L’objectif de cette étude est d’explorer l’effet modérateur du nombre d’amis et de leurs caractéristiques sur le lien prédictif entre la victimisation par les pairs et l’anxiété sociale. Plus spécifiquement, cette étude s’intéresse aux niveaux moyens de victimisation, de rejet et d’anxiété sociale des amis comme facteurs aggravants potentiels. Les données ont été recueillies à deux reprises auprès de 576 adolescents d’en moyenne 13,5 ans au début de leur secondaire deux et à la fin de leur secondaire trois. Les participants ont répondu à des questionnaires auto-rapportés pour les mesures de victimisation et d’anxiété sociale et ont participé à une procédure de nomination sociométrique pour la mesure de statut social et l’identification des amis. De manière concomitante, les résultats démontrent que la victimisation par les pairs et certaines caractéristiques des amis (niveaux d’anxiété et de rejet social) contribuent respectivement, de manière unique et indépendante, à rendre compte de l’anxiété sociale des participants. De manière longitudinale, la victimisation par les pairs permet de prédire le développement de l’anxiété sociale sur une période de 1,5 ans. Néanmoins, le nombre d’amis et leurs caractéristiques ne contribuent pas de manière additive au développement ultérieur de l’anxiété sociale. De plus, les caractéristiques des amis n’interagissent d’aucune façon avec la victimisation par les pairs pour rendre compte du développement ultérieur de l’anxiété sociale. Cependant, des analyses exploratoires ont permis de montrer que le niveau de victimisation des amis constitue un facteur aggravant pour les enfants rejetés socialement; le rejet par les pairs étant positivement associé au développement de l’anxiété sociale chez les élèves qui entretiennent des relations d’amitié avec des élèves qui rapportent être victimes de mauvais traitements. / The aim of this study was to explore to what extent the number of friends and friends’ characteristics interact with peers’ victimization to predict the development of social anxiety over time. More specifically, friends’ characteristics considered by this study were peers’ victimization, peers’ rejection and social anxiety average levels as potential aggravating factors. Data was collected two consecutive years, from 576 adolescents of 13,5 years old average. The data was collected first during the fall semester of 8th grade, and a second time during the spring semester of 9th grade. Participants answered self-reported questionnaires concerning peers’ victimization and social anxiety. They also participated in a sociometric nomination procedure within their school and classroom concerning social status and friends’ identification. Results indicated that peers’ victimization and friends’ characteristics (i.e. social anxiety and rejection levels) have an additive contribution when predicting concurrent social anxiety. Results also showed that peers’ victimization predicted subsequent increase in social anxiety 1.5 year later. However, the number of friends and friends’ characteristics did not show any additive effect in predicting development of ulterior social anxiety. Moreover, friends’ characteristics do not interact with victimization to predict ulterior social anxiety. Nonetheless, exploratory analysis showed that friends’ victimization acts as an aggravating factor for participants with a negative social status: peers’ rejection being positively associated to an increase in social anxiety in students with victimized friends.

The main topic of this thesis is the subjective experience of anxiety. The author has attempted to secede from the strictly psychological level, therefore there are authors dealing with the overlap of human existence included. As a result, the thesis is also a partly philosophical view of anxiety. However, given the focus of the author, the greater part of the work is based on the psychological view. In the practical part, the hypothesis that the consciousness of the meaning of life has a certain influence on the experience of anxiety was confirmed. However, this effect is not as large and as clear as Frankl describes in his work.

This diploma thesis deals with mutism from the perspective of specialized czech and foreign literature. The character of the thesis is theoretical and the thesis is divided into three parts. In the first chapter, there is mutism described based on the study of czech specialized literature as well as etiology, symptoms, diagnostics and treatment. The second chapter describes the same categories but based on the study of foreign literature. The last part is dedicated to the analysis and comparison of acquired knowledge in particular areas. The most signifiant differences can be found in the area of diagnostics and therapy of mutisms, which are more elaborated in foreign literature than in Czech literature. Some differences appear in all other areas of mutism. The learning theory is the characteristic feature of foreign literature in the field of etiology of mutism, also the social enxiety is the characteric feature in the area of symptoms and treatment; overall we can see a dominant influence of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The Czech literature provides a number of different views not only on the definition of mutism, but also on the etiology and symptomatology. The diagnostics and the therapy of mutism is not further elaborated in the Czech literature.

