Sammanfattning Kandidatuppsats, fördjupning i sociologi  Författare: Rojin Coskun & Izabella Kiraly Handledare: Per Dannefjord Examinator: Sven Hort Titel: Psykisk ohälsa i arbetslivet- Varför är exempelvis undersköterskor ofta sjukskrivna på grund av psykisk ohälsa Nyckelord: Psykisk ohälsa, sjukskrivning, sociala relationer, undersköterska Bakgrund: Statistiken över sjukfrånvarons utveckling i Sverige pekar på att allt fler individer drabbas av försämrat hälsotillstånd, med sjukskrivningar som följd. Sjukskrivningar som beror på någon form av psykisk ohälsa ökar allra mest. Att olika delar av arbetsmiljön kan påverka människors psykiska hälsa negativt, är många forskare eniga om, och arbetsmiljöfaktorers påverkan på den psykiska ohälsan undersöks än i dag.  I vår uppsats valde vi att inte fokusera på arbetsmiljöfaktorer, utan istället leta efter andra faktorer som kan förklara skillnaderna i psykisk ohälsa mellan olika yrkesgrupper. Syfte och frågeställning: I denna uppsats vill vi förklara psykisk ohälsa i arbetslivet. Med utgångspunkt att undersköterskor är den största yrkesgruppen i Sverige som har höga sjukfall och väldigt många av dem beror på psykisk ohälsa, blir vår problemformulering följande: -          Varför är undersköterskor så oerhört drabbade av psykisk ohälsa? Delfrågor som arbetas med under uppsatsens gång är: -          Hur ser sjukskrivningarna ut för samtliga yrkesgrupper vad gäller psykisk ohälsa? -          Vilka skillnader finns det mellan yrkesgrupper med hög respektive låg psykisk ohälsa? Metod: Studien är baserat på sekundärundersökning i form av offentlig statistik. Försäkringskassans statistiska underlag över sjukskrivningar användes och samtliga yrkesgrupper delades in efter hög respektive låg psykisk ohälsa. Resultat: Enligt vår mening, är det aspekter av arbetsinnehållet, och inte yrkesbenämningen som behöver undersökas för att kunna förklara varför vissa yrkesgrupper är mer benägna för sjukskrivningar som beror på psykisk ohälsa. Att endast utgå ifrån yrkestitel vid redovisning av sjukskrivningsstatistik, är enligt oss felaktigt därför att skillnader i arbetsuppgifterna finns även mellan samma yrkesgrupper med olika inriktningar.

Primatas apresentam maturação tardia em relação a outros mamíferos, com infância e, particularmente, juventude prolongadas. Duas hipóteses para explicar esta característica da ordem são a hipótese da necessidade de aprendizagem, que aponta a necessidade de aquisição de habilidades sociais ou de forrageamento como fator-chave, e a hipótese de aversão a riscos, segundo a qual primatas apresentam crescimento lento de modo a reduzir suas taxas metabólicas, uma vez que sofrem com a competição por alimento com indivíduos adultos devido à baixa posição hierárquica ou a uma menor eficiência no forrageamento. O presente trabalho analisou o desenvolvimento comportamental de jovens macacos-prego (Sapajus sp.) de um grupo que vive em semi-liberdade no Parque Ecológico do Tietê, São Paulo, de outubro de 2007 a maio de 2010. Os dados foram obtidos com os métodos Focal de Varredura e Todas as Ocorrências. Os resultados mostram uma hierarquia de dominância, de modo geral, herdada da mãe entre as fêmeas e dependente de idade entre os machos. O grande número de indivíduos com pouca participação em interações agonísticas e de díades sem relações de dominância e o baixo número de coalizões, que envolveram principalmente indivíduos dominantes, sugerem um mecanismo de evitação de conflitos por parte dos subordinados. Ao longo do desenvolvimento, houve uma redução na agressão sofrida pelos jovens, sugerindo que esse mecanismo de evitação é aprendido ao longo do desenvolvimento. As relações afiliativas de proximidade e catação dependeram fortemente do parentesco entre os indivíduos e de sua posição hierárquica, sendo que nas relações de proximidade houve também efeito da idade, com jovens mantendo-se próximos entre si. Jovens fêmeas investiram mais na construção e manutenção de redes afiliativas, por meio da catação, do que os jovens machos, e foram mais toleradas. O orçamento de atividades e o comportamento alimentar diferiram entre as categorias etárias, porém houve pouca influência do sexo. Houve evidências de sincronia de atividades entre os jovens e seus vizinhos mais próximos, porém as diferenças na dieta entre jovens e adultos sugerem que a aprendizagem social não foi o principal fator influenciando o comportamento alimentar dos jovens. Sua maior dedicação a recursos de fácil obtenção (frutos) do que a recursos mais difíceis de obter (invertebrados) indica menor eficiência no forrageamento. A menor dedicação a alimentos aprovisionados, por sua vez, sugere desvantagem na competição intra-grupo. O comportamento dos jovens no grupo estudado dá suporte ao modelo de aversão a riscos, embora haja evidências de que a aquisição de habilidades sociais e de forrageamento seja um fator importante no seu desenvolvimento / Primates exhibit delayed maturation in comparison to other mammals, with a long juvenile period. Two attempts to explain this characteristic are the needing to learn hypothesis, which points towards the need to acquire social or foraging skills as important challenges for juveniles, and the juvenile risk aversion hypothesis, according to which primates have slow growth rates in order to reduce metabolic rates, because they have a disadvantage in the competition for resources against adults, due to lower hierarchical position or to less foraging efficiency. The present work analyses the behavioral development of juvenile capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp) from a semi-freeranging group at Parque Ecológico do Tietê (PET), São Paulo, Brazil, from October 2007 to May 2010. Data was obtained using scan sampling and all occurrences methods. Results show that the dominance hierarchy was mostly inherited from the mother, for juvenile