O objetivo principal deste trabalho é investigar o impacto da interação entre consumidores no valor da experiência e na satisfação do consumidor, nos ambientes de varejo off-line e on-line, considerando o papel da ansiedade social. Para alcançar este objetivo, três estudos experimentais foram conduzidos. Os resultados indicam que a interação entre consumidores aumenta o valor da experiência e a sua satisfação tanto no ambiente de varejo off-line (estudos 1 e 3) como no on-line (estudos 2 e 3). Entretanto, no ambiente de varejo off-line, o impacto da interação entre consumidores na satisfação é moderado pela ansiedade social (estudos 1 e 3). Assim, quanto maior a ansiedade social do indivíduo, menor é o impacto da interação entre consumidores na satisfação do consumidor. Para a relação entre interação entre consumidores e valor da experiência, não foi encontrada essa moderação. No ambiente de varejo on-line, a ansiedade social não modera nenhuma destas relações, conforme previsto (estudos 2 e 3). Adicionalmente, o estudo 3 busca fornecer uma possível explicação da razão pela qual não há moderação no ambiente on-line, demonstrando que o controle da autoapresentação é maior neste ambiente, mas somente para consumidores com alta ansiedade social. / The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of customer-to-customer interaction on experience value and customer satisfaction, in the off-line and on-line retail environments, considering the role of social anxiety. To achieve this objective, three experimental studies were conducted. The results indicate that the customer-to-customer interaction increases the experience value and satisfaction in both the offline retail environment (studies 1 and 3) and the online (studies 2 and 3). However, in the offline retail environment, the impact of the customer-to-customer interaction on customer satisfaction is moderated by social anxiety (studies 1 and 3). Thus, the higher the social anxiety of the individual, the lower the impact of the customer-to-customer interaction on customer satisfaction. For the relationship between customer-to-customer interaction and experience value, this moderation was not found. In the online retail environment, social anxiety does not moderate any of these relationships, as predicted (studies 2 and 3). Additionally, study 3 seeks to provide a possible explanation of there is not such moderation in the online environment, and demonstrates that the self-presentation control is higher in this environment, but only for consumers with high social anxiety.

Public speaking anxiety (PSA), widespread amongst students and also the general population, is associated with substantial distress and interferes with a person’s ability to give a presentation or speech. This can lead to difficulties in social, occupational and academic areas of functioning. Despite its pervasiveness, very few individuals will seek help, most will tend to avoid the anxiety-provoking situations. This can be a serious issue if left untreated, leading to negative impacts on quality of life, for example dropping out of education early and subsequently having limited job opportunities. The literature review explored the existing body of work regarding PSA and presented the rationale for the current research, beginning with a conceptual framework and the manner in which PSA is related to Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). This was followed by a detailed investigation of existing influential models and treatment modalities for both PSA and SAD. It identified that CBT has been the most effective treatment and has been delivered via different formats; however some individuals with SAD/PSA did not respond to a mainstream CBT approach and continued presenting residual symptoms after therapy. Thus, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) was introduced, with an examination of its model and potential to help PSA. Preliminary research employing acceptance-based strategies have provided promising results. The literature review indicated a need for investigation of (i) more readily disseminated, briefer formats of ACT and (ii) whether differences exist in efficacy and sustainability between non-guided self-help and group-led therapies format. Given the large number of individuals experience PSA/SAD and the limited availability of resources, there is a need to consider ways of improving access. Thus, development of ultra-brief interventions would potentially reduce delivery cost and enhance dissemination to a larger population. Keywords: public speaking anxiety, social anxiety, interventions, experiential avoidance, fear of negative evaluation, acceptance.