Social ångest på sociala medier är ett relativt outforskat område där fortsatt forskning underlättas av psykometriskt tillfredsställande självskattningsskalor. Följande studie syftade till att översätta Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users (SAS-SMU) och psykometriskt utvärdera den avseende dess latenta dimensioner, interna konsistens samt konvergerande respektive divergerande validitet i ett svenskt urval. Därutöver undersöktes samband mellan total användning och passiv respektive aktiv användning av sociala medier och social ångest, eftersom tidigare studier visat en tendens till passiv användning. Tre faktorer erhölls för SAS-SMU och resultaten visade hög intern konsistens samt att skalan konvergerade med SPIN, och divergerade med OCI-R, SWSL, PHQ-9 och GAD-7. Skalans tredje faktor erhöll dock svagare samband med SPIN jämfört med de andra faktorerna. Social ångest associerades med passiv användning i högre utsträckning än aktiv, samt med längre genomsnittlig användning av sociala medier. Resultaten skiljer sig från tidigare studier där signifikanta samband endast erhållits mellan passiv användning och social ångest. / Measurement scales are needed to facilitate further research on social anxiety in the context of social media. This study aimed to translate the Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users (SAS-SMU) and evaluate its psychometric properties in a Swedish sample regarding its underlying dimensions, internal consistency, converging and diverging validity. Furthermore, relationships between passive, active and total use of social media and social anxiety were explored, since previous studies have shown a tendency towards passive use. Three factors were retained for SAS-SMU with satisfactory internal consistency. SAS-SMU converged with SPIN and diverged with OCI-R, SWLS, PHQ-9 and GAD-7. However, the association between its third factor and SPIN was weaker compared to the other factors. Results indicated that higher levels of social anxiety were more strongly associated with passive use than active use, as well as longer general social media use. This is at odds with previous studies only reporting significant correlations between social anxiety and passive use of social media.

本研究旨在瞭解台灣地區大學生社會焦慮的現況，並探討影響社會焦慮的相關因素；其次，探討社會焦慮對溝通行為造成之影響;最後，再探討影響溝通行為之相關因素。 本研究取樣對象為台灣地區公私立大學院校學生，有效樣本共計572人(男生274人，女生298人)。所採用的研究工具包括「互動焦慮量表」、「外表知覺量表」、「依附風格量表」、「目標導向量表」、「間接談話風格量表」和「溝通滿意度量表」六種。研究中所使用的統計方法包括皮爾森積差相關、單因子多變量變異數分析和典型相關。 本研究的主要結果如下： 一．社會焦慮的現況方面： 大學生的社會焦慮接近中等程度，大學生表示在一般社會互動情境中最容易感到害羞、不自在；其次，與權威人物互動時會感到相當程度的焦慮;而在陌生情境則會感到有點焦慮。 二．性別、依附風格、外表知覺及目標導向與社會焦慮之關係： (一)男生的陌生情境焦慮顯著高於女生;女生則比男生更容易在社會情境中感到緊張、不自在。 (二)逃避型與焦慮矛盾型的大學生顯著比安全型的大學生更容易感到社會焦慮。 (三)大學生外表知覺中的「性感魅力」、「外表自評」與社會焦慮之負相關最高。 (四)大學生目標導向中的「成長取向」、「証明取向」與社會焦慮中的「緊張彆扭」之負相關最高。 　三．社會焦慮與間接談話風格、溝通滿意度之關係： (一)大學生的社會焦慮與間接談話風格之關係：「緊張彆扭」與「間接詮釋」之負相關最高；而「權威人物焦慮」、「陌生情境焦慮」與「間接表達」之間呈正相關。 (二)大學生的社會焦慮與溝通滿意度有顯著的負相關，其中「陌生情境焦慮」、「緊張彆扭」與「對談話整體性的滿意反應」之負相關最高。 四．性別、依附風格、外表知覺及目標導向與間接談話風格、溝通滿意度之關係： (一)性別在溝通行為上之差異：男生顯著地比女生更常使用間接談話風格；而女生的溝通滿意度顯著高於男生。 (二)依附風格在溝通行為上之差異：逃避型與焦慮矛盾型顯著地比安全型的大學生更常用間接的方式來表達；其溝通滿意度也顯著低於安全型的大學生。 (三)外表知覺與溝通行為之關係：「外表對人際之影響」、「外表對事業之影響」與間接談話風格呈顯著的正相關；「外表自評」、「性感魅力」、「重視外表」與「對談話整體性的滿意反應」之正相關最高。 (四)目標導向與溝通行為之關係：「証明取向」、「成長取向」與「間接詮釋」之正相關最高；「成長取向」、「証明取向」與「對談話整體性的滿意反應」、「自由互動」之正相關最高。 　五．大學生的依附風格、外表知覺及目標導向與社會焦慮、間接談話風格、溝通滿意度之間共可抽出四組顯著的典型相關。 本研究根據上述結果加以討論，並提出若干建議以供未來研究及教育與輔導工作之參考。 / The first purpose of this study was to assess the degree of social anxiety of college students in Taiwan. The second purpose was to investigate how gender, attachment style, physical attractiveness and goal orientation approach related to social anxiety. The third purpose was to study how social anxiety influences style of language use and communication satisfaction. The Chinese versions of the Interaction and Social Anxiousness Scale (Leary, 1983), Attachment Scale (Mikulincer, 1990), Goal Orientation Inventory (Dykman, 1998), Physical Attractiveness Inventory (Wu & Liu, 1994), Conversational Indirectness Scale (Holtgraves, 1997), and Interpersonal Communication Satisfaction Inventory (Hecht, 1978) were administered to 572 college students from 13 universities in Taiwan. The results supported most hypotheses. College students’ social anxiety was of moderate degree, but significantly higher than the American samples reported in Leary’s study (1983). There was no difference between males and females on overall social anxiety; however, males were more anxious in meeting strangers and females felt more uncomfortable in social situation. In comparison with secure students, both avoidant and anxious-ambivalent students were significantly more socially anxious. The more students perceived themselves to be physically unattractive, the more socially anxious they felt. Both growth-seeking and validation-seeking goal orientation approaches were negatively correlated with social anxiety. The study also found that social anxiety was positively and significantly correlated with indirectness of conversation, but negatively and significantly correlated with interpersonal communication satisfaction.

本研究主要的研究目的有二：其一，探討高社會焦慮者對不同情緒臉孔的注意力時間歷程；其二，探討自動化階段與控制式階段所進行的注意力訓練，對於降低注意力偏誤以及改善社會焦慮的效果。基於上述兩項研究目的，分為研究一與研究二進行。研究一中，共有60名參與者完成眼動作業，其中高、低社會焦慮組 (HSA組/ LSA組) 各30名。在眼動作業中，生氣、難過、快樂與中性四類情緒臉孔同時呈現於螢幕上，參與者被指示自由觀賞螢幕上的圖片，直到圖片消失。研究一的結果發現，HSA組對生氣臉的初始注視時間 (initial gaze duration; IGD) 明顯高於LSA組，且高於其它三類情緒臉孔，LSA組對四類情緒臉孔的IGD則沒有差異；其次，LSA組對快樂臉的整體凝視時間比例 (proportion of total viewing time; PTVT) 明顯高於HSA組。時間歷程分析的結果發現，HSA組在751-1000 ms 對生氣臉的凝視可能性高於LSA組，以及在7-8 s對難過臉的凝視可能性高於LSA組；LSA組在9-10 s對快樂臉的凝視可能性高於HSA組。研究一結果指向，高社會焦慮者對威脅刺激可能有注意力脫離困難，同時可能缺少對正向刺激的注意。研究二共有72名高社會焦慮者參與，本研究將注意力訓練的刺激呈現時間操弄為100 ms或500 ms兩種，每一種刺激呈現時間的注意力訓練可分為注意力改變組 (AMP組) 與注意力控制組 (ACC組) 兩種情境，因此共有AMP-100、ACC-100、AMP-500與ACC-500四種訓練情境。所有參與者被隨機分派至四種訓練情境中，並完成八次 (每週兩次，為期四週) 的注意力訓練作業。參與者在注意力訓練的前、後分別完成量表填寫、修改版Posner作業與眼動作業的評估，並且在注意力訓練結束至少一個月後，接受追蹤階段的評估。研究二的結果發現，100 ms的注意力訓練可以增進AMP-100組在修改版Posner作業上對所有無效嘗試次的反應時間；降低其在眼動作業上對生氣臉的IGD；同時改善AMP-100組參與者的負向評價恐懼、互動焦慮以及演講前的預期焦慮。500 ms的注意力訓練可以降低AMP-500組的參與者在修改版Posner作業上對社會威脅詞無效嘗試次的反應時間；減少其在眼動作業上對負向情緒臉孔的注意力維持時間，並增加對正向情緒臉孔的注意力維持時間；同時降低AMP-500組的負向評價恐懼與社會互動焦慮。研究二結果顯示，自動化階段與控制式階段所進行的注意力訓練，均可促進高社會焦慮者對威脅刺激的注意力脫離速度，並且改善社會焦慮。本研究於討論中，針對本研究結果在理論與臨床應用上的意涵進行探討，並提出本研究的限制與對未來研究的建議。 / The purpose of the present study was twofold. First, it aimed to investigate the attentional processing of emotional faces in social anxiety using the eye-tracking technique. Second, it tried to examine the effects of attentional training in reducing attentional bias and in decreasing social anxiety symptoms in high socially anxious individuals. In study 1, a total of 30 high socially anxious (HSA) and 30 low socially anxious (LSA) participants completed the eye-movement task. In the eye-movement task, participants were instructed to view the slides on the monitor naturally. Each slide contained 4 emotional faces (one angry, one sad, one happy and one neutral face). The results showed that the HSA participants had longer initial gaze duration (IGD) on angry faces than the LSA participants did. Further, the LSA participants had higher proportion of total viewing time (PTVT) on happy faces than the HSA participants did. Time-course of attention to emotional faces was also examined. The results showed that the HSA group had higher fixation probabilities to angry faces than the LSA group did in the 751-1000 ms time window. The HSA group exhibited higher fixation probability to sad faces than the LSA group did in the 7-8 s time window. Further, compared with the HSA group, the LSA group had higher fixation probability on happy faces in the 9-10 s time window. The results of study 1 indicate that individuals with high socially anxiety may have difficulty in disengagement form social threatening information and may demonstrate decreased attention to positive information. In study 2, seventy-two high socially anxious participants completed the experiments. In the attention training task, stimuli were presented at two durations: 100 ms and 500 ms. Participants were randomly assigned to four different attentional training conditions, including the AMP-100 (attention modification program; presentation duration = 100 ms), the ACC-100 (attention control condition; presentation duration = 100 ms), the AMP-500 and the ACC-500 group. All participants completed eight attentional training sessions delivered over four weeks (i.e., twice weekly sessions). Participants were also required to complete preassessments, postassessments and follow-up assessments. The results demonstrated that the 100 ms attention modification program facilitated attention disengagement in the Modified Version of Posner task and decreased attentional maintenance to angry faces in the eye-movement task for participants in the AMP-100 group. Furthermore, it reduced the fear of negative evaluation, interaction anxiety and anticipated anxiety for public-speaking situation in the AMP-100 group. The 500 ms attention modification program facilitated the disengagement from social threat words in the Modified Version of Posner task in participants of the AMP-500 group. It also decreased the attentional maintenance to negative faces and increased the attentional maintenance to happy faces in participants of the AMP-500 group. Further, it reduced the fear of negative evaluation and social interaction anxiety in the AMP-500 group. The results of study 2 suggest that attention modofication programs may decrease difficulty in disengagement from threat and reduce some aspects of social anxiety symptoms in individuals with high socially anxiety. Theoretical and clinical implications of these results were discussed.