females, and age-related, for males. The large number of individuals with little or no participation in agonistic interactions and of 0x0 ties, and the low number of coalitions, which involved mostly dominant individuals, suggest that a conflict-avoidance mechanism is being used by subordinates. There was a reduction in the aggression suffered by juveniles through time, suggesting that this mechanism is learned throughout the development. Affiliative relationships were highly dependent on kinship and hierarchical position, and in proximity there was also an effect of age, with juveniles close to one another. Juvenile females invested more in building and maintaining social networks, through grooming, than male juveniles, and were more tolerated in proximity. The activity budget and feeding behavior differed among age categories, but there was little influence of sex. There was evidence of synchrony of activities between juveniles and individuals in proximity, but differences in diet between juveniles and adults suggest that social learning was not the main influence on juveniles\' foraging behavior. They allocated more foraging time to resources easy to obtain (fruits) than to more difficult to obtain resources (invertebrates), which indicates they are less efficient in foraging. They also dedicated less time to provisioned food, suggesting a disadvantage in intra-group competition. The behavior of the juveniles observed in this study supports the risk aversion model, although there are evidences that the acquisition of social and foraging skills also plays an important role on their development

This dissertation examines the impact of playing video games on social relationships. The main goal of the research is to find out how relationships differ between gamers and non-gamers. The quality of relationships is examined via Furman's and Buhrmester's Network of relationship inventory. The values are compared according to the gaming status. Apart from the basic groups I compared some other groups such as online and offline gamers, men and women or gamers who prefer playing alone and players who play with their friends. According to the inventory findings the relationship qualities of gamers and non-gamers do not differ significantly. Comparison of some other groups brought some interesting relationship differences among groups of men and women and, also, a correlation between the increasing average game time and decreasing quality of relationship with family members was observed.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to map the ideas of persons with schizophrenia about possible ways for increasing their well-being and to compare this data with the view of metal health care personnel. The theoretical part is divided in three parts. The first one describes schizophrenia, it's specifics, symptomatology, etiology and epidemiology and currently used terapeutic interventions. In the second part can be fond the topic of well-being, it's definition, the most important models and mostly it's known determinants. The third part will be dedicated to the topic of well-being of people with schizophrenia. The empirical part of the diploma thesis is designed as a qualitative research. Ten interviews were undertaken both with people with schizophrenia and with mental health care personnel. The interviews covered informations about which areas of life find persons with schizophrenia important in increasing their well-being. Similar interview about the needs od people with schizophrenia was conducted with mental health staff and the opinions of both groups were compared. The results are in detail described and compared with current literature and research. Key words: schizophrenia, well-being, social relationships, stigmatization, recovery

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2019-03-27T17:57:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marilena_Koch_2018.pdf: 1313786 bytes, checksum: cc448068208534370accf4ff5b71423e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-27T17:57:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marilena_Koch_2018.pdf: 1313786 bytes, checksum: cc448068208534370accf4ff5b71423e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-12-19 / The present study sought to find out how internet connectivity and interactivity via Facebook reveal characteristics of the connected contemporary subject. More specifically, the students' practices and the social relations established by them were analyzed and described. The exploratory research was carried out through case studies with eight students from a private university in the city of Toledo-PR. We sought to understand how these individuals are expressed and represented, who their interlocutors are and what practices these individuals develop in the social media. Through the observation of students' personal pages and in-depth interviews with them, it was found that Facebook, besides a space for interaction among users, is characterized as a locus of identity expressions of individuals. / O presente estudo buscou averiguar de que forma a conectividade via internet e a interatividade via Facebook revelam características do sujeito contemporâneo conectado. A pesquisa exploratória foi realizada por meio de estudos de casos junto a oito alunos de uma universidade privada na cidade de Toledo-PR. Foram analisadas e descritas as práticas dos alunos, e as relações sociais por eles estabelecidas. Buscou-se compreender como se expressam e se representam esses indivíduos, quem são seus interlocutores e quais práticas estes indivíduos desenvolvem na referida mídia social. Por meio da observação das páginas pessoais dos alunos e entrevistas em profundidade com os mesmos, constatou-se que o Facebook para além de um espaço para interação entre os usuários, caracteriza-se como um lócus de expressões identitárias dos indivíduos.