O Transtorno de Ansiedade Social (TAS) caracteriza-se pelo medo acentuado e persistente de situações sociais ou de desempenho, mostrando-se associado a prejuízos funcionais . Objetiva-se avaliar a associação do TAS a prejuízos funcionais nas atividades cotidianas, por meio da validação de duas escalas de auto e de hetero-avaliação, aplicadas a universitários brasileiros. Realizou-se dois estudos, um de comparação entre grupos TAS e Não TAS e outro de estudos de casos. Procedeu-se à tradução e adaptação da Escala de Liebowitz para auto-avaliação dos prejuízos funcionais (ELAPF) e da Escala de Liebowitz para hetero-avaliação dos prejuízos funcionais (ELHPF). Participaram do estudo de comparação entre grupos 173 universitários (TAS = 84 e Não TAS = 89), de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 17 e 35 anos. Procedeu-se a aplicação da Entrevista clínica semi-estruturada para o DSM-IV, para a confirmação diagnóstica e dos instrumentos: ELAPF, ELHPF, Questionário de Saúde Geral -12 (QSG-12), Inventário de Fobia Social (SPIN). Para os estudos de casos, selecionou-se três participantes do grupo TAS e procedeu-se a uma entrevista semi-estruturada sobre o impacto do transtorno nas atividades cotidianas, nos relacionamentos e na saúde geral. Os dados das escalas foram codificados e os grupos comparados por teste estatísticos não paramétricos (p 0,05) e para os estudos de casos foram integrados e analisados qualitativamente os dados das escalas e da entrevista,. Os grupos não apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto as variáveis demográficas. O grupo TAS apresentou no QSG-12 mais dificuldades quanto ao bem estar geral, e na ELAPF e na ELHPF apresentou, com significância estatística, mais dificuldades nas últimas semanas e no curso da vida. Observou-se para o grupo TAS: a) para a ELHPF, consistência interna de 0,68 no curso da vida e 0,67 nas duas últimas semanas, o coeficiente de correlação Kappa entre os avaliadores, variou de 0,75 a 0,93, caracterizando nível de concordância satisfatória e na análise dos componentes principais extrairam-se dois fatores para os dois parâmetros temporais; a validade concorrente realizada com o SPIN, mostrou valores que variaram entre 0,11 e 0,33 para o parâmetro no curso da vida e 0,17 a 0,39 nas duas últimas semanas, e b) para a ELAPF, a consistência interna foi de 0,85 para o parâmetro no curso da vida e 0,83 nas duas últimas semanas e na análise dos componentes principais extrairam-se três fatores, para o parâmetro temporal no curso da vida e dois fatores no parâmetro nas duas últimas semanas; a validade concorrente realizada em relação ao SPIN, mostrou valores no curso da vida de -0,14 a 0,25 e nas duas últimas semanas, a correlação variou de 0 a 0,38. Os estudos de casos evidenciaram que os prejuízos funcionais associados ao TAS têm impacto negativo para os relacionamentos, as atividades cotidianas, o bem estar e a percepção de saúde. As escalas , mostraram-se válidas para a avaliação dos prejuízos funcionais associados ao TAS, o que contribui para as práticas de saúde mental, em especial as de terapia ocupacional, que tem como foco as intervenções voltadas para a vida cotidiana. / Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is characterized by marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations and is associated with functional impairment. The objective of the present study was to assess the association of SAD with functional impairment in daily activities by means of the validation of two scales (auto and hetero-evaluation) applied to Brazilian university students. Two studies were conducted, one of them comparing SAD and Non SAD groups and the other consisting of cases studies. The Liebowitz Disability Self Rating Scale (LDSRS) and the Disability Profile /Clinician- Rated (DP) were translated and adapted. A total of 173 university students (SAD = 84 and Non-SAD = 89) of both genders, aged 17 to 35 years participated in the study of group comparison. A semi-structured clinical interview for DSM-IV was applied for confirmation of the diagnosis and the following instruments were applied: LDSRS, DP, General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), and Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). Three participants of the SAD group were selected for the case studies and submitted to a semi-structured interview about the impact of the disorder on daily activities, relationships, and general health. The scale data were coded and the groups were compared by a non-parametric test (p 0.05), and for the case studies the scale and interview data were integrated and analyzed qualitatively. The groups did not differ significantly in terms of demographic variables. For the SAD group, application of the GHQ-12 revealed more difficulties regarding general well-being, and application of the LDSRS and DP revealed significantly more lifetime difficulties and difficulties in the last weeks. The following observations were made for the SAD group: a) for the DP, the internal consistency was 0.68 during the life course and 0.67 during the last two weeks; the Kappa correlation coefficient for the two raters ranged from 0.75 to 0.93, characterizing a satisfactory level of concordance, and two factors for the two temporal parameters were extracted in the analysis of the principal components; concurrent validity performed with the SPIN showed values ranging from 0.11 to 0.33 for the lifetime parameter and from 0.17 to 0.39 for the last two weeks, and b) for the LDSRS, the internal consistency was 0.85 for the lifetime parameter and 0.83 for the last two weeks; concurrent validity performed with the SPIN showed lifetime values ranging from 0.14 to 0.25 and values ranging from 0 to 0.38 in the last two weeks. The case studies demonstrated that the functional impairment associated with SAD has a negative impact on relationships, daily activities, well-being, and health perception. The scales proved to be valid for the assessment of the functional impairment associated with SAD, a fact that contributes to mental health practices, especially those of occupational therapy, that focus on interventions in daily life.

