中国における都市部と農村部異なる制度的・社会経済的背景により、独特な環境意識を生まれていると考えられる。本研究は、現地調査によりデータを収集し、統計分析を駆使したことにより、都市部と農村部における環境意識の特有の構造と形成メカニズムを解明することを目的とする。先行研究の成果を踏まえ、都市部と農村部の社会構造を考慮し、環境意識に関する総合的な理論モデルを提案し、環境意識の三つのディメンションに分けて展開する。理論的に検討することと実証的なデータの分析結果を基に、環境意識形成の内在因子と外部影響要因を明らかにした。 / Long-time institutional and socioeconomic segmentations make rural China become a distinctive society from the urban China. The remarkable rural and urban division in China supplies us a good context to explore the formation and diverse social facets of environmental consciousness. This study aims to clarify the specific structure and formation mechanism of environmental consciousness under the different social backgrounds of rural and urban China based on the statistical results derived from survey data. Three dimensions of environmental consciousness and an integrated theoretical framework which involves both social structural and social psychological variables are proposed. Based on the proposed theoretical framework and examined data analyses, the inner causes and externally influencing factors of environmental consciousness were clarified. / 博士(文化情報学) / Doctor of Culture and Information Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

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The research on natives’ attitudes regarding immigration has increased during the past decades. The overall findings question the common theory of labor market competition and that native attitudes are affected by personal economic considerations. In the same time an increased concern in the political debate has become immigration. In many countries, there is a growth and progress of political parties with a far-right orientation that disapproves and attempts to prevent immigration. We examine data on attitudes towards immigration from eight rounds of the European social survey (ESS) which covers the years between 2002-2016. We study if the attitudes in Europe towards immigration from poor non-member countries of the European Union have changed during the 21th century and examine if the massive acceleration of refugee applications during the refugee crisis in 2015 has had an impact on the attitudes towards immigration. We estimate different models to examine how different factors are associated with individuals' attitudes towards immigration. Furthermore, we test if the labor market competition model holds for the seventh round of ESS due to limitation in data. We find that natives’ attitudes have not become worse in Europe, and that the refugee crisis in 2015 has not made the attitudes worse. We find that the factors that are associated with individual attitudes towards immigration are to a large degree connected with cultural values and beliefs, and that individuals with more years of schooling are more likely to favor immigration regardless of where the immigrants come from. These findings are consistent with the growing body of empirical findings that considers that cultural values and believes are the main drivers of attitudes towards immigration, and that actual effects of immigration on income and employment are quite small. These findings put the labor market competition premise in forming immigration attitudes into question.

Detta är en tvärkulturell, kvantitativ studie som undersöker sambandet mellan utbildning och ensamhet. Tidigare forskning i ämnet har varierande resultat samtidigt som fokus ofta legat på konsekvenser av ensamhet istället för vad som orsakar ensamhet. Trots det utgår denna studie från att den alienerande skolmiljön, som bidrar till ensamhetskänslor, samt humankapitalteorin, som ger en förståelse vad som kan uppmuntra till fortsatta studier, innebär att en lägre utbildningsnivå associerar med ensamhetskänslor. Datamaterialet som används för att testa hypotesen kommer från European Social Survey runda 7 vilket innebär att 21 länder inkluderas med mellan 1 400–3 000 respondenter per nation. Denna studie använder samma binära definition av ensamhetsvariabeln som Brülde och Fors (2015). Med hjälp av linjära sannolikhetsmodeller testas sedan hypotesen, analyserna inkluderar över 35 000 respondenter. Resultatet innebär att det finns empiriskt stöd för hypotesen och därmed antas en individs utbildningsnivå inverkar på hens ensamhetskänslor. Det kan tyckas märkligt att personer som spenderar mer tid i den alienerande skolmiljön är mindre ensamma än de med lägre utbildningsnivå. Teorierna ger dock flera möjliga förklaringar till detta, dels att individer som är känsliga för den alienerande miljön väljer att inte fortsätta studier på högre nivå, vilket ger dem sämre förutsättningar på arbetsmarknaden samtidigt som förvärvsarbetet också kan leda till alienering och därmed riskeras ensamhetskänslorna intensifieras. Medan för andra individer ger det ökande humankapitalet, som utbildningen innebär, incitament för att bortse från den alienerande miljön och därmed motverkas alienationens negativa konsekvenser. Därutöver går det att argumentera för att den högre utbildningen fostrar en slags social individualism som studenterna har nytta av senare i livet.

