Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-04-25T19:59:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VILKER NASCIMENTO BEZERRA DE AQUINO.pdf: 1061474 bytes, checksum: c2f92049892fb70ce20131143b2fd9f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T19:59:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VILKER NASCIMENTO BEZERRA DE AQUINO.pdf: 1061474 bytes, checksum: c2f92049892fb70ce20131143b2fd9f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-13 / This study aimed to evaluate the control exercised by antecedent and consequent events that controlled the behavior of inability to speak in public of two students, one female, 17 years old, and the other male, 15 years old. For evaluation, the functional assessment process was used by indirect observation, in which the functional evaluation interview was applied, direct observation of its behavior at various moments in the institution and functional (experimental) analysis. The functional analysis involved the manipulation of environmental events in four main conditions: attention, demand, alone and control. The attention condition was subdivided into: (1) attention-exhortation, (2) attention-direct eyeto- eye contact, and (3) attention-disapproval for P1, and for P2 Eye to eye, (2) attentionexhortation, and (3) attention-contrast. The results showed that for the two participants there was a greater register of problem behaviors in the attention conditions and their subconditions and demand, in comparison to the conditions alone and control. These results demonstrate that these behaviors were maintained by sources of positive and negative reinforcement in both cases. The objective of this study was to treat participants' problem behaviors. Treatment with the use of verbal instruction modeling was used and, after differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors combined with extinction, it was possible to reduce inappropriate behaviors and to increase appropriate behaviors. For the control of the procedures was used the design of alternate treatments of the ABC type followed by follow-up. As a result of treatment there was a significant reduction in the frequency of inappropriate behaviors in both techniques employed and in both participants, in addition to increasing the frequency of appropriate behaviors. It was possible to reach the objectives of this study, proving, as well as in others existing in the literature, that through the application of behavioral analysis strategies, it becomes possible to increase the frequency of appropriate behaviors in adolescents who are inability to speak in public. / Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o controle exercido pelos eventos antecedentes e consequentes que controlaram o comportamento de inabilidade para falar em público de dois estudantes, uma do sexo feminino, de 17 anos, e outro do sexo masculino, 15 anos. Para avaliação utilizou-se de estratégias do processo de avaliação funcional por observação indireta, em que foi aplicada a entrevista de avaliação funcional, observação direta de seus comportamentos em vários momentos na própria instituição e análise funcional (experimental). A análise funcional envolveu a manipulação de eventos ambientais em quatro condições principais: atenção, demanda, sozinho e controle. A condição atenção foi subdividida em: (1) atenção-exortação, (2) atenção-contato direto olho a olho e (3) atenção-desaprovação para P1, e para o P2 utilizou-se das subcondições (1) atençãocontato direto olho a olho, (2) atenção-exortação e (3) atenção-contraposição. Os resultados mostraram que para os dois participantes houve maior registro de comportamentos-problema nas condições de atenção e suas subcondições e demanda, em comparação às condições sozinho e controle. Estes resultados demonstram que estes comportamentos foram mantidos por fontes de reforçamento positivo e negativo em ambos os casos. Objetivou-se ainda tratar os comportamentos-problema dos participantes. Foi empregado tratamento com o uso de modelação com instrução verbal e, após o reforçamento diferencial de comportamentos alternativos combinado com extinção, sendo possível reduzir os comportamentos inapropriados e aumentar os comportamentos apropriados. Para o controle dos procedimentos foi usado o delineamento de tratamentos alternados do tipo ABC seguido por follow-up. Como resultado do tratamento houve importante redução da frequência dos comportamentos inapropriados em ambas as técnicas empregadas e em ambos os participantes, além da elevação da frequência de comportamentos apropriados. Foi possível alcançar os objetivos deste estudo, comprovando, assim como em outros existentes na literatura, que através da aplicação das estratégias da análise do comportamento, torna-se possível aumentar a frequência de comportamentos apropriados em adolescentes que apresentem inabilidade para falar em público.