O crack é a substância ilícita que mais leva à busca por tratamento para uso de substâncias no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Os usuários frequentemente relatam dificuldades nos seus relacionamentos interpessoais, no entanto ter relacionamentos saudáveis é crucial para o processo de recuperação. As evidências até agora demonstram que além do uso de substâncias psicoativas, outros fatores da vida do sujeito, como características sociodemográficas, dificuldades emocionais, comportamentais e sociais podem se tornar barreiras para o resgate e cultivo de relacionamentos saudáveis. Sendo assim, a presente dissertação teve por objetivo investigar a associação entre severidade dos problemas no funcionamento interpessoal dos usuários de crack e fatores de risco associados, tais como características sociodemográficas, fatores relacionados ao uso de substâncias do paciente, de seus parceiros, familiares e amigos e comorbidades psiquiátricas. Este foi um estudo transversal multicêntrico, com a participação de homens e mulheres (N=407), em tratamento para problemas por uso de crack, na rede de saúde pública de seis capitais brasileiras. A magnitude de associação entre o desfecho (T-score: problemas na área Família/Social) e os fatores em estudo (características sociodemográficas, comorbidades psiquiátricas, exposição a eventos estressores na vida, uso recente de substâncias psicoativas, dados sobre o consumo de substâncias pelos usuários, seu parceiro, familiares adultos e amigos e envolvimento com atividades ilícitas) foi avaliada através da razão de prevalência (RP), estimada pela regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Ter diagnóstico de abuso de álcool, transtorno de estresse pós-traumático, transtorno da personalidade antissocial, episódio depressivo atual e o número de dias consumindo crack no último mês estava significativamente associado com maior severidade nos problemas na área Família/Social. Os achados deste estudo demonstram uma relação entre maior frequência de uso de crack e co-morbidades psiquiátricas com ter mais problemas nos relacionamentos com parceiros, familiares e amigos. Sendo a reinserção social, uma conquista fundamental para a recuperação, nossos achados apontam que, além do uso de crack em si, outros elementos podem representar barreiras para o bom funcionamento social destas pessoas. Estes resultados advogam em favor do desenvolvimento de intervenções psicossociais que foquem na melhora do funcionamento interpessoal de usuários de crack e a inclusão de familiares e amigos nas abordagens terapêuticas. Além disso, sugere-se o oferecimento de tratamento concomitante para as comorbidades psiquiátricas. / Crack-cocaine is the illicit psychoactive substance that most leads to substance use treatment seeking in the Unified Health System (SUS). Users frequently report difficulties in interpersonal relationships, yet having healthy relationships is crucial to the process of recovery. Evidence so far demonstrate that in addition to psychoactive substance use, other factors in the user’s life, such as sociodemographic characteristics, emotional, behavioral, and social problems, may become barriers to the rescue and cultivation of healthy relationships. Thus, the present dissertation aimed to investigate the association between severity of problems in interpersonal functioning of crack-cocaine users and related risk factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, consumption of psychoactive substances by users, partners, adult relatives and friends, and psychiatric comorbidities. This was a multicenter cross-sectional study, involving men and women (N = 407), undergoing treatment for their crack-cocaine use in public health facilities of six Brazilian capitals. The magnitude of association between the outcome (T-score: problems in the Family/Social area) and factors under study (sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric comorbidities, exposure to lifetime stressful events, data regarding the use of psychoactive substances by users, their partner, adult relatives and friends and engagement in illicit activities) was evaluated by the prevalence ratio (PR), estimated by Poisson regression with robust variance. Having a comorbid diagnosis of alcohol abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, antisocial personality disorder, current depressive episode and the number of days of crack use in the last month was significantly associated with greater severity in the problems in the Family/Social area. These findings demonstrate a relationship between higher frequency of use of crack cocaine and psychiatric comorbidities with more problems in relationships with partners, family and friends. Since social reintegration is a fundamental achievement for recovery, our findings indicate that, besides the use of crack itself, other elements may represent barriers to the social functioning of these people. These results support development of psychosocial interventions that focus in the improvement of interpersonal relationships of crack cocaine users and the inclusion of family and friends in the treatment. In addition, it is suggested that interventions should target concomitant treatment for psychiatric comorbidities.