Este estudio presenta los resultados de una investigación llevada a cabo en un contexto escolar con adolescentes que cumplían criterios diagnósticos para el subtipo generalizado de fobia social (FSG en adelante) (DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000). La muestra estuvo compuesta por 78 adolescentes con una edad media de 15.27 Años (DT=0.92; Rango: 14-18 años). Los sujetos fueron clasificados y asignados a tres condiciones experimentales de tratamiento en función de una nueva propuesta de subdivisión y operacionalización de la FSG: levemente, moderadamente y gravemente generalizada. Las tres condiciones experimentales recibieron el paquete multicomponente denominado "Intervención en Adolescentes con Fobia Social". Los resultados mostraron la eficacia del tratamiento tanto a corto como a largo plazo (12 meses) en las tres condiciones experimentales. Respecto a las comparaciones intergrupo, no se hallaron diferencias entre los tres grupos ni en las pruebas de significación estadística ni en las de significación clínica (dejar de cumplir criterios diagnósticos de fobia social). Sin embargo, los valores de los tamaños del efecto indicaron una relación directamente proporcional entre eficacia del tratamiento y gravedad del subtipo: FSGG>FSMG>FSLG. En resumen, los datos obtenidos avalan la significación estadística y clínica de esta intervención en la fobia social adolescente, independientemente de la gravedad supuesta a cada subgrupo del subtipo generalizado de fobia social. / This study displays the results of a research in a school-based setting with adolescents who fulfilled diagnostic criteria for the generalized subtype of social phobia (GSP) (DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000). The sample consisted of 78 adolescents with a mean age of 15.27 years (SD=0.92; Age range: 14-18 years). Participants were classified and assigned to three experimental conditions of treatment based on a new proposal of subdivision and operacionalization of GSP: mild, moderate, and severe. The three experimental conditions received a multicomponent package labelled "Intervention in Adolescents with Social Phobia". Results showed the effectiveness of this intervention as well in short as in long-term follow-ups (12 months) in the three experimental groups. Regarding the intergroup comparisons, there were not differences among the three conditions either in the statistical significance tests or in the clinic one (not fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for social phobia). However, the values of the effect sizes indicated a directly proportional relationship between effectiveness of our treatment and severity of the subtypes: FSGG> FSMG> FSLG. In summary, the collected data supports the effectiveness of "IAFS", independently of the severity supposed to each subtype of GSP.

本研究的主要目的在於運用靜息態功能性磁振造影技術來探討高社會焦慮的自我參照處理腦區的功能聯結。根據Clark和Wells(1995)的模型，高社會焦慮者的負向自我心象只透過自我相關的在線索來建構；然而根據Rapee和Heimberg(1997)的模型則假設高社會焦慮者還會納入他人外在訊息，做自我與他人參照訊息的處理。本研究企圖透過神經影像的發現來檢測上述兩個模型。 本研究篩選出四十名大學生分為高社會焦慮組與低社會焦慮組，所有受試者都會進行靜息態功能性磁振造影的掃描，並使用MPFC、PCC、ACC、VMPFC、DMPFC作為種子進行全腦的功能聯結分析並獲得功能聯結圖譜做比較。 研究結果發現高社會焦慮者的MPFC、PCC、ACC都有增加的功能聯結，顯示他們比一般人更容易做自我參照處理，而VMPFC、DMPFC同時有增加的功能聯結，代表高社會焦慮者的自我參照處理除了自我內在的相關訊息外，還會包含他人外在相關訊息的處理，研究結果較支持Rapee和Heimberg(1997)的說法。最後並提出本論文研究限制，與對社會焦慮症的臨床理論與實務上之建議。 / The purpose of the present study was to utilize the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(RS-fMRI) technique to investigate the brain regions in functional connectivity of self-referential processing in socially anxious individuals. According to Clark and Wells’ (1995) view, socially anxious individuals were hypothesized to construct their negative self-image with self-related internal information. However, according to Repee and Heimberg’ s (1997) model, they supposed that socially anxious individuals also brought other-related external information to make other-related external information self-referential and other-referential be processed. The present study was designed to use finding of neuroimaging to examine the two models Forty undergraduate students were assigned to either high or low social-anxiety group. All subjects were asked to be scanned with RS-fMRI. MPFC, PCC, ACC, VMPFC, DMPFC were used as seeds to proceed the whole-brain functional connectivity analysis and acquired functional connectivity maps for comparison. The results revealed that functional connectivity of MPFC, PCC, ACC of high social anxiety group increased, it displayed that they were more easily to do self-referential processing. Besides, functional connectivity of VMPFC and DMPFC also increased simultaneously, which means that the self-referential processing of high social anxiety group not only included self-related internal information but also included other-related external information. The result supported Repee and Heimberg’ s model. The limitations of this study and the suggestions for the theories and clinical treatment of social anxiety disorder were advanced in the end.