O Transtorno de Ansiedade Social (TAS) consiste em um medo acentuado e persistente de situações sociais ou de desempenho nas quais o indivíduo poderia sentir vergonha. Dentre os transtornos de ansiedade, o TAS é um dos mais prevalecentes, sendo considerado o quinto transtorno mais incapacitante, contudo, a busca por tratamento é muito baixa. Diferentes estudos clínicos randomizados evidenciam que a TCCG apresenta resultados satisfatórios e duradouros, sendo considerada padrão ouro de intervenção para TAS, porém, ainda assim, uma parcela de pacientes com TAS não respondem ao tratamento. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito de uma intervenção em grupo de exposição com alto custo social em pacientes com TAS sobre variáveis psicológicas e também sobre a qualidade de memória. A intervenção utilizada nesse estudo foi a proposta por Hofmann e Otto (2008). Dentre as variáveis psicológicas estudadas foram avaliadas mudanças em sintomas de ansiedade social, ansiedade, medo da avaliação negativa, esquiva e desconforto social, depressão e sintomas de transtornos psiquiátricos comuns. Participaram desse estudo 58 adultos, compondo três grupos experimentais diferentes: o grupo de comparação sem TAS, que consiste em participantes sem sintomas clínicos, o grupo de comparação com TAS, que são participantes portadores de TAS os quais não realizaram a intervenção durante a pesquisa (grupo lista de espera) e o grupo de portadores de TAS participaram da intervenção (grupo TCCG). Um pesquisador independente ao estudo realizou a distribuição aleatória dos participantes com TAS entre os grupos TCCG e lista de espera. Foram realizadas avaliações no pré e pós-teste através do Inventário de Fobia Social (SPIN), Inventários de Ansiedade e Depressão de Beck (BAI e BDI-II), Escala de Medo da Avaliação Negativa (FNE), Escala de Esquiva e Desconforto Social (SADS), Questionário sobre a saúde do paciente (PHQ-9), Questionário de Autorrelato (SRQ) e teste de falsas memórias. Assim, os resultados encontrados evidenciam que a intervenção alcançou redução significativa nos sintomas de ansiedade social, ansiedade geral, depressão e sintomas de transtornos mentais comuns, mostrando que foi uma intervenção efetiva. Além disso, os escores relacionados à ansiedade geral, depressão e sintomas de transtornos mentais comuns, após a intervenção foram equiparados com o escore obtidos pelo grupo de participantes saudáveis, evidenciando a excelente eficácia do processo de intervenção. A eficácia também pode ser constatada a partir da mensuração do tamanho de efeito grande encontrado no estudo relacionado ao principal instrumento de avaliação de TAS utilizado (SPIN), ou seja, esse estudo evidenciou que a forma psicoterápica utilizada atingiu o objetivo esperado da intervenção considerada padrão ouro. No que concerne às medidas relacionadas à qualidade de memória, a hipótese inicial relacionava-se à teoria de que os indivíduos ansiosos sociais apresentariam um número maior de falsas memórias e/ou uma redução de memórias verdadeiras, porém essa hipótese não foi confirmada. / Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) consists of a marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which the individual could feel shame. Among the anxiety disorders, SAD is one of the most prevalent, considered the fifth most disabling disorder, however, the search for treatment is very low. Different randomized clinical trials show that Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy (CBGT) presents satisfactory and long-lasting results, which is considered the gold standard of intervention for SAD, however, a portion of patients with SAD do not respond to treatment. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a group intervention related to high social cost exposure in patients with SAD about psychological variables and memory quality. The intervention used in this study was proposed by Hofmann and Otto (2008). Among the psychological variables studied changes in symptoms of social anxiety, anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, avoidance and social discomfort, depression and symptoms of common psychiatric disorders were evaluated. Fifty-five adults participated in this study, composing three different experimental groups: the comparison group without SAD, which consists of participants without clinical symptoms, the comparison group with SAD, participants with SAD who did not receive intervention during the research (Waitlist control condition), and the group of SAD patients who participated in the intervention. An independent researcher to study distributed randomly the participants with SAD between CBGT or Waitlist condition. Assessments were made at pre and post-test using Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE), Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS), Patient Health-Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ), and false memories test in the three groups. The results showed that the intervention achieved a significant reduction in the symptoms of social anxiety, general anxiety, depression and symptoms of common mental disorders, showing that it was an effective intervention. In addition, the scores related to general anxiety, depression and common mental disorder symptoms after the intervention were similar to the scores obtained by the group of healthy participants, evidencing the excellent efficacy of the intervention process. Efficacy can also be seen from the measurement of the large effect size found in the study evaluated by the main evaluation instrument of SAD used (SPIN), this study achieved the expected goal of the gold standard considered intervention. Concerning measures related to memory quality, the initial hypothesis was that social anxious individuals would present a greater number of false memories and / or a reduction of true memories, but this hypothesis was not confirmed.