Primatas apresentam maturação tardia em relação a outros mamíferos, com infância e, particularmente, juventude prolongadas. Duas hipóteses para explicar esta característica da ordem são a hipótese da necessidade de aprendizagem, que aponta a necessidade de aquisição de habilidades sociais ou de forrageamento como fator-chave, e a hipótese de aversão a riscos, segundo a qual primatas apresentam crescimento lento de modo a reduzir suas taxas metabólicas, uma vez que sofrem com a competição por alimento com indivíduos adultos devido à baixa posição hierárquica ou a uma menor eficiência no forrageamento. O presente trabalho analisou o desenvolvimento comportamental de jovens macacos-prego (Sapajus sp.) de um grupo que vive em semi-liberdade no Parque Ecológico do Tietê, São Paulo, de outubro de 2007 a maio de 2010. Os dados foram obtidos com os métodos Focal de Varredura e Todas as Ocorrências. Os resultados mostram uma hierarquia de dominância, de modo geral, herdada da mãe entre as fêmeas e dependente de idade entre os machos. O grande número de indivíduos com pouca participação em interações agonísticas e de díades sem relações de dominância e o baixo número de coalizões, que envolveram principalmente indivíduos dominantes, sugerem um mecanismo de evitação de conflitos por parte dos subordinados. Ao longo do desenvolvimento, houve uma redução na agressão sofrida pelos jovens, sugerindo que esse mecanismo de evitação é aprendido ao longo do desenvolvimento. As relações afiliativas de proximidade e catação dependeram fortemente do parentesco entre os indivíduos e de sua posição hierárquica, sendo que nas relações de proximidade houve também efeito da idade, com jovens mantendo-se próximos entre si. Jovens fêmeas investiram mais na construção e manutenção de redes afiliativas, por meio da catação, do que os jovens machos, e foram mais toleradas. O orçamento de atividades e o comportamento alimentar diferiram entre as categorias etárias, porém houve pouca influência do sexo. Houve evidências de sincronia de atividades entre os jovens e seus vizinhos mais próximos, porém as diferenças na dieta entre jovens e adultos sugerem que a aprendizagem social não foi o principal fator influenciando o comportamento alimentar dos jovens. Sua maior dedicação a recursos de fácil obtenção (frutos) do que a recursos mais difíceis de obter (invertebrados) indica menor eficiência no forrageamento. A menor dedicação a alimentos aprovisionados, por sua vez, sugere desvantagem na competição intra-grupo. O comportamento dos jovens no grupo estudado dá suporte ao modelo de aversão a riscos, embora haja evidências de que a aquisição de habilidades sociais e de forrageamento seja um fator importante no seu desenvolvimento / Primates exhibit delayed maturation in comparison to other mammals, with a long juvenile period. Two attempts to explain this characteristic are the needing to learn hypothesis, which points towards the need to acquire social or foraging skills as important challenges for juveniles, and the juvenile risk aversion hypothesis, according to which primates have slow growth rates in order to reduce metabolic rates, because they have a disadvantage in the competition for resources against adults, due to lower hierarchical position or to less foraging efficiency. The present work analyses the behavioral development of juvenile capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp) from a semi-freeranging group at Parque Ecológico do Tietê (PET), São Paulo, Brazil, from October 2007 to May 2010. Data was obtained using scan sampling and all occurrences methods. Results show that the dominance hierarchy was mostly inherited from the mother, for juvenile females, and age-related, for males. The large number of individuals with little or no participation in agonistic interactions and of 0x0 ties, and the low number of coalitions, which involved mostly dominant individuals, suggest that a conflict-avoidance mechanism is being used by subordinates. There was a reduction in the aggression suffered by juveniles through time, suggesting that this mechanism is learned throughout the development. Affiliative relationships were highly dependent on kinship and hierarchical position, and in proximity there was also an effect of age, with juveniles close to one another. Juvenile females invested more in building and maintaining social networks, through grooming, than male juveniles, and were more tolerated in proximity. The activity budget and feeding behavior differed among age categories, but there was little influence of sex. There was evidence of synchrony of activities between juveniles and individuals in proximity, but differences in diet between juveniles and adults suggest that social learning was not the main influence on juveniles\' foraging behavior. They allocated more foraging time to resources easy to obtain (fruits) than to more difficult to obtain resources (invertebrates), which indicates they are less efficient in foraging. They also dedicated less time to provisioned food, suggesting a disadvantage in intra-group competition. The behavior of the juveniles observed in this study supports the risk aversion model, although there are evidences that the acquisition of social and foraging skills also plays an important role on their development