本研究的目的是初步探索Wang等人(2012)的模式中各因子的生理基礎，在該模式當中，社會焦慮疾患與憂鬱疾患間的結構關係，可透過高負向情感因子、低正向情感因子、害怕負向評價因子與害怕正向評價因子良好說明，然目前主要研究發現多來自問卷法研究，本研究以靜息態磁振造影做為生理方面的初探工具，以功能聯結網絡找出與因子對應的生理佐證。本研究邀請共邀請50位大學生，其中有25位是高社會焦慮傾向者，另外25位則是低社會焦慮傾向者，每位參與者都須填寫問卷與接受約15分鐘的磁振造影掃描。本研究分別以杏仁核、腦島、依核與眶額葉皮質為種子區域形成的功能聯結網絡，結果發現高社會焦慮傾向組與低社會焦慮傾向組在四組功能聯結網絡均有顯著差異；進一步分析具差異的功能聯結與量表的關係，可觀察到與負向情感因子有關的聯結同時和社會焦慮傾向及憂鬱傾向達顯著正相關，與正向情感因子有關的聯結則同時和社會焦慮傾向及憂鬱傾向達顯著負相關；分別排除社會焦慮傾向與憂鬱傾向的影響後，仍可發現和害怕正向評價因子與害怕負向評價因子具顯著相關的功能聯結。本研究的發現顯示Wang等人(2012)的模式中各因子的確有對應的腦部功能聯結，可見該模式具有生理實質性，且可良好論述與釐清心理疾患間關係，然本研究受限於種子與參與者的選擇，無法呈現該模式中因子間的關係，未來可進一步採用作業態等方法，以利更加確立腦部功能聯結與模式中各因子的關係。

Social Anxiety Disorder is characterized as an anxiety disorder without spontaneous remission, which causes numerous impairments in the lives of those affected. This study aimed to describe, in terms of frequency and duration, the themes present in behavioral therapy sessions of consultations with university students with social anxiety. The study participants were two clients diagnosed with the disorder and a therapist. The sessions were videotaped and categorized according to the theme of the session. The results were grouped according to the moment of the therapy: Beginning, Development and Termination. The study made it possible to evaluate the implementation of the procedure adopted and the themes that were developed with greater emphasis, relating the diagnosis to the complaints of the client. / El trastorno de ansiedad social se caracteriza como un trastorno de ansiedad sin remisión espontánea que implica numerosos daños en las vidas de sus pacientes. Este trabajo se propone describir, en términos de frecuencia y duración, los temas presentes en las sesiones de terapia comportamental con estudiantes universitarios con ansiedad social. Los participantes fueron dos clientes diagnosticados con el trastorno y un terapeuta. Las sesiones fueron grabadas en vídeo y categorizadas de acuerdo con el tema de la sesión. Los resultados se agruparon de acuerdo a la época de la terapia: Inicio, Desarrollo y Cierre. Esta investigación nos permitió evaluar la ejecución del procedimiento adoptado y qué temas se abordaron con mayor énfasis, relacionando el diagnóstico con las quejas de los clientes. / O Transtorno de Ansiedade Social é caracterizado como um transtorno de ansiedade, sem remissão espontânea que acarreta inúmeros prejuízos a vida de seus portadores. Este trabalho se propôs a descrever em termos de frequência e duração os temas presentes em sessões de terapia comportamental no atendimento com universitários com transtorno de ansiedade social. Participaram da pesquisa dois clientes diagnosticados com o transtorno e uma terapeuta. As sessões foram gravadas em vídeo e categorizadas de acordo com a temática da sessão. Os resultados foram agrupados de acordo com o momento da terapia: Início, Desenvolvimento e Encerramento. A pesquisa possibilitou avaliar a execução do procedimento adotado, avaliar quais temas foram trabalhados com maior ênfase, relacionando o diagnóstico com as queixas do cliente.