This dissertation is divided into three parts. The first part aimed to investigate the cannabidiol anxiolytic effect in treatment-naïve individuals with social anxiety disorder through simulation of public speaking. Twenty-four never-treated social anxiety disorder subjects were allocated to receive 0 or 600 mg cannabidiol (CBD; n=12) in a double-blind randomized design. The same number of controls performed the simulation of a public speaking test without receiving any medication. Pretreatment with CBD significantly reduced anxiety, cognitive impairment, and discomfort in speech performance and significantly decreased alertness in their anticipatory speech. The placebo group displayed higher anxiety, cognitive impairment, discomfort, and alertness when compared with controls as assessed with the Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS). The SSPS-N scores showed significant increases during testing of the placebo group that was almost abolished in the cannabidiol group. No significant differences were observed between the cannabidiol and control groups in SSPS-N scores or in cognitive impairment, discomfort, and alertness factors of the VAMS. The second part evaluated healthy subjects\' x y during a public speaking test following a high rimonabant oral dose, to understand better the possible pharmacological approaches for anxiety disorder treatment. Twenty four participants were randomly allocated to receive 0 or 90 mg rimonabant (n=12) in a double-blind design. No significant adverse effects were reported in either group. Participants who received rimonabant showed increased anxiety levels compared to placebo during anticipatory speech and performance measurements. Rimonabant treatment did not affect sedation, cognitive impairment, discomfort, blood pressure, heart rate, self-statements during public speaking, or bodily symptoms scales. Increased anxiety may reflect lower endocannabinoid activity in CB1 receptors and CB1 p \' possible role in modulation of anxiety and anxiety disorders. The third part aimed to monitor cannabinoid blood concentrations during sustained abstinence from chronic daily cannabis smoking. Thirty male chronic daily cannabis smokers resided on a secure clinical research unit for up to 33 days, with blood collected once daily. ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) whole blood concentrations were quantified by two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Twenty-seven of 30 participants were THC-positive on admission, with a median (range) concentration 1.4 ng/mL (0.3-6.3). THC decreased gradually with only 1 of 11 participants negative at 26 days; 2 of 5 participants remained THC-positive (0.3 ng/mL) for 30 days. 5.0% f p p h TH >=1 0 g/ L f 12 y M 11-OH-THC w 1 1 g/ L w h >=1 0 g/ L 24h THCCOOH detection rates were 96.7 on admission, decreasing slowly to 95.7 and 85.7% on days 8 and 22, respectively; four of 5 participants remained THCCOOH positive (0.6-2.7 ng/mL) after 30 days and one remained positive on discharge at 33 days. THC was quantified in some participants for 30 days, albeit in low concentrations, due to the large cannabinoid body burden from extended exposure / Esta tese é dividida em três partes. A primeira parte consiste em investigar o efeito ansiolítico do canabidiol na ansiedade social através do teste de simulação de falar em público. Vinte e quatro sujeitos com ansiedade social, nunca tratados, receberam placebo ou canabidiol (CBD) 600 mg (n=12) em um estudo randomizado e duplo-cego. O mesmo número de indivíduos saudáveis realizaram o teste de simulação de falar em público sem receber medicação. A administração do CBD reduziu significativamente a ansiedade, sedação física e outros sentimentos e atitudes durante a fase de estresse, e diminui o nível de alerta na fase pré-estresse. O grupo placebo apresentou níveis elevado de ansiedade, sedação física, outros sentimentos e atitudes, e alerta comparado com o grupo controle. A pontuação do SSPS-N evidenciou aumento significativo durante o teste no grupo placebo, enquanto que o CBD reduziu estes níveis. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos CBD e controle na SSPS-N e nos fatores sedação física, outros sentimentos e atitudes e alerta, da Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS). A segunda parte do estudo avaliou a ansiedade em indivíduos saudáveis que receberam alta dose oral de rimonabanto e submetidos ao teste de simulação de falar em público, para melhor entendimento do possível mecanismo farmacológico para tratamento de transtornos de ansiedade. Vinte e quatro sujeitos saudáveis receberam placebo ou rimonabanto 90 mg (n=12) em um randomizado e duplo-cego. Não foi observado efeitos adversos significativo em ambos grupos. O grupo rimonabanto apresentou maiores níveis de ansiedade na fase pré-estresse e durante o