The lack of research regarding the potential relationship between the reduction of bullying through participation in faith-based organizations may have failed to expand available bullying intervention methods. Faith-based organizations could assist in reducing bullying via moral instruction, boundary-setting guidance, social engagement techniques, and understanding social engagement with the bully's parents. This study explored the relationship between bullying and involvement in faith-based activities through (a) discovering the association between the reduction of bullying incidence or inclinations and faith-based activities, and (b) identifying the mechanisms responsible for the suppression of bullying orientations and behaviors through faith-based activities. The theoretical construct of the study was Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory and its 5 level classification of diverse social contexts (i.e. microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem). This theory was utilized in the creation of the central research questions of the study. The data for the questions was gathered through one-on-one interviews with (a) 11 adolescents, (b) 6 parents, and (c) 3 church officials. The interviews were transcribed, and codes and themes identified. The sample group for the research was ninth grade students enrolled at a school in the Midwest. The study found that parents felt more responsible for their influence on their child's attitude toward violence over faith-based activity. However, the organizations were also shown to be effective in contributing to strengthened social relationships and decreased bullying incidences. This study may contribute to social change by providing insight into bullying prevention and mitigation.

Some past work indicates that sexual minorities may experience impaired social relationship outcomes relative to heterosexuals. However, a number of limitations of the extant literature imply the need for further work on potential social relationship disparities. Furthermore, if potential disparities are indeed confirmed, researchers should begin to investigate etiologic mechanisms, including both risk and protective factors. The primary aim of Study 1 was to gauge potential disparities in social relationship outcomes (i.e., social network size, loneliness, relationship strain and social capital) based upon sexual orientation among adults in the United States. Consistent with hypotheses, across each of these measures sexual minorities reported impaired social relationship outcomes relative to heterosexuals. Study 1 also explored whether perceived discrimination and structural discrimination may be involved in producing these disparities. Confirming hypotheses, controlling for perceived discrimination attenuated disparities across three of the four social relationship outcomes. Furthermore, among sexual minorities structural discrimination moderated the association between perceived discrimination and both social relationship strain and loneliness. The primary aim of Study 2 was to test both risk and protective factors stemming from the experience of social devaluation that may be tied to social relationship outcomes among sexual minorities. Specifically, indirect paths from perceived discrimination to social relationship strain through emotional suppression, chronic inflammation and group identification were examined. Study 2 built upon Study 1 by explicating stigma-related variables that potentially exacerbate (suppression, inflammation) and attenuate (group identification) social relationship disparities for sexual minorities. Partial support for the proposed model was found in Study 2. While the pathway through emotional suppression was supported, there was mixed support for the pathway through chronic inflammation and poorer support for the pathway through group identification. Finally, results from these two complementary studies are synthesized and implications for public policy, programmatic interventions and efforts to build resilience among sexual minorities are discussed. / acase@tulane.edu

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo a realização de experimentos poéticos em artes visuais, que também foram o seu objeto de estudo. Os experimentos pretenderam explorar imagens de meu corpo em seus estados transitórios, realizando ações e modificações, por meio de peles artificiais e máscaras e acrescentando dispositivos ao corpo, produzindo sensações visuais, táteis, auditivas, espaciais e temporais que buscam gerar reflexões sobre os corpos dos seres em geral. Através das ações que meu corpo realiza ou, em alguns outros trabalhos, por meio de palavras que remetem ao corpo e a seus comportamentos, pretendi produzir sensações e ficções que discutem questões ligadas à existência cotidiana como: relações sociais, efemeridade, mutações da sensibilidade, subjetividade, relação humano-máquina e mecanização dos sentimentos. / This research aimed to carry out poetic experiments, which were also its object of study. The experiments attempted to explore images of my body in its transient states, performing actions and modifications, using artificial skins and masks, adding devices to the body, producing visual, tactile, auditory, spatial and temporal sensations which seek to generate reflections on the bodies of beings in general. Through the actions that my body performs or in some other works, through words that refer to the body and its behaviors, I intend to produce sensations and fictions that discuss issues related to daily existence such as: social relations, ephemerality, sensitivity mutations, subjectivity, human-machine relationship and mechanization of feelings.