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Affiliates of the United States settlement house movement provided a historical precedent for engaged, community-centered museum practice. Their innovations upon the social survey, a key sociological data collection and data visualization tool, as well as their efforts to interpret results via innovative, culturally democratic exhibition techniques, had a contemporary impact on both museum practice and the history of social work. This impact resonates in the socially-responsive work of community museums of the recent past. The ethics of settlement methodology- including flexibility, experimentalism, empathetic practice, local community focus, and social justice activism- foreshadow the precepts and practices of what is now known as public history. / History

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The thesis deals with the crime of everyday life, i. e. unfair practices committed by individuals who are considered to be "respectable citizens". The aim of the theorical part is to define the phenomenon of everyday crime, to put it into the relevant sociological and criminological context and also to perform quantitative analysis, which will focus on two of the most important factors for prediction of everyday crime - norms and values. The theoretical part, in addition to the basic definitions of the research focuses on the concepts of values (in particular the concept of S. H. Schwartz), and also on the religiosity. Empirical part of the thesis provides the analysis of the everyay crime on the basis of two data files of the Czech population (European Social Survey 2010, Aktér 2011) and verifies the influence of norms and value profiles on the commitment of everyday crime.

<p>This study presents the extent, history and process of forest decline in Awassa watershed, south central Ethiopia. By combining different data sources such as satellite images, social surveys and historical documents, forest decline is described quantitatively and qualitatively and the main causes behind this process are identified. Forest decline in the study area is interpreted as the result of a combination of socio-political changes, economic activities, population growth, cultural patterns and agricultural developments while local conflicts over resources also play an important role. The findings of this study reveal forest decline to be a continuous process associated with spatial fragmentation and location specific losses. The recent increase in production of the cash crop khat has made a significant impact on the forest through several mechanisms: it relocates the agricultural/forest frontier; it causes intrusion and permanent settlement within forests; and fragments remaining forest. The analysis of human-spatial boundaries indicates unsystematic management of the natural forests by several administrative units. As a result, multiple claims have been made on the forests simultaneously as weak control and accountability conditions have negatively affected forest management. The main conclusions are as follows: Forest decline in the study area has a long history, spanning at least one century. The causes are identifiable as both temporally spaced individual events as well as chains of events. These interact with each other at different levels and scales as well as with the geographical properties of the study area. Land users’ rationale in weighing the advantages between keeping and replacing the forest is affected by economic gain, market conditions and transport facilities. Multiple claims to the forest land and weak accountability contribute to inefficient management, which accelerates forest decline.</p>

This study presents the extent, history and process of forest decline in Awassa watershed, south central Ethiopia. By combining different data sources such as satellite images, social surveys and historical documents, forest decline is described quantitatively and qualitatively and the main causes behind this process are identified. Forest decline in the study area is interpreted as the result of a combination of socio-political changes, economic activities, population growth, cultural patterns and agricultural developments while local conflicts over resources also play an important role. The findings of this study reveal forest decline to be a continuous process associated with spatial fragmentation and location specific losses. The recent increase in production of the cash crop khat has made a significant impact on the forest through several mechanisms: it relocates the agricultural/forest frontier; it causes intrusion and permanent settlement within forests; and fragments remaining forest. The analysis of human-spatial boundaries indicates unsystematic management of the natural forests by several administrative units. As a result, multiple claims have been made on the forests simultaneously as weak control and accountability conditions have negatively affected forest management. The main conclusions are as follows: Forest decline in the study area has a long history, spanning at least one century. The causes are identifiable as both temporally spaced individual events as well as chains of events. These interact with each other at different levels and scales as well as with the geographical properties of the study area. Land users’ rationale in weighing the advantages between keeping and replacing the forest is affected by economic gain, market conditions and transport facilities. Multiple claims to the forest land and weak accountability contribute to inefficient management, which accelerates forest decline.