estresse. Não houve diferença significativa quanto aos demais fatores avaliados entre os grupos. O aumento na ansiedade após administração do rimonabanto pode-se ao fato de haver diminuição no sistema endocanabinóide nos receptores CB1 e a possível modulação na ansiedade clínica e patológica. A terceira parte objetivou quantificar canabinóides no sangue total em usuários crônicos de cannabis durante abstinência supervisionada. Trinta usuários crônicos de cannabis, do sexo masculino, permaneceram no centro de pesquisa por até 33 dias, com coleta de sangue uma vez ao dia. ?9-tetrahidrocanabinol (THC), 11-hidróxi-THC (11-OH-THC) e 11-nor-9-carbóxi-THC (THCCOOH) foram quantificados no sangue por meio da cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa bidimensional. Vinte e sete de 30 usuários foram positivos para THC no ingresso do estudo, com concentração mediana (variação) de 1.4 ng/mL (0.3-6.3). Níveis de THC diminuíram gradativamente com somente 1 de 11 participantes negativo no dia 26; 2 de 5 indivíduos permaneceram positivos para THC (0.3 g/ L p 30 5 0% j TH >=1 0 g/ L p 12 ç mediana de 11-OH-TH f 1 1 g/ L g >=1 0 g/ L pó 24h. A taxa de detecção de THCCOOH foi 96.7% no ingresso, diminuindo gradativamente para 95.7 e 85.7% nos dias 8 e 22, respectivamente; 4 de 5 sujeitos permaneceram positivo para THCCOOH (0.6-2.7 ng/mL) após 30 dias e um permaneceu positivo no 33º dia. Foi detectado THC em alguns indivíduos por 30 dias, porém em baixas concentrações, devido a extensa eliminação do canabinóide em decorrência da exposição crônica

O Transtorno de Ansiedade Social (TAS) consiste em um medo acentuado e persistente de situações sociais ou de desempenho nas quais o indivíduo poderia sentir vergonha. Dentre os transtornos de ansiedade, o TAS é um dos mais prevalecentes, sendo considerado o quinto transtorno mais incapacitante, contudo, a busca por tratamento é muito baixa. Diferentes estudos clínicos randomizados evidenciam que a TCCG apresenta resultados satisfatórios e duradouros, sendo considerada padrão ouro de intervenção para TAS, porém, ainda assim, uma parcela de pacientes com TAS não respondem ao tratamento. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito de uma intervenção em grupo de exposição com alto custo social em pacientes com TAS sobre variáveis psicológicas e também sobre a qualidade de memória. A intervenção utilizada nesse estudo foi a proposta por Hofmann e Otto (2008). Dentre as variáveis psicológicas estudadas foram avaliadas mudanças em sintomas de ansiedade social, ansiedade, medo da avaliação negativa, esquiva e desconforto social, depressão e sintomas de transtornos psiquiátricos comuns. Participaram desse estudo 58 adultos, compondo três grupos experimentais diferentes: o grupo de comparação sem TAS, que consiste em participantes sem sintomas clínicos, o grupo de comparação com TAS, que são participantes portadores de TAS os quais não realizaram a intervenção durante a pesquisa (grupo lista de espera) e o grupo de portadores de TAS participaram da intervenção (grupo TCCG). Um pesquisador independente ao estudo realizou a distribuição aleatória dos participantes com TAS entre os grupos TCCG e lista de espera. Foram realizadas avaliações no pré e pós-teste através do Inventário de Fobia Social (SPIN), Inventários de Ansiedade e Depressão de Beck (BAI e BDI-II), Escala de Medo da Avaliação Negativa (FNE), Escala de Esquiva e Desconforto Social (SADS), Questionário sobre a saúde do paciente (PHQ-9), Questionário de Autorrelato (SRQ) e teste de falsas memórias. Assim, os resultados encontrados evidenciam que a intervenção alcançou redução significativa nos sintomas de ansiedade social, ansiedade geral, depressão e sintomas de transtornos mentais comuns, mostrando que foi uma intervenção efetiva. Além disso, os escores relacionados à ansiedade geral, depressão e sintomas de transtornos mentais comuns, após a intervenção foram equiparados com o escore obtidos pelo grupo de participantes saudáveis, evidenciando a excelente eficácia do processo de intervenção. A eficácia também pode ser constatada a partir da mensuração do tamanho de efeito grande encontrado no estudo relacionado ao principal instrumento de avaliação de TAS utilizado (SPIN), ou seja, esse estudo evidenciou que a forma psicoterápica utilizada atingiu o objetivo esperado da intervenção considerada padrão ouro. No que concerne às medidas relacionadas à qualidade de memória, a hipótese inicial relacionava-se à teoria de que os indivíduos ansiosos sociais apresentariam um número maior de falsas memórias e/ou uma redução de memórias verdadeiras, porém essa hipótese não foi confirmada. / Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) consists of a marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which the individual could feel shame. Among the anxiety disorders, SAD is one of the most prevalent, considered the fifth most disabling disorder, however, the search for treatment is very low. Different randomized clinical trials show that Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy (CBGT) presents satisfactory and long-lasting results, which is considered the gold standard of intervention for SAD, however, a portion of patients with SAD do not respond to treatment. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a group intervention related to high social cost exposure in patients with SAD about psychological variables and memory quality. The intervention used in this study was proposed by Hofmann and Otto (2008). Among the psychological variables studied changes in symptoms of social anxiety, anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, avoidance and social discomfort, depression and symptoms of common psychiatric disorders were evaluated. Fifty-five adults participated in this study, composing three different experimental groups: the comparison group without SAD, which consists of participants without clinical symptoms, the comparison group with SAD, participants with SAD who did not receive intervention during the research (Waitlist control condition), and the group of SAD patients who participated in the intervention. An independent researcher to study distributed randomly the participants with SAD between CBGT or Waitlist condition. Assessments were made at pre and post-test using Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE), Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS), Patient Health-Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ), and false memories test in the three groups. The results showed that the intervention achieved a significant reduction in the symptoms of social anxiety, general anxiety, depression and symptoms of common mental disorders, showing that it was an effective intervention. In addition, the scores related to general anxiety, depression and common mental disorder symptoms after the intervention were similar to the scores obtained by the group of healthy participants, evidencing the excellent efficacy of the intervention process. Efficacy can also be seen from the measurement of the large effect size found in the study evaluated by the main evaluation instrument of SAD used (SPIN), this study achieved the expected goal of the gold standard considered intervention. Concerning measures related to memory quality, the initial hypothesis was that social anxious individuals would present a greater number of false memories and / or a reduction of true memories, but this hypothesis was not confirmed.

Submitted by Camila Borba (camilaborbapsi@gmail.com) on 2018-11-29T03:59:44Z No. of bitstreams: 5 DISSERTAÇÃO-Capa Dura- CAMILA DE SOUZA BORBA.pdf: 6227648 bytes, checksum: c2ef94d5d1fb2f1666497df780e5766c (MD5) Carta de encaminhamento - CAMILA BORBA.pdf: 996314 bytes, checksum: 73bea29228876247a3c62e0be5d7edc4 (MD5) ATA DE JULGAMENTO.jpg: 1313598 bytes, checksum: 546eaa8e4e0c6e71048a2bd1c62b1652 (MD5) FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO.jpg: 566749 bytes, checksum: 2c33a9dac11719b276ca90887ba71269 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by PPGPSI Psicologia (ppgpsiufam@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-11-29T18:54:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 5 DISSERTAÇÃO-Capa Dura- CAMILA DE SOUZA BORBA.pdf: 6227648 bytes, checksum: c2ef94d5d1fb2f1666497df780e5766c (MD5) Carta de encaminhamento - CAMILA BORBA.pdf: 996314 bytes, checksum: 73bea29228876247a3c62e0be5d7edc4 (MD5) ATA DE JULGAMENTO.jpg: 1313598 bytes, checksum: 546eaa8e4e0c6e71048a2bd1c62b1652 (MD5) FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO.jpg: 566749 bytes, checksum: 2c33a9dac11719b276ca90887ba71269 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-11-30T20:17:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 5 DISSERTAÇÃO-Capa Dura- CAMILA DE SOUZA BORBA.pdf: 6227648 bytes, checksum: c2ef94d5d1fb2f1666497df780e5766c (MD5) Carta de encaminhamento - CAMILA BORBA.pdf: 996314 bytes, checksum: 73bea29228876247a3c62e0be5d7edc4 (MD5) ATA DE JULGAMENTO.jpg: 1313598 bytes, checksum: 546eaa8e4e0c6e71048a2bd1c62b1652 (MD5) FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO.jpg: 566749 bytes, checksum: 2c33a9dac11719b276ca90887ba71269 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-30T20:17:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 5 DISSERTAÇÃO-Capa Dura- CAMILA DE SOUZA BORBA.pdf: 6227648 bytes, checksum: c2ef94d5d1fb2f1666497df780e5766c (MD5) Carta de encaminhamento - CAMILA BORBA.pdf: 996314 bytes, checksum: 73bea29228876247a3c62e0be5d7edc4 (MD5) ATA DE JULGAMENTO.jpg: 1313598 bytes, checksum: 546eaa8e4e0c6e71048a2bd1c62b1652 (MD5) FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO.jpg: 566749 bytes, checksum: 