualizations) - π.χ., σχημάτων και γραφικών παραστάσεων - εφαρμογών στα μαθηματικά, στη διαχείριση βάσεων δεδομένων, στο Internet κ.λπ. Τέλος, κάνουμε μια σύντομη παρουσίαση των περιεχομένων του έργου KDE-Edutainment, μιας προσπάθειας για την ανάπτυξη λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα, που συνδυάζει μάθηση και διασκέδαση. Σαν Παράρτημα, στο Κεφάλαιο 9, δίνουμε έναν κατάλογο χρήσιμων ιστοσελίδων και ιστοτόπων, στους οποίους μπορούν να βρεθούν πολλές περισσότερες πληροφορίες για το λογισμικό ανοικτού κώδικα και τις εφαρμογές του στην εκπαίδευση. / Not available

Cette étude qui s’inscrit dans la perspective de l’action située, vise à comprendre le phénomène de (re)construction des communautés de pratique (CoPs) en contexte de fusion hospitalière. La recherche repose sur un devis d’étude de cas longitudinale qui combine plusieurs sources de données : documentaires, d’entretiens semi-directifs et d’observations de terrain. La stratégie d’analyse combine deux méthodes : l’une processuelle, permettant un ordonnancement temporel de récits d’événements et d'activités qui ont contribué à situer l’action dans le temps; l’autre selon l’approche de la théorisation ancrée, a permis la comparaison des données par leur regroupement systématique en catégories et sous catégories, tout au long de la collecte des données. La démarche de recherche processuelle adoptée, nous a conduit à révéler la dynamique de construction d’une communauté de pratique (CoP) à partir des caractéristiques inter reliées, identifiées dans la littérature et qui font référence à un engagement mutuel, une entreprise commune et un répertoire partagé. Ainsi, nos analyses montrent que le domaine d’action qui vient délimiter les points de convergence des participants, constitue le dénominateur commun de la pratique de la communauté qui met à jour des savoirs tacites et explicites qui s’échangent et se développent dans le temps. Cette pratique partagée, éminemment sociale, génère des connaissances et des règles négociées et entretenues par les membres dans le cadre de leurs rencontres. Nos analyses révèlent également que le processus d’évolution d’une communauté de pratique, s’inscrit dans une trajectoire d’apprentissages continue où se combinent de façon dynamique, des temps de participation intense, propices à la construction progressive d’une compréhension commune et négociée du domaine d’action (participation) et des temps de mise en forme de ces représentations (réification). Ici, la dialectique participation/réification qui se donne à voir, révèle un véritable travail d’organisation où la construction du sens à donner à l’action s’instruit à l’aune d’une régulation sociale omniprésente. Toutefois, le résultat de la régulation sociale, n’implique pas de facto, la rencontre d’une régulation conjointe. Plutôt, nos résultats mettent à jour un ensemble de régulations, tantôt concurrentes, tantôt en équilibre en regard du contexte dans lequel sont placés les acteurs. Enfin, nos résultats sur la dynamique de (re)construction des communautés de pratique en contexte de fusion, permettent d’appréhender le changement organisationnel non plus sous ses seuls aspects stratégiques et en direction des équipes dirigeantes, mais également sous l’angle des capacités d’acteurs « ordinaires » à l’initier dans une perspective continue et située. / This study, which draws on the situated action approach, aims to understand the (re)construction of communities of practice (CoPs) in the context of a hospital merger. Combining documentary sources, semi-open ended interviews and observations data, the analysis strategy is twofold. A first method takes into account the merging process itself and the situation of action in time and place. A second method is guided by grounded theory as data are continuously categorized and compared throughout the data collection phase. Within this perspective, where the notion of process is a key figure, we have identified, in link with current literature, interrelated characteristics, such as mutual engagement, a joint enterprise, shared repertoire that intervene in the reconstruction of a community of practice (CoP). Our analysis points to the action domain as the common denominator of community practices, domain where tacit and explicit knowledge tend to converge in time. This shared practice, eminently social in nature, generates knowledge and negotiated rules that are upheld by its members within the framework of their meetings. This perspective has also brought forth how communities of practice take shape within processes of continuous learning that combine phases of intense participation that favor a shared understand of the action domain and the reification of their representations. In this specific study, the participation/reification dialectic reveals a “making sense” process where meaning of action and social regulation are intricately linked. Nevertheless, the resulting social regulation does not de facto, imply the encounter of a shared regulation. Rather, our results reveal an ensemble of regulations, sometimes concurrent, sometimes in equilibrium, in relation of the context within actors are situated. These findings on the dynamics of the reconstruction of communities of practice offer a new way of thinking changes within organizations such as the hospital, not only in respect to strategic dimensions and changes amongst team leaders but also in taking into account the lay actors and their capacities of thinking and acting out change.