Studien har syftat till att undersöka samband mellan samsjuklig psykologisk problematik och katastroftänkande hos ungdomar utifrån ett transdiagnostiskt perspektiv. Katastroftänkandets roll för förändring av social ångest och depressiva symtom undersöktes utifrån en studie av internetbaserad KBT-behandling mot social fobi (N=18).  Resultatet indikerar att ungdomar med hög initial nivå av katastroftänkande har större reduktion av depressiva symtom än ungdomar med låg nivå av katastroftänkande. Detta talar för att hänsyn bör tas till grad av katastroftänkande vid utformning av behandling för personer med social fobi, särskilt vid samsjuklighet med depression. Kopplingen mellan katastroftänkande och samsjuklighet undersöktes utifrån en tvärsnittsstudie av gymnasieungdomar (N=713).  Resultatet visar på en koppling mellan katastroftänkande och social rädsla, sömnproblematik och nedstämdhet. / This study was aimed at examining the relationship between co-existing psychological problems and catastrophizing in adolescents from a transdiagnostic perspective. The role of catastrophizing for the change of social anxiety and depression was analyzed in an internet based CBT-treatment for social phobia (N=18). The results indicate that adolescents with high initial level of catastrophizing have a larger reduction of depression than adolescents with low initial level of catastrophizing. This suggests that catastrophizing should be considered when specifying treatment for social phobia, especially if it co-occurs with depression. The relationship between catastrophizing and comorbidity was analyzed in a cross-sectional study of adolescents (N=713). The result suggests that catastrophizing is associated with the level of social fear, sleep problems and depression.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka relationen mellan upplevd beroendefokuserad psykologisk kontroll och social ångest hos ungdomar, för att se om det fanns skillnader i ungdomars sociala ångest avseende deltagarens och förälderns kön, samt grad av beroendefokuserad psykologisk kontroll. Data samlades in via det pågående forskningsprojektet Trestadsstudien genom enkätundersökning våren 2015. Beroendefokuserad psykologisk kontroll mättes med subskalan för DPC i DAPCS, och social ångest mättes med SPSQ-C. Totalt deltog 2958 elever i åttonde och nionde klass från tolv svenska skolor i undersökningen. Data analyserades via korrelationer, t-test och ANOVA. Resultatet visade på signifikanta positiva korrelationer mellan upplevd beroendefokuserad psykologisk kontroll och social ångest, och signifikanta huvudeffekter i form av deltagarens kön och grad av upplevd beroendefokuserad psykologisk kontroll avseende social ångest. Vidare påvisades det att pojkar i högre utsträckning än flickor upplevde beroendefokuserad psykologisk kontroll från fadern, samt att flickor hade en högre grad av social ångest. Slutsatser som drogs utifrån resultatet var att upplevd beroendefokuserad psykologisk kontroll tycks vara en bidragande orsak till utvecklandet av social ångest hos ungdomar, men att bakomliggande variabler med stor sannolikhet bidrar till ångesten, och då främst hos flickor. Vidare lyftes andra områden av intresse för eventuell fortsatt forskning kring de båda fenomenen utifrån studiens resultat. Avslutningsvis nämndes även praktiska förslag på vad som skulle kunna göras i skolor för att uppmärksamma fenomenen och hjälpa de ungdomar som lider av social ångest och utsätts för beroendefokuserad psykologisk kontroll. / The purpose of the study was to examine the relation between experienced dependency-oriented psychological control and social anxiety in adolescents, and if there were any differences in adolescents’ social anxiety depending on the participant’s and the parent’s gender, as well as degree of experienced dependency-oriented psychological control. Data was collected via the ongoing project Trestadsstudien through a survey conducted during the spring of 2015. Dependency-oriented psychological control was measured with the subscale for DPC in DAPCS, and social anxiety with SPSQ-C. 2958 students in eight and ninth grade from twelve Swedish schools participated. Data was analyzed via correlations, t-tests and ANOVA. Results showed significant positive correlations between experienced dependency-oriented psychological control and social anxiety, as well as significant main effects in the form of the participant’s gender and degree of experienced dependency-oriented psychological control regarding social anxiety. Results also showed that boys to a higher extent experienced dependency-oriented psychological control from their fathers, and that girls experienced more social anxiety. It was concluded that experienced dependency-oriented psychological control seems like a contributing factor to the development of social anxiety, but that other underlying variables likely contribute to the anxiety, and mostly in girls. Other areas of interest for future research concerning both phenomena were pointed out based on the results. Lastly some practical suggestions were made regarding what could be done in schools to note the phenomena and help the adolescents who suffer from social anxiety and are subjected to dependency-oriented psychological control.