2c33a9dac11719b276ca90887ba71269 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Anxiety is an emotion responsible for a set of unpleasant physical sensations, one of the most disturbing. When it increases dramatically in the face of social interactions and due to the need for this interaction, we may be facing a Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). The university context demands of its members a constant exposition of their social skills, regardless of the course chosen by the student. This conjuncture can trigger social anxiety symptoms, sometimes unnoticed for years. However, a behavioral change can only happen in individuals who perceive damage and are motivated because motivation is the intrinsic force that drives action. This study investigated social anxiety in college students and the stage of motivation to change anxious behaviors. We used a Questionnaire created on the Google forms platform, the Social Phobia Scale - Liebowitz (LSAS), the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults (CASO) and the Ready to Change Ruler. The instruments assessed sociodemographic data, social anxiety constructs and motivation to change anxious behaviors in a clinical sample of (n = 52) undergraduate students from the four areas of knowledge of the Federal University of Amazonas (Humanities, Biological, Agrarian and Exactly). The database was developed in the data processing program Microsoft Excel 2013 (Microsoft Office Enterprise) and analyzed in the Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 23.0. The results revealed a predominance of female (80.8%), single civil status (98.1%), of participants who had a fixed love partner (53.8%), who lived with relatives (98.1%) with income ≥ 2000 reais (61.5%), who did not use drugs (75%), of academics of the Human Sciences courses (61.5%), where 65.4% of the general sample obtained significant clinical data for the diagnosis of SAD after the intersection of the CASO and LSAS scores. The correlation indicated that in the first use in a research of the north of the country, the CASO had a convergent validity with the LSAS. Ready to Change Ruler demonstrated that students are prepared to perform the change of their behaviors. High scores for SAD and motivational stage of preparation for action, make up enough data to justify intervention proposals. / A ansiedade é uma emoção responsável por um conjunto de sensações físicas desagradáveis, uma das mais perturbadoras. Quando aumenta drasticamente diante de interações sociais e em decorrência da necessidade dessa interação, pode-se estar diante de um Transtorno de Ansiedade Social (TAS). O contexto universitário exige dos seus integrantes uma constante exposição das suas habilidades sociais, independentemente do curso escolhido pelo estudante. Essa conjuntura pode desencadear sintomas de ansiedade social, por vezes desapercebido por anos. Contudo, uma mudança comportamental só pode acontecer em indivíduos que percebam prejuízos e estejam motivados pois a motivação é a força intrínseca que direciona a ação. Este estudo investigou a ansiedade social nos universitários e o estágio de motivação para mudança de comportamentos ansiosos. Foram utilizados um Questionário criado na plataforma “Google forms”, a Escala de Fobia Social – Liebowitz (LSAS), o Questionário de Ansiedade Social para Adultos (CASO) e a Régua de prontidão para a mudança. Os instrumentos aferiram os dados sociodemográficos, construtos de ansiedade social e motivação para mudança de comportamentos ansiosos em uma amostra clínica de (n=52) estudantes de cursos de graduação das quatro áreas do conhecimento da Universidade Federal do Amazonas (Humanas, Biológicas, Agrárias e Exatas). O banco de dados foi elaborado no programa de processamento de dados Microsoft Excel 2013 (Microsoft Office Enterprise) e analisado no software Statistic Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 23.0. Os resultados apontaram predomínio do sexo feminino (80,8%), estado civil solteiro (98,1%), de participantes que possuíam parceiro amoroso fixo (53,8%), que moravam com parentes (98,1%) com renda ≥ 2000 reais (61,5%), que não faziam uso de drogas (75%), de acadêmicos dos cursos de Ciências Humanas (61,5%), onde 65,4% da amostra geral obteve dados clínicos significativos para o diagnóstico de TAS após o entrecorte dos escores do CASO e LSAS. A correlação sinalizou que na primeira utilização em uma pesquisa do norte do país, o CASO possuiu uma validade convergente com o LSAS. A régua de prontidão mostrou que os estudantes estão preparados para realizar a mudança de seus comportamentos. Os escores elevados para TAS e estágio motivacional de preparação para ação, compõem dados suficientes para justificar propostas interventivas. / Haviam malwares no site que por dias impossibilitaram a abertura e edição do meu arquivo.

本研究主要目的，為透過操弄自我聚焦注意來探討高社交焦慮者在社交評估情境中的心像反應，並釐清心像內涵與形成視野以及對焦慮情緒的影響。過去對於高社會焦慮者的負向自我心像，究竟是在社會威脅情境下，就會自發性的發生；還是只有在高社會焦慮者具有自我聚焦注意時，才會發生，目前尚未有實徵研究的探討，此為本研究最主要的研究目的。 本研究篩選出高社交焦慮組37人與低社交焦慮組36人參加實驗，受試者在接受所分派的自我聚焦注意操弄後，進行社交評估作業，並針對內在心像的內容進行進一步的調查。 研究結果發現，接受自我聚焦注意操弄的高社交焦慮者，其心像內容明顯充滿較高比例的負向訊息，且在實驗前後的焦慮情緒改變也相對較高，而未接受自我聚焦注意操弄的高社交焦慮組，以及兩組低社交焦慮組皆未觀察到較高的負向心像內容，在呈現形式以及焦慮情緒上亦無顯著的差別。 高社交焦慮者的自我心像會受到當下注意力投注狀態的影響，當越處於自我聚焦的狀態下，其心像的內容也充滿越多的負面訊息，心像呈現的方式也越傾向以被他人所觀察的形式。由於自我聚焦注意在社交焦慮症狀發展與維持上扮演相當重要的角色，故在釐清高社交焦慮者在自我聚焦注意下的心像內容，有助於選擇適當的治療策略，協助高社交焦慮者因應環境中的威脅。 / This study aimed to explore the imagery of high social anxious individuals in the social-evaluative context by manipulating self-focused attention , and also attempted to clarify the content of the imagery, the perspective formed by the context, and the influence on the anxiety emotion. The past studies on the issues of whether the negative self-imagery of high social anxious individuals spontaneously occurred in a social threat context or only occurred in the self-focused attention have not carried out any empirical research so far, and thus it is the main research purpose of this study. In this study, 37 high and 36 low social anxious individuals were selected to conduct the experiment. After being manipulated the self-focused attention according to the groups to which they had been assigned, the participants had to engage in a social evaluation task, and a further investigation would be undertaken according to their content of inner imagery obtained in the task. The research results showed that high social anxious individuals being manipulated the self-focused attention apparently had a higher proportion of negative messages in their content of imagery and also had a relatively higher change in their anxiety emotion before and after the experiment. On the contrast, no higher proportion of negative messages in the content of imagery was observed in the group of high social anxious individuals that were not being manipulated the self-focused attention and in other two groups of low social anxious individuals. Similarly, there were no significant differences in the forms presented and the anxiety emotion in those groups as well. The inner imagery of high social anxious individuals would be influenced by the present status of the focus of attention. While in a higher self-focused attention, the content of imagery tends to be more negative, and tends to be observer perspective.

Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is one of the most prevalent anxiety disorders, affecting 7-13% of subjects in the community at some time in their lives. Despite being eminently treatable, it remains largely under-recognised and, therefore, undertreated. The disorder is characterized by a fear of scrutiny by others, with sufferers experiencing excessive anxiety in social and performance situations. This excessive anxiety usually leads to avoidance behaviour that can severely affect normal daily living. With onset commonly occurring during childhood or adolescence, social anxiety disorder may disrupt normal patterns of development of social and personal relationships, often having a long-term impact on emotional stability in social or working life. If left untreated, the course of social anxiety disorder is frequently complicated with comorbid conditions, particularly major depression or substance abuse. This review assesses the size of the clinical problem by evaluating current and lifetime prevalence estimates, age of onset, risk factors and evolution of the clinical course; thereby providing the rationale for early recognition and prompt treatment.

We examined parental psychopathology and family environment in subthreshold and DSM-IV threshold conditions of social anxiety disorder (SAD) in a representative cohort sample of 1,395 adolescents. Offspring and parental psychopathology was assessed using the DIAX/ M-CIDI; recalled parental rearing and family functioning via questionnaire. Diagnostic interviews in parents were supplemented by family history reports from offspring. The cumulative lifetime incidence was 23.07% for symptomatic SAD, and 18.38 and 7.41% for subthreshold and threshold SAD, respectively. The specific parent-tooffspring association for SAD occurred for threshold SAD only. For subthreshold and threshold SAD similar associations were found with other parental anxiety disorders, depression and substance use disorders. Parental rearing behaviour, but not family functioning, was associated with offspring threshold SAD, and although less strong and less consistent, also with subthreshold SAD. Results suggest a continued graded relationship between familial risk factors and offspring SAD. Parental psychopathology and negative parental styles may be used defining high-risk groups to assign individuals with already subthreshold conditions of SAD to early intervention programs.

Background. To examine the role of parental psychopathology and family environment for the risk of social anxiety disorder (SAD) in offspring from childhood to early adulthood, covering an observational period of 10 years. Method. A community sample of 1,395 adolescents (aged 14 to 17 years at baseline) was prospectively followed-up over the core high risk period for SAD onset. DSM-IV offspring and parental psychopathology was assessed using the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview; direct diagnostic interviews in parents were supplemented by family history reports from offspring. Parental rearing was assessed by the Questionnaire of Recalled Rearing Behavior in offspring, family functioning by the McMaster Family Assessment Device in parents. Results. Parental SAD was associated with the offspring’s risk to develop SAD (OR = 3.3, 95%CI: 1.4-8.0). Additionally, other parental anxiety disorders (OR = 2.9, 95%CI: 1.4-6.1), depression (OR = 2.6, 95%CI: 1.2-5.4) and alcohol use disorders (OR = 2.8, 95%CI: 1.3-6.1) were associated with offspring SAD. Offspring’s reports of parental overprotection, rejection and lack of emotional warmth, but not parental reports of family functioning were associated with offspring SAD. Analyses of interaction of parental psychopathology and parental rearing indicated combined effects on the risk for offspring SAD. Conclusions. These findings extend previous results in showing that both parental psychopathology and parental rearing are consistently associated with the risk for offspring SAD. As independent and interactive effects of parental psychopathology and parental rearing may have already manifested in early adolescence, these factors appear crucial and promising for targeted prevention programs.

Uppsatsens övergripande syfte var att undersöka profiler av samsjuklighet mellan depressiva symtom och olika undergrupper av social ångest hos unga vuxna (20-24 år) samt dess samband med livstillfredsställelse och upplevd social funktionsnedsättning inom yrkesliv/studier respektive sociala aktiviteter. Data har inhämtats via självskattningsformulär. Resultaten analyserades genom en klusteranalys. Två profiler med samsjuklighet mellan undergrupper av social ångest och depressiva symtom framkom. Denna samsjuklighet verkar vara relaterad till både en lägre grad av upplevd livstillfredsställelse samt till funktionsnedsättning inom två domäner, yrkesliv/studier och sociala aktiviteter. / The main purpose of this thesis was to investigate profiles of comorbidity between depressive symptoms and different subgroups of social anxiety in young adults (20-24 years) and its relationship to life satisfaction and social dysfunction within the domains occupation/education and social activities. The data used was gathered through questionnaires. The results were analyzed with cluster analysis.  Two profiles with comorbidity between subgroups of social anxiety and depressive symptoms were found. This comorbidity seems to be related to a lower level of experienced life satisfaction and to dysfunction within two domains, occupation/education and social activities.