Abstract A profile on alcohol consumption among South African dentists – A dentist’s perspective: JH Olivier Background This study investigated alcohol use linked to the stress of a selected sample of South African dentists. The only other related topic in South Africa, that the researcher could find, was done in 1996 at the University of Stellenbosch. The literature suggests that prevalence studies of substance use and abuse rarely include dentists. Methods A dominant quantitative approach with a less dominant qualitative approach was utilized. The quantitative-descriptive design (survey with a questionnaire) was used to obtain data with regard to biographical/background information, stress and coping, quantity and frequency of alcohol use, and dysfunction as a result of alcohol use among a randomly selected sample of 110 South African dentists with a response rate of 70%. The respondents’ perspective on alcohol use linked to the stress of the dental profession with recommendations were also obtained. For the qualitative data collection, the researcher utilized the collective case study. He planned semi-structured interviews with an interview schedule with five dentists that have already had treatment for alcohol abuse or were self-characterized as problem drinkers. Unfortunately, two of the respondents who characterized themselves as heavy alcohol users died before they could be interviewed. Because of ethical reasons and the sensitivity of the topic they could not be replaced. Findings The quantitative study indicated that: (1) the respondents experienced significant amounts of occupational stress (2) the majority of the respondents do physical exercise to reduce their stress (3) a great number of respondents socialize with friends to reduce their stress (4) some respondents actually use alcohol to reduce their stress (5) stress levels of the respondents in private practice and stress levels of the respondents in other sectors are the same (6) alcohol consumption of male and female dentists is the same (7) respondents who reported less areas of stress consumed more alcohol than those who reported more areas of stress (8) a great number of the respondents experience high stress levels but do not use alcohol, or they only use alcohol to socialize (9) less than 3% of the respondents reported that alcohol use has affected their work as a dentist (10) the majority of the respondents believe that some dentists consume alcohol as a coping mechanism concerning social anxiety, occupational stress and personal factors. The qualitative study indicated that: (1) the habit of alcohol use that may lead to alcohol dependency starts at university (2) the respondents, who had treatment for alcohol dependency, experienced high levels of occupational stress (3) the respondents link their dependency directly to the stress and strain of their profession. Conclusions There are more intense and less intense stressors among South African dentists and there are some dentists that consume alcohol to relieve the stress and strain of their profession. However, the majority only use alcohol as a way of socializing. Less than 3% of the respondents reported that alcohol use has affected their work as a dentist. Recommendations Modules on coping mechanisms linked to the stress and strain of the dental profession should be included in the curricula at dental schools. The compulsory CPD programme of the HPCSA should include stress management and healthy coping mechanism courses. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

No description available.

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common anxiety disorders and understanding its symptoms and risk factors is vital for developing treatments and prevention strategies. Atypical physiological responses have been observed in anxious individuals and their consequences present a human and economic burden. This dissertation includes two studies that explore the subjective and physiological responses to an acute stress in the context of treatment and risk factors for SAD. The goal of the first study was to examine whether cognitive behavioural group therapy (CBGT) and a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program differentially influenced the subjective and physiological response to a speech task. Participants in the treatment groups performed two speech tasks, before and after treatment, while a healthy control group completed it only once. Results indicated significant differences for the subjective, but not the physiological measures of stress. Patients with SAD reported higher subjective anxiety than the healthy control group and these scores were significantly reduced following treatment. Greater improvements were noted in the CBGT group; nonetheless, the study did indicate promising results for MBSR. The second study aimed to explore the effects of behavioural inhibition (BI), parental bonding variables and their interaction on the subjective and physiological responses to a similar speech task in healthy children. BI was related to subjective anxiety in a predictive manner, but was generally unrelated to the physiological measures. Parental bonding variables were not related to any of the stress responses and no interaction between BI and parental bonding was observed. These studies contribute to the literature by demonstrating treatment differences and their subjective and physiological consequences on stress reactions and exploring the extent to which risk factors for SAD affect the stress response in healthy children.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é investigar o impacto da interação entre consumidores no valor da experiência e na satisfação do consumidor, nos ambientes de varejo off-line e on-line, considerando o papel da ansiedade social. Para alcançar este objetivo, três estudos experimentais foram conduzidos. Os resultados indicam que a interação entre consumidores aumenta o valor da experiência e a sua satisfação tanto no ambiente de varejo off-line (estudos 1 e 3) como no on-line (estudos 2 e 3). Entretanto, no ambiente de varejo off-line, o impacto da interação entre consumidores na satisfação é moderado pela ansiedade social (estudos 1 e 3). Assim, quanto maior a ansiedade social do indivíduo, menor é o impacto da interação entre consumidores na satisfação do consumidor. Para a relação entre interação entre consumidores e valor da experiência, não foi encontrada essa moderação. No ambiente de varejo on-line, a ansiedade social não modera nenhuma destas relações, conforme previsto (estudos 2 e 3). Adicionalmente, o estudo 3 busca fornecer uma possível explicação da razão pela qual não há moderação no ambiente on-line, demonstrando que o controle da autoapresentação é maior neste ambiente, mas somente para consumidores com alta ansiedade social. / The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of customer-to-customer interaction on experience value and customer satisfaction, in the off-line and on-line retail environments, considering the role of social anxiety. To achieve this objective, three experimental studies were conducted. The results indicate that the customer-to-customer interaction increases the experience value and satisfaction in both the offline retail environment (studies 1 and 3) and the online (studies 2 and 3). However, in the offline retail environment, the impact of the customer-to-customer interaction on customer satisfaction is moderated by social anxiety (studies 1 and 3). Thus, the higher the social anxiety of the individual, the lower the impact of the customer-to-customer interaction on customer satisfaction. For the relationship between customer-to-customer interaction and experience value, this moderation was not found. In the online retail environment, social anxiety does not moderate any of these relationships, as predicted (studies 2 and 3). Additionally, study 3 seeks to provide a possible explanation of there is not such moderation in the online environment, and demonstrates that the self-presentation control is higher in this environment, but only for consumers with high social anxiety.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-28T14:23:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 danielalexandregouveagomes.pdf: 1397863 bytes, checksum: c8dd2724000b5ba816907d9cb9b77578 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-28T14:25:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 danielalexandregouveagomes.pdf: 1397863 bytes, checksum: c8dd2724000b5ba816907d9cb9b77578 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-28T14:25:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 danielalexandregouveagomes.pdf: 1397863 bytes, checksum: c8dd2724000b5ba816907d9cb9b77578 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-31 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O Transtorno de Ansiedade Social (TAS) é uma patologia muito comum nos dias atuais, figurando como o principal transtorno de ansiedade e uma das doenças mentais mais prevalentes na população mundial. É caracterizada por medo ou ansiedade excessiva e constante diante de situações sociais, que podem ser de desempenho, de interação ou de observação, em que o indivíduo apresenta temor em ser avaliado negativamente por outras pessoas, podendo ser exposto a humilhações e ao escrutínio. O objetivo do trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um instrumento de rastreio dos sintomas do TAS, capaz de identificar os sujeitos com maior probabilidade de desenvolvimento da doença. O estudo dividiu-se em duas fases: primeiro tivemos a construção do instrumento, e segundo, a aplicação do mesmo em 297 pessoas. Foram aplicados um questionário sócio-demográfico, a Escala de Ansiedade Social de Liebowitz, o Mini Inventário de Fobia Social e a escala desenvolvida pelos autores. Os resultados preliminares mostraram excelentes índices de consistência interna e a análise fatorial foi considerada satisfatória. Houve associação entre a pontuação da escala e alguns indicadores sócio-demográficos, de acordo com a literatura científica da área. / The Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is a very common condition presently, appearing as the primary anxiety disorder and one of the most prevalent mental diseases worldwide. It is characterized by constant and excessive fear or anxiety about social situations, which can be of performance, interaction or observation, in which a person has fear of being negatively evaluated by others, and may be exposed to humiliation and scrutiny. The objective of this work is the development of a screening instrument of the symptoms of SAD, which is able to identify as well subjects with greater likelihood of developing the disease. The study was divided into two phases: the first refers to the construction of the instrument and the second consists on the application of the test to 297 subjects. One socio-demographic questionnaire, the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, the Mini Social Phobia Inventory and the scale developed by the authors. Preliminary results showed excellent internal consistency and factor analysis was considered satisfactory. There was an association between the scale score and some socio-demographic indicators, according to scientific